8th EGIG Report

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    1

    Introduction...................................................................................................................... 7

    2 EGIG database .................................................................................................................9

    2.1 Definition................................................................................................................................... 9

    2.2 Objective ................................................................................................................................... 9

    2.3 Criteria...................................................................................................................................... 9

    2.4 Contents..................................................................................................................................... 9

    2.5 The use of EGIG Data............................................................................................................ 10

    3 Analyses and results ....................................................................................................... 12 3.1 Definitions ............................................................................................................................... 12

    3.2 Trends of the European gas transmission system ............................................................... 12 3.2.1 Total length........................................ ............................................................ .................................. 13 3.2.2 Exposure ...................................................... ........................................................... ......................... 17

    3.3 Failure frequencies analyses.................................................................................................. 18 3.3.1 Number of incidents ........................................................ ........................................................... ..... 18 3.3.2 Primary failure frequencies.................................................................. ............................................ 20 3.3.3 Secondary failure frequencies.............................................................. ............................................ 25

    3.3.3.1 Relation between external interference, size of leak and design parameter ............................. 26 3.3.3.2 Relation between corrosion, size of leak and design parameter ............................................... 29 3.3.3.3 Relation between construction defect, size of leak and design parameter................................ 33 3.3.3.4 Relation between hot tap made by error, size of leak and design parameter............................ 34 3.3.3.5 Ground movement.................................................... ........................................................... ..... 35 3.3.3.6 Other and unknown ............................................................ ...................................................... 37

    3.4 Other analysis ......................................................................................................................... 38 3.4.1 Ageing ......................................................... ........................................................... ......................... 38 3.4.2 Detection of incidents ...................................................... ........................................................... ..... 39 3.4.3 Ignition probability .......................................................... ........................................................... ..... 40 3.4.4 Injuries and fatalities ....................................................... ........................................................... ..... 40

    4 Conclusions and facts .................................................................................................... 41

    5 Reference ........................................................................................................................ 41

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    1 INTRODUCTION

    !( 8 8 $( $ $ 8 = $ $ 8 $ $ $ $# # $ # # $ * 8 $ $ 8

    3615 $ $ $ $ $( $ $ : $ $( $ $($ $ 8 $( $ $ !( # $ /

    8 * $( $$ 8 # $ $ !( *D #$ : 8$( $ $ : / $ : * * 8 $( # # $ 8 8 $ 8 # 8

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    3 ANALYSES AND RESULTS

    3.1 Definitions

    !( *D #$ : 8 $ $ $ $ # $ $ $ $( 8 $ # $ $( $$ / # # 8 $( $( $ 8 /( #( $( $

    !( $ $ $ # * $( # # $ 8 # $ #( 8 8 = #$ * * $

    !( 8 8 = # # # $ * : $( * 8 # $ * $( !($ $ $/ 8 8 8 = # $( $( # !( 8 $ $(

    $ 8 $ $ $ #$ : !( $ 8 * /

    - $( $( 8 $ * $ $

    $ 2 H E I < # ( # $ $ $( 8 $: > 8 3 444 $ $( > $ 3 444 > 444 E

    - !( $ $ $ $( 8 * : # # $ 8 $( # $$

    - !( $ $ $( # # $ $$ # $( 8 # : #

    !( 8 8 = # # # $ * : $( * 8 # $ * $

    $ $ $ # $ $ >2 : : ( * $ # !( >2: : $( $ $( # # $ ( : * 8 : $( > :

    = $

    !/ $ $ $ # $ $( $ # 8 # $ : @ 8 $( # # $ 88 = #

    - $( # 8 / ( / $( 88 #$ 8 #( * # $ $ $ $( #$ 8 $( 8

    $( $( 8 8 = # !( / * # $( 88 = # 8 88 $ # $ . $ # $( 88 #$ 8 #

    # $ : $( $

    3.2 Trends of the European gas transmission system

    !( ( : 8 $ $( $ 8 $( $ $ $ $( / $( : $ 8 $( * $ /( #( $ $ $ *

    $ J # $ #$ !( ( : #$ 8 $( $$ 8 3674 $ $( $

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    3.2.1 Total length

    !( $ $ $( 8 $( $ $ # $ $# 5447 $( $( / = $ 356 736 $ 39> 533 5434$( ( / * / $ # $( $ 9 $ # * $( $ $( $

