IRONY

TYPES OF IRONY:

Dramatic Irony – the reader or the audience understands more about the events of a story than the character

Situational Irony – this is when what actually happens is the opposite of what is expected

Verbal Irony – (aka sarcasm) – a character says one thing, but really means the opposite.

• EXAMPLES OF DRAMATIC IRONY:

• EXAMPLES OF SITUATIONAL IRONY:

• EXAMPLES OF VERBAL IRONY:

•LITERARY GENRES – aka types of writing

• NONFICTION:

• Biography/Autobiography - Narrative of a person's life. A true story about a real person.• Essay - A short literary composition that reflects the author's outlook or point.• Narrative nonfiction/Personal narrative - Factual information about a significant

event presented in a format which tells a story.• Reference - Dictionary, thesaurus, encyclopedia, almanac, atlas, etc.

Fiction Subgenres• Drama – stories composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are

expressed through dialogue and action• Fable – narration demonstrating a useful truth, especially in which animals speak as humans; legendary, supernatural

tale• Fairy tale – story about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children• Fantasy – fiction with strange or otherworldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality• Folklore – the songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a people or "folk" as handed down by word of mouth• Historical fiction – story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting• Horror – fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread and sometimes fear in both the characters and the reader• Legend – story, sometimes of a national or folk hero, that has a basis in fact but also includes imaginative material• Mystery – this is fiction dealing with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets• Mythology – legend or traditional narrative, often based in part on historical events, that reveals human behavior and

natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods• Realistic fiction – story that is true to life• Science fiction – story based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, usually set in the future or on other

planets• Short story – fiction of such brevity that it supports no subplots• Suspense/Thriller – fiction about harm about to befall a person or group and the attempts made to evade the harm

• NARRATIVE WRITING relates a clear sequence of events that occurs over time. Both what happens and the order in which the events occur are communicated to the reader. Effective narration requires a writer to give a clear sequence of events (fictional or non-fictional) and to provide elaboration

• PERSUASIVE WRITING is defined as presenting reasons and examples to influence action or thought. Effective persuasive writing requires a writer to state clearly an opinion and to supply reasons and specific examples that support the opinion.

• EXPOSITORY WRITING is defined as presenting reasons, explanations, or steps in a process. Logical order should be used with appropriate sequencing of ideas or steps in a process. Effective expository writing should contain a main idea, supporting details, and a conclusion. (How-to, Directions, etc)

• “Human Interest” - a quality of a story or report, as in a newspaper or on a newscast, that engages attention and sympathy by enabling one to identify with the people, problems, and situations described.

- Human interest stories often include interviews with people involved in a story

TYPES OF POETRY:

Narrative poetry is a form of poetry that tells a story, often making use of the voices of a narrator and characters as well; the entire story is usually written in metred verse. (Ex: Ballad)

Lyric poems have a musical rhythm, and their topics often explore feelings or strong emotions. You can usually identify a lyric poem by its musical qualities. An emotional, rhyming poem is a lyrical poem.

Free verse is poetry that is free from limitations of regular meter or rhythm and does not rhyme with fixed forms. Such poems are without rhythms and rhyme schemes. They do not follow regular rhyme scheme rules and still provide artistic expression.

Sequence vs. Chronology• Something that is sequential follows a fixed order and

thus forms a pattern. ex. The pages are numbered sequentially.

* Chronological - If things are described or shown in chronological order, they are described or shown in the order in which they happened. It relates to the timings of the happenings.

SEQUENCE:

CHRONOLOGY:

• FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE:

• Simile - a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid (e.g., as brave as a lion, crazy like a fox ).

• Metaphor - a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another(Ex.: the curtain of night, “all the world's a stage”)

• Personification - the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.

• Hyperbole - exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.

• Onomatopoeia - the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (e.g., buzz, sizzle ).

SOME TERMS TO KNOW:

- Analysis - detailed examination of the elements or structure of a piece of writing, typically as a basis for discussion or interpretation.

- Theme - The theme in a story is its underlying message, or 'big idea.' In other words, what “life lesson” is the author trying to convey in the writing of a novel, play, short story or poem? It is what the story means. Often, a piece of writing will have more than one theme.

- Symbolism - Symbolism exists whenever something is meant to represent something else. Symbolism is a figure of speech that is used when an author wants to create a certain mood or emotion in a work of literature. It is the use of an object, person, situation or word to represent something else, like an idea, in literature. (examples include similes and metaphors)

• Characterization - Characterization in literature is the process authors use to develop characters and create images of the characters for the audience.

• Research - the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

- Effective research includes an introductory paragraph, which contains a thesis statement and an overview

Thesis statement = a short statement that gives the main point or claim of an essay or research paper, and is developed, supported, and explained in the text by means of examples and evidence.

Overview = a summary of a subject

• Bibliography - a list of the books referred to in a scholarly work, usually printed as an appendix.

- a list of the books of a specific author or publisher, or on a specific subject.

• First Person - First person narrative is a point of view where the story is narrated by one character at a time. This character may be speaking about him or herself or sharing events that he or she is experiencing.

• Third Person Objective - The third-person objective employs a narrator who tells a story without describing any character's thoughts, opinions, or feelings; instead, it gives an objective, unbiased point of view.

• Third Person Omniscient - Third person omniscient is a point of view where the narrator knows all the thoughts, actions, and feelings of all characters. The author may move from character to character to show how each one contributes to the plot.

POINT OF VIEW • First Person - First person narrative is a point of view where the story is narrated by one

character at a time. This character may be speaking about him or herself or sharing events that he or she is experiencing.

• Third Person Objective - The third-person objective employs a narrator who tells a story without describing any character's thoughts, opinions, or feelings; instead, it gives an objective, unbiased point of view.

• Third Person Limited - In third person limited the narrator only knows the thoughts and feelings of one character. All characters are described using pronouns, such as 'they', 'he', and 'she'. But, one character is closely followed throughout the story, and it is typically a main character.

• Third Person Omniscient - Third person omniscient is a point of view where the narrator knows all the thoughts, actions, and feelings of all characters. The author may move from character to character to show how each one contributes to the plot.

GRAMMAR SKILLS

- VERBS – Transitive, intransitive- Active voice, passive voice

- Noun clauses- Possessive nouns- Using commas with subordinate clauses- Adjective and adverb phrases- Adjective and adverb clauses- Appositives- Coordinate conjunctions and subordinate conjunctions- Relative pronouns

- VERBALS – Gerunds, participles, infinitives- Fixing dangling participles (misplaced modifiers)- Fixing split infinitives- Proofreading- Understanding syntax:

- subject- predicate- predicate noun (after a being verb)- direct object (after an action verb)- indirect object- object of a preposition

• * SYNTAX is the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. The correct position that words are used in a sentence

The syntax of “Tom” is subject, because Tom is the subject of the sentence