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Federal Constitutional Monarchy is a government established based on a constitution that was drafted by the Federation of Malaysia in 1957.

Federalism- States in which the federal governments shares power with semi-independent regional governments. In many cases, the central government is (in theory) a creation of the regional governments; a prime example is the United States.- the federation of Malaysia currently has 13 states and 3 federal territories.

Parliamentary- A parliamentary

republic is a system in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. The president's degree of executive power may range from being reasonably significant (eg. Poland) to little or none at all (eg. Ireland). Where the president holds little executive power, their function is primarily that of a symbolic figurehead.

While the Prime Minister heads the government, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong remains as the symbolic head of the federation being selected from the line of the Sultan.

The structure of the Malaysian government is a result of its multi-ethnicity which caused the establishment of ethnic-based political parties:

- United Malays National Organization- Malayan Chinese Organization- Malayan Indian Congress

The differing ideologies also contributed to the internal division of Malaysia.

Each branch of the government utilizes corporate communications; however; it is often called by other names.

Areas would include communication with regard to political issues, support of political efforts and actions, government agencies, political action committees and coalitions, and lobbying.

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Huge growth area and is expected to continue growing—job outlook good

The government is the largest single employer of corporate communications professionals◦ Since l970, more than 20 new federal regulatory

agencies have emerged◦ Growth in political interest groups◦ Nation’s defense establishment offers 7,000

public relations jobs◦ An estimated 40,000 government

communicators in the U.S.

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1913 Gillette Amendment—Appropriated funds may not be used to pay a publicity expert unless specifically appropriated for that purpose.

The Gag Law prohibited using any part of an appropriation for services, messages, or publications designed to influence any member of Congress in his attitude toward legislation or appropriations.

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As a results of those early congressional acts and a president having too much persuasive power, today no government worker may be employed in the practice of public relations.

Names such as public affairs officers, information officers, press secretaries, or communications specialists are used.

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FederalLegislative—Representatives and SenatorsExecutive—President, Staff, Cabinet, Depts., Commissions and

Agencies

StateLegislative—Representatives and SenatorsExecutive—Governor, Staff, Cabinet, Depts., Commissions and

AgenciesCounty

ExecutiveCounty Officials, Commissions and Depts.

CityMayor or City ManagerCity Council, Officials, Commissions and Depts.

Press briefings Maintenance of Secretary of State

homepage content Operating foreign press centers Managing public diplomacy

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Radio (example, Voice of America) Film and Television Media Publications Exhibitions Libraries and Books Educational programs Electronic information

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Department of Defense (DOD) is more active in war time.

Public affairs dept. headed by the assistant secretary of defense

Network includes communicators in the armed forces, as well as Hqts.◦ Maintains Armed Forces Radio & TV Service and

Stars and Stripes newspaper 3 million active duty forces, reserves, and

civilian employees

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Federal departments and regulatory agencies use public relations to provide information, track fraudulent practices, and other related activities.

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The presidential press secretary provides the White House press corps (group of national reporters assigned to cover the president) with announcements and daily press briefings.

The presidential press secretary is the chief corporate communications person for the administration

Communicating the policies and practices to the public with increasing responsibilities

High public profile Most come from public relations careers,

rather than journalism careers

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Facts & figures 40,000+ registered with the U.S. Senate Roots Lobbying Act of l946 and

1995 Lobbying Disclosure Act Stereotypes: Influence peddlers to crooks Purpose: to inform, persuade, and contact

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Duties: Inform, persuade, contact, and have the appropriate information available

Six Specific Activities are fact-finding, interpretation of government and company actions, advocacy, publicity and support of sales.

E-lobbying—web sites, e-mail, along with other technology have become the normalized tools.

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PACs give groups a voice in selecting their representatives.

4,000+ PACs exist◦ The 4 largest are (1) U.S. Realtors $2.5 million

(2) Trial Lawyers $2.4m (3) State/County/Municipal Employees $2.4m (4) American Medical Association $2.3m

◦ Criticism stems from influence and funding elections $

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Corporate communications is evident in local, state, and regional government, not only in campaigning, but forums, debates, media interviews, and direct contact are necessary to keep the public informed and communication lines open.

Opinion leaders in communities, sectors such as labor unions, teachers, civil service workers all are important to building relationships to influence public policies and assure the quality of life.

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Development of company position on issues

Lobbying Administration of PACs Organize grassroots Education of employees

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Environment Forestry Tax & Trade Human Resources Energy, Transportation, etc.

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