    /$( 8 $( $ $(!( : $ 8 $( $ $ $( 8 $( $ ( / : # $

    $ $# 8 5 $ 1

    2 0 0 9

    1 9 7 0

    1 9 7 7

    1 9 8 4

    1 9 9 1

    1 9 9 8

    2 0 0 5

    1 9 7 3

    1 9 8 0

    1 9 8 7

    1 9 9 4

    2 0 0 1

    2 0 0 8

    1 9 7 6

    1 9 8 3

    1 9 9 0

    1 9 9 7

    2 0 0 4

    1 9 7 2

    1 9 7 9

    1 9 8 6

    1 9 9 3

    2 0 0 0

    2 0 0 7

    1 9 7 5

    1 9 8 2

    1 9 8 9

    1 9 9 6

    2 0 0 3

    2 0 1 0

    1 9 7 1

    1 9 7 8

    1 9 8 5

    1 9 9 2

    1 9 9 9

    2 0 0 6

    1 9 7 4

    1 9 8 1

    1 9 8 8

    1 9 9 5

    2 0 0 2

    Year [-]

    20,000

    40,000

    60,000

    80,000

    100,000

    120,000

    140,000

    L e n g t h

    [ k m

    ]

    0 # *

    3 ( / # $( $( 8 $( $ $/( #( ( 8 # $ $ #( $( 367> 3663 3661 5449 5447 !( #(# $ / * D $( 8 #$ $( / # : * $ >4@ 8

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    2 0 0 9

    1 9 7 0

    1 9 7 7

    1 9 8 4

    1 9 9 1

    1 9 9 8

    2 0 0 5

    1 9 7 3

    1 9 8 0

    1 9 8 7

    1 9 9 4

    2 0 0 1

    2 0 0 8

    1 9 7 6

    1 9 8 3

    1 9 9 0

    1 9 9 7

    2 0 0 4

    1 9 7 2

    1 9 7 9

    1 9 8 6

    1 9 9 3

    2 0 0 0

    2 0 0 7

    1 9 7 5

    1 9 8 2

    1 9 8 9

    1 9 9 6

    2 0 0 3

    2 0 1 0

    1 9 7 1

    1 9 7 8

    1 9 8 5

    1 9 9 2

    1 9 9 9

    2 0 0 6

    1 9 7 4

    1 9 8 1

    1 9 8 8

    1 9 9 5

    2 0 0 2

    Year [-]

    20,000

    40,000

    60,000

    80,000

    100,000

    120,000140,000

    L e n g

    t h [ k m

    ]

    Unknowndiameter < 5''5" diameter < 11"

    11" diameter < 17"17" diameter < 23"23" diameter < 29"

    29" diameter < 35"35" diameter < 41"41" diameter < 47"

    diameter 47"

    0 & ' )

    5 $ $ $( $ $( >JJ K L 33JJ $( 33JJ K L 37JJ # $ $( $#

    2 0 0 9

    1 9 7 0

    1 9 7 7

    1 9 8 4

    1 9 9 1

    1 9 9 8

    2 0 0 5

    1 9 7 3

    1 9 8 0

    1 9 8 7

    1 9 9 4

    2 0 0 1

    2 0 0 8

    1 9 7 6

    1 9 8 3

    1 9 9 0

    1 9 9 7

    2 0 0 4

    1 9 7 2

    1 9 7 9

    1 9 8 6

    1 9 9 3

    2 0 0 0

    2 0 0 7

    1 9 7 5

    1 9 8 2

    1 9 8 9

    1 9 9 6

    2 0 0 3

    2 0 1 0

    1 9 7 1

    1 9 7 8

    1 9 8 5

    1 9 9 2

    1 9 9 9

    2 0 0 6

    1 9 7 4

    1 9 8 1

    1 9 8 8

    1 9 9 5

    2 0 0 2

    Year [-]

    25,000

    50,000

    75,000

    100,000

    125,000

    150,000

    L e n g t

    h [ k m

    ]

    Unknown

    year < 1954

    1954 year 1963

    1964 year 1973

    1974 year 1983

    1984 year 1993

    1994 year 2003

    year 2004

    0 3 *

    9 ( / $( $ / * $ $( 36?) 23679 $( $(8 # $ # * * : /( #( $( $ $ 8 $( $ $

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    2 0 0 9

    1 9 7 0

    1 9 7 7

    1 9 8 4

    1 9 9 1

    1 9 9 8

    2 0 0 5

    1 9 7 3

    1 9 8 0

    1 9 8 7

    1 9 9 4

    2 0 0 1

    2 0 0 8

    1 9 7 6

    1 9 8 3

    1 9 9 0

    1 9 9 7

    2 0 0 4

    1 9 7 2

    1 9 7 9

    1 9 8 6

    1 9 9 3

    2 0 0 0

    2 0 0 7

    1 9 7 5

    1 9 8 2

    1 9 8 9

    1 9 9 6

    2 0 0 3

    2 0 1 0

    1 9 7 1

    1 9 7 8

    1 9 8 5

    1 9 9 2

    1 9 9 9

    2 0 0 6

    1 9 7 4

    1 9 8 1

    1 9 8 8

    1 9 9 5

    2 0 0 2

    Year [-]

    20,000

    40,000

    60,000

    80,000

    100,000

    120,000

    140,000

    L e n g t

    h [ k m

    ]

    UnknownCoal tar

    BitumenPolyethylene

    EpoxyOther

    0 % *

    ) ( / $( $ # $ * $ $( / $( $ ## $ / $( # # 8 $( $ 544) 8 $( $ / $(

    / # $ $ # * * :

    2 0 0 9

    1 9 7 0

    1 9 7 7

    1 9 8 4

    1 9 9 1

    1 9 9 8

    2 0 0 5

    1 9 7 3

    1 9 8 0

    1 9 8 7

    1 9 9 4

    2 0 0 1

    2 0 0 8

    1 9 7 6

    1 9 8 3

    1 9 9 0

    1 9 9 7

    2 0 0 4

    1 9 7 2

    1 9 7 9

    1 9 8 6

    1 9 9 3

    2 0 0 0

    2 0 0 7

    1 9 7 5

    1 9 8 2

    1 9 8 9

    1 9 9 6

    2 0 0 3

    2 0 1 0

    1 9 7 1

    1 9 7 8

    1 9 8 5

    1 9 9 2

    1 9 9 9

    2 0 0 6

    1 9 7 4

    1 9 8 1

    1 9 8 8

    1 9 9 5

    2 0 0 2

    Year [-]

    20,000

    40,000

    60,000

    80,000

    100,000

    120,000

    140,000

    L e n g t

    h [ k m

    ]

    Unknowncd < 80 cm

    80 cm cd 100 cmcd > 100 cm

    Under water

    0 4 ( ' )

    > ( / $( $ $ 8 $( / $( $( 8 # : $( 14 #!( $ *: $( $ $ # # $( 8 # : 8 $(

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    $ $ $ 8 8 # $ $ $ 8 # !( # * 8 # 8$( $( / $( $( 8 # : $( 3 $

    2 0 0 9

    1 9 7 0

    1 9 7 7

    1 9 8 4

    1 9 9 1

    1 9 9 8

    2 0 0 5

    1 9 7 3

    1 9 8 0

    1 9 8 7

    1 9 9 4

    2 0 0 1

    2 0 0 8

    1 9 7 6

    1 9 8 3

    1 9 9 0

    1 9 9 7

    2 0 0 4

    1 9 7 2

    1 9 7 9

    1 9 8 6

    1 9 9 3

    2 0 0 0

    2 0 0 7

    1 9 7 5

    1 9 8 2

    1 9 8 9

    1 9 9 6

    2 0 0 3

    2 0 1 0

    1 9 7 1

    1 9 7 8

    1 9 8 5

    1 9 9 2

    1 9 9 9

    2 0 0 6

    1 9 7 4

    1 9 8 1

    1 9 8 8

    1 9 9 5

    2 0 0 2

    Year [-]

    20,000

    40,000

    60,000

    80,000

    100,000

    120,000

    140,000

    L e n g t

    h [ k m

    ]

    Unknownwt 5 mm

    5 mm < wt 10 mm10 mm < wt 15 mm

    15 mm < wt 20 mm20 mm < wt 25 mm

    25 mm < wt 30 mmwt > 30 mm

    0 ; . < '. )

    ? ( / $( $ $( $ # / $( # > $ 34 !( 8( / $ # / $( $ $ * $ 8 $( / $( # # # $

    8 $( K > # /( #( ( # $ $ # 5443

    2 0 0 9

    1 9 7 0

    1 9 7 7

    1 9 8 4

    1 9 9 1

    1 9 9 8

    2 0 0 5

    1 9 7 3

    1 9 8 0

    1 9 8 7

    1 9 9 4

    2 0 0 1

    2 0 0 8

    1 9 7 6

    1 9 8 3

    1 9 9 0

    1 9 9 7

    2 0 0 4

    1 9 7 2

    1 9 7 9

    1 9 8 6

    1 9 9 3

    2 0 0 0

    2 0 0 7

    1 9 7 5

    1 9 8 2

    1 9 8 9

    1 9 9 6

    2 0 0 3

    2 0 1 0

    1 9 7 1

    1 9 7 8

    1 9 8 5

    1 9 9 2

    1 9 9 9

    2 0 0 6

    1 9 7 4

    1 9 8 1

    1 9 8 8

    1 9 9 5

    2 0 0 2

    Year [-]

    20,000

    40,000

    60,000

    80,000

    100,000

    120,000

    140,000

    L e n g

    t h [ k m

    ]

    UnknownGrade A

    Grade BX42

    X46X52

    X56X60

    X65X70

    X80Other

    0 =

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    7 $ $ $( $ $( 8 $ $ < B>5B?4 ! $( $( $ $ ?5@ 8 $( $ $

    2 0 0 9

    1 9 7 0

    1 9 7 7

    1 9 8 4

    1 9 9 1

    1 9 9 8

    2 0 0 5

    1 9 7 3

    1 9 8 0

    1 9 8 7

    1 9 9 4

    2 0 0 1

    2 0 0 8

    1 9 7 6

    1 9 8 3

    1 9 9 0

    1 9 9 7

    2 0 0 4

    1 9 7 2

    1 9 7 9

    1 9 8 6

    1 9 9 3

    2 0 0 0

    2 0 0 7

    1 9 7 5

    1 9 8 2

    1 9 8 9

    1 9 9 6

    2 0 0 3

    2 0 1 0

    1 9 7 1

    1 9 7 8

    1 9 8 5

    1 9 9 2

    1 9 9 9

    2 0 0 6

    1 9 7 4

    1 9 8 1

    1 9 8 8

    1 9 9 5

    2 0 0 2

    Year [-]

    20,000

    40,000

    60,000

    80,000

    100,000

    120,000

    140,000

    L e n g t

    h [ k m

    ]

    Unknownp 15 bar

    15 < p 25 bar25 < p 35 bar

    35 < p 45 bar45 < p 55 bar

    55 < p 65 bar65 < p 75 bar

    p > 75 bar

    0 > 1 ? ' )

    1 ( / # 8 $( ( ( , + $ . !( $# $ $ $( $ ?> * * :

    3.2.2 Exposure

    6 ( / $( # 8 $( : $( # ( 9 3$( $( 8 $ * $ $

    $ 2 H E I $( 367425434 $( $ $ $ / = $ 9 >>E

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    2 0 0 4

    1 9 7 4

    1 9 8 1

    1 9 8 8

    1 9 9 5

    2 0 0 2

    2 0 0 9

    1 9 7 2

    1 9 7 9

    1 9 8 6

    1 9 9 3

    2 0 0 0

    2 0 0 7

    1 9 7 0

    1 9 7 7

    1 9 8 4

    1 9 9 1

    1 9 9 8

    2 0 0 5

    1 9 7 5

    1 9 8 2

    1 9 8 9

    1 9 9 6

    2 0 0 3

    2 0 1 0

    1 9 7 3

    1 9 8 0

    1 9 8 7

    1 9 9 4

    2 0 0 1

    2 0 0 8

    1 9 7 1

    1 9 7 8

    1 9 8 5

    1 9 9 2

    1 9 9 9

    2 0 0 6

    1 9 7 6

    1 9 8 3

    1 9 9 0

    1 9 9 7

    Year [-]

    500,000

    1,000,000

    1,500,000

    2,000,000

    2,500,000

    3,000,000

    3,500,000

    4,000,000

    E x p o s u r e

    [ k m . y r ]

    0 5 ( 1

    3.3 Failure frequencies analyses

    !( ( / $( $( # # $ 8 8 $ # $ $( #8 8 = # !( # # $ 8 $ $( $ < $( $ $ $ $( $

    $ $( * 8 # $

    3.3.1 Number of incidents

    $( : $( $ /( #( # : $( 367425447 $ $ 8 3 379 # $ /#

    $( $ $( 7? # $ / $ * $( * /( #( * $( $ $* 8 # $ $ 3 5)6 8 $( 367425434 34 ( / $( * 8 # $

    33 $( > : : 8 $( # $ # !( 8 ( /$( ( * # $( > : : 8 $( # # $ #$ 8 #$/( $( ( * # $ $ 8 # # $

    35 $( # $ : * 8 # $ #$

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    2 0 0 9

    1 9 7 0

    1 9 7 7

    1 9 8 4

    1 9 9 1

    1 9 9 8

    2 0 0 5

    1 9 7 3

    1 9 8 0

    1 9 8 7

    1 9 9 4

    2 0 0 1

    2 0 0 8

    1 9 7 6

    1 9 8 3

    1 9 9 0

    1 9 9 7

    2 0 0 4

    1 9 7 2

    1 9 7 9

    1 9 8 6

    1 9 9 3

    2 0 0 0

    2 0 0 7

    1 9 7 5

    1 9 8 2

    1 9 8 9

    1 9 9 6

    2 0 0 3

    2 0 1 0

    1 9 7 1

    1 9 7 8

    1 9 8 5

    1 9 9 2

    1 9 9 9

    2 0 0 6

    1 9 7 4

    1 9 8 1

    1 9 8 8

    1 9 9 5

    2 0 0 2

    Year [-]

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    N u m

    b e r o f

    i n c i

    d e n

    t s [ - ]

    0 #$ "

    2 0 0 4

    1 9 7 4

    1 9 8 1

    1 9 8 8

    1 9 9 5

    2 0 0 2

    2 0 0 9

    1 9 7 9

    1 9 8 6

    1 9 9 3

    2 0 0 0

    2 0 0 7

    1 9 7 7

    1 9 8 4

    1 9 9 1

    1 9 9 8

    2 0 0 5

    1 9 7 5

    1 9 8 2

    1 9 8 9

    1 9 9 6

    2 0 0 3

    2 0 1 0

    1 9 8 0

    1 9 8 7

    1 9 9 4

    2 0 0 1

    2 0 0 8

    1 9 7 8

    1 9 8 5

    1 9 9 2

    1 9 9 9

    2 0 0 6

    1 9 7 6

    1 9 8 3

    1 9 9 0

    1 9 9 7

    Year

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    N u m

    b e r o

    f i n c

    i d e n t s :

    5 y e a r m o v

    i n g a v e r a g e

    External interferenceCorrosionConstruction defect / Material failure

    Hot tap made by errorGround movementOther and unknown

    0 ## " 4 * ( (

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    1 $( 2 $ 33 4)45367425434

    2 0 0 4

    1 9 7 4

    1 9 8 1

    1 9 8 8

    1 9 9 5

    2 0 0 2

    2 0 0 9

    1 9 7 2

    1 9 7 9

    1 9 8 6

    1 9 9 3

    2 0 0 0

    2 0 0 7

    1 9 7 0

    1 9 7 7

    1 9 8 4

    1 9 9 1

    1 9 9 8

    2 0 0 5

    1 9 7 5

    1 9 8 2

    1 9 8 9

    1 9 9 6

    2 0 0 3

    2 0 1 0

    1 9 7 3

    1 9 8 0

    1 9 8 7

    1 9 9 4

    2 0 0 1

    2 0 0 8

    1 9 7 1

    1 9 7 8

    1 9 8 5

    1 9 9 2

    1 9 9 9

    2 0 0 6

    1 9 7 6

    1 9 8 3

    1 9 9 0

    1 9 9 7

    Year [-]

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1,000

    1,200

    1,400

    N u m

    b e r o f

    i n c i

    d e n

    t s [ - ]

    0 #& ( "

    3.3.2 Primary failure frequencies

    ( 9 3 $( 8 8 = # $( $ 8 $( * 8# $ 35 / $( : * $( # $ $ $

    6 $( $ $( * 8 # $ : $( $ $ $

    !( ( # $( 8 8 = # 8 88 $ $( $ $367425434 $( # $ $( : $( $ 367425447 8

    )4 94 54 34 $( 8 $( $ > 544?25434

    !( 8 8 = # 8 $( : ! * 3 !( 6>@ # 8 # $ 88 $( 8 8 = # 8 $( : .. B 3 $( $ $ $ # $(

    $ $( $ $( * 8 # $ 8 / . J / .. B 5

    ("

    @6A*

    1 @< B* A

    *

    / *#$$$ < B*

    3674 2 5447 7 $( $ 91 3379 9 3> 34 4 9753674 2 5434 1 $( $ )3 35)6 9 >> 34 4 9>33673 2 5434 )4 3555 9 >5 34 ? 4 9)73613 2 5434 94 1?4 9 43 34 4 51?3663 2 5434 54 )?4 5 5> 34 4 54)5443 2 5434 34 547 3 5) 34 4 3?7544? 2 5434 > 34? 4 ?>) 34 4 3?5

    " # * /

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    1 $( 2 $ 33 4)45367425434

    5434 $( 8 8 = # : $( $ / = $ 4 9> 3 444 E* : $ $( $ $( : 8 8 = # 4 9> : $( $ 367425434($ / $( $( 8 8 = # 8 4 97 $ $( 7$( 367425447

    !( 8 8 = # : $( $ 8 : / 5434 = $ 4 3? 3 444 E!( 8 8 = # : $( $ 8 : $ ( 8 $( 8 8 = #

    : $( $ ( / $( : 8 # : # $39 ( / $( : $ 8 $( 8 8 = # : $( $ $( $

    8 :

    39 $ $ $( $ 8 $( 8 8 = # $( 8 8 = #8 $( > : : !( 8 8 = # : $( $ # 8

    4 17 3 444 E 3674 $ 4 9> 3 444 E 5434 !( : :8 8 = # : 8 : # * 8 #$ > 4 1? $ 4 3? 3 444 E

    2 0 0 4

    1 9 7 4

    1 9 8 1

    1 9 8 8

    1 9 9 5

    2 0 0 2

    2 0 0 9

    1 9 7 2

    1 9 7 9

    1 9 8 6

    1 9 9 3

    2 0 0 0

    2 0 0 7

    1 9 7 0

    1 9 7 7

    1 9 8 4

    1 9 9 1

    1 9 9 8

    2 0 0 5

    1 9 7 5

    1 9 8 2

    1 9 8 9

    1 9 9 6

    2 0 0 3

    2 0 1 0

    1 9 7 3

    1 9 8 0

    1 9 8 7

    1 9 9 4

    2 0 0 1

    2 0 0 8

    1 9 7 1

    1 9 7 8

    1 9 8 5

    1 9 9 2

    1 9 9 9

    2 0 0 6

    1 9 7 6

    1 9 8 3

    1 9 9 0

    1 9 9 7

    Year [-]

    0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    0.8

    1

    1.2

    1.4

    F a i

    l u r e

    f r e q u e n c y p e r

    1 0 0 0 k m y r

    Primary failure frequency: averagePrimary failure frequency: 5 year moving average

    0 #3 * /

    88 $ # ( : * $ 8 : ! * 5 3) # $ / $(

    $( # $ 8 # $ $( $ $ $ 8 # $( # 8# $

    $ * $H@I

    $ $ 8 # )1 )$ #$ 8 #$ A , $ 8 3? 7

    3? 3: $ 7 )

    - $2$ * ) 1+$( / ? ?

    " & " !

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    1 $( 2 $ 33 4)45367425434

    Externalinterf.

    Corrosion Constr.defect /

    Mat. Failure

    Hot tapmade by

    error

    Groundmovem.

    Other / Unknown

    Cause

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    P e r c e n t a g e

    %

    0 #% "

    3> 3? : #$ : $( 8 8 = # 8 $( $$ $( 8 $( $ 8 : : : #

    2 0 0 4

    1 9 7 4

    1 9 8 1

    1 9 8 8

    1 9 9 5

    2 0 0 2

    2 0 0 9

    1 9 7 2

    1 9 7 9

    1 9 8 6

    1 9 9 3

    2 0 0 0

    2 0 0 7

    1 9 7 0

    1 9 7 7

    1 9 8 4

    1 9 9 1

    1 9 9 8

    2 0 0 5

    1 9 7 5

    1 9 8 2

    1 9 8 9

    1 9 9 6

    2 0 0 3

    2 0 1 0

    1 9 7 3

    1 9 8 0

    1 9 8 7

    1 9 9 4

    2 0 0 1

    2 0 0 8

    1 9 7 1

    1 9 7 8

    1 9 8 5

    1 9 9 2

    1 9 9 9

    2 0 0 6

    1 9 7 6

    1 9 8 3

    1 9 9 0

    1 9 9 7

    Year [-]

    00.1

    0.2

    0.3

    0.4

    0.5

    0.6

    F a i l u r e

    f r e q u e n c y p e r

    1 0 0 0 k m y r

    External interferenceCorrosionConstruction defect / Material failure

    Hot tap made by errorGround movementOther and unknown

    0 #4 * / ' * )

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    1 $( 2 $ 33 4)45367425434

    2 0 0 4

    1 9 7 4

    1 9 8 1

    1 9 8 8

    1 9 9 5

    2 0 0 2

    2 0 0 9

    1 9 7 9

    1 9 8 6

    1 9 9 3

    2 0 0 0

    2 0 0 7

    1 9 7 7

    1 9 8 4

    1 9 9 1

    1 9 9 8

    2 0 0 5

    1 9 7 5

    1 9 8 2

    1 9 8 9

    1 9 9 6

    2 0 0 3

    2 0 1 0

    1 9 8 0

    1 9 8 7

    1 9 9 4

    2 0 0 1

    2 0 0 8

    1 9 7 8

    1 9 8 5

    1 9 9 2

    1 9 9 9

    2 0 0 6

    1 9 7 6

    1 9 8 3

    1 9 9 0

    1 9 9 7

    Year [-]

    0

    0.1

    0.2

    0.3

    0.4

    0.5

    0.6

    5 y r m o v . a v g .

    f a i l u r e

    f r e q u e n c y p e r

    1 0 0 0 k m y r

    External interferenceCorrosionConstruction defect / Material failure

    Hot tap made by errorGround movementOther and unknown

    0 #; * / '46* ( ( )

    3> $ $ $( # 8 8 = # : $( !( ( * $$ #( # : $ #( < / #$ # $ $ 2

    #$ : # 8 : $ $ #$

    8 $( # 8 $ $ 8 # # # $ # $ 8 8 = #

    : $( 367425434 # $ 4 37 3 444 E /( $( >2 : :( : 88 $ 4 3 3 444 E # 3667 5449 $( >2 : :

    8 $( $ $ 8 # # 8 4 34 $ 4 4? - / : $$ 8 # $( # 8 # $ * $ $( 88 # / $( # $ 8 $(

    # # # # $ #$ 8 #$ A $ 8

    : $ $( : $ 8 $ $ 8 # # $ *$ $( ($ $ 8 # $ 8 $( # $ 8 2# $ 8 $(#$ : $ 8 $ $ : # $ $( / = $ $ $#$ : $ / $( $( $ 8 $ #$ * $( # :

    8 $( $( #$ (* ( 8 $( #$ : $

    ! * 9 $( 8 8 = # $( > : : 8 $( 8 = #: 8 $( 5434 8 # 8 # $ : .. B 3

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    1 $( 2 $ 33 4)45367425434

    . 8 8 = #Cause367425433

    3444

    > : :

    3444External interference 0.170 0.057Corrosion 0.057 0.040Construction defect / Material failure 0.059 0.031Hot tap made by error 0.017 0.011Ground movement 0.026 0.015

    ! * 9< . 8 8 = # #

    37 $ $ $( * $/ $( # $( $ 8 # $ $ 8 " 8

    Externalinterference

    Corrosion Constructiondefect / Materialfailure

    Hot tap made byerror

    Ground movement

    Cause

    0

    0.02

    0.04

    0.06

    0.08

    0.1

    0.12

    0.14

    0.16

    0.18

    0.2

    F a i

    l u r e

    f r e q u e n c y p e r

    1 0 0 0 k m

    . y r

    1970-2010 5 year moving average

    0 #= * / *

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    1 $( 2 $ 33 4)45367425434

    Externalinterf.

    Corrosion Constr.defect / Mat.

    Failure

    Hot tapmade by

    error

    Groundmovem.

    Cause

    0

    0.01

    0.02

    0.03

    0.04

    0.05

    0.060.07

    0.08

    0.09

    0.1

    F a i

    l u r e

    f r e q u e n c y p e r

    1 0 0 0 k m y r

    Pinhole/crack Hole Rupture

    0 # * / *- C < '#5=$ 6 &$#$)

    31 ( / $( $ : $( /( $( * " ( $# # * $ $ 8 # /( #( $( $ # # $

    >4@ 8 $( # $ 8 / * : $

    3.3.3 Secondary failure frequencies!( # 8 8 = # # # $ * : $( * 8 # $ * $

    $ . $ $ 8 $( $ $$ # 8 # $ #$

    !( # # $ 8 # 8 8 = # $ # $( 8 # 8 M$ J $ $( 8 # : $# $( # # = # 8 $(

    # $

    # : $ 8 $( $ * $( $ $ # 88 = # ( : * # # $ ## $ $( 8 / $ 6 3 444 E

    !( $( $ * $ 8 $( # = # 8 ($ $ 8 "+ $ 8 53 # $ 36 / ( # # 5 $

    ( ($ ( # 8 $ : #$ 9 ) 9

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    3.4 Other analysis

    3.4.1 Ageing

    !( 8 # 8 $( 8 $( $( 8 8 = # ( * $ $($

    $( $( 8 8 = # 8 # # $ ( * $ 8 #$8 # $ #$

    0 yr

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    1 $( 2 $ 33 4)45367425434

    3.4.2 Detection of incidents

    ! * > ( / $( $ * $ 8 $( $ 8 $ #$ !( * # $( $ # $ #$/ $( $ 97@ 8 $( # $ % $ 5434 $ 37@ 8 $( # $ / $ #$ * $(

    $

    Detection Incident distributionPublic 36.7

    Patrol 16.5Contractor 15.6Unknown 7.5Company staff 7.5Distribution company 4.8Landowner 4.6Other 3.3Client 1.7On line inspection 1.6River police 0.2

    " 4

    Externalinterf.

    Corrosion Constr.defect / Mat. Failure

    Hot tapmade byerror

    Groundmovem.

    Other / Unknown

    Cause

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    I n c i

    d e n

    t d i s t r i b u

    t i o n

    [ % ]

    UnknownClient

    Company staffContractor

    Distri companyLandowner

    On line inspectionPatrol

    River policePublic

    Other

    0 35

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    1 $( 2 $ 33 4)45367425434

    96 $ $ $( $ #$ 8 # $ # $ # * $( $ $ # $$ #$ * $( * # $ $ 8 # * # # $ #$ $( $ $ $

    $ 8 $ #$ . $ * $( $ # $ * 88 #$ :

    8 $( $ #$ 8 # $ / $( $( # # # $ #$ 8 #$

    3.4.3 Ignition probability

    $ $ $ : $ /( #( $ $( # = # 8 $( # $$( 367425434 ) >@ 8 $( # # $ $( $ *

    $

    $ $( $ # 8 $ # !( $ * : $(* $ $ : $ $( * $/ $ "

    ! * ? : $( $ * * $ " 8

    " 8 $ * * $ H@I. ( 2# # )- 5

    $ 39

    " ; " " < *

    $ / $( $ # # : # $ !( # $( # 8/ $( $ ! * 7 # ( / $( $ 8 * $

    $ $ $( 8 $ $ # * $ # $( $ $($ $ * ( (

    " 8 $ * * $ H@I$ L 3? #( 34$ 3? #( 99

    " = " " !

    !( : $ * : $( $ * * $ 8 # $ $ $( #$ : 8 $(# $ *: $( $ $( * * $ : ## $ $( # !( # 8 #

    $ $( $ * * $ 8 # * ($

    + $ 8 53 $( 367425434 # * ($ 35 $ /( #( * $($ * * $ 8 $ ($ $ >7@

    3.4.4 Injuries and fatalities

    : $ $ $ # 8 $ * $ 8 8 = # # 8 # $ 8$( $ # $ 8 $ $ # D : 8 $ $

    !( $ * 8 # $ = $ $ : 8 $ * $ $( # = # 8 # $!( $ * # $ $ $ 8 35)6 # $ 7 # 4 ?@ 8 $( $ $(

    # $ : 8 $ $ $ $ $ $( * # ## 5 # 4 5@ 8 $( $

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    1 $( 2 $ 33 4)45367425434

    !( * * $ 8 : # = # ( *: $ / $( $( * * $ 8 : */ $( 88 #$

    4 CONCLUSIONS AND FACTS

    ( $ $( # $ $ *! # 8 8 8$ # $ / # #$ # $ $$( 39> 444 8 : !( $ $ /( #( $( $( 8

    $ 8 $ 9 >> E !( $ $ $ # 8 # $ # #$ $( $ * : * 8 8 = # !(

    : # $ 8 = # = $ 4 9> # $ 3 444 : $(3674 $ 5434

    !( > : : 8 8 = # 5434 /( #( $ $( :# $ 8 = # : $( $ > = 4 3? 3 444

    !( 8 : : : : 8 8 = # ( # # $ $ :$( $( ( $ ( $ $ $ *

    !( ( ( # $ * $ 8 $ 8 # ( $ $ # $ $$( $

    $ $ 8 # # $ #( #$ * $ $ : # = # $ $ 8 # # $ ( : # : $( $( $ $( / 8

    $ $( $ 8 # # $ #$ A $ 8 #$

    5 REFERENCE

    7$( $ 8 $( . # $ $ 367425447 # * 5441

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    1 $( 2 $ 33 4)45367425434

    D #

    # $ % $ %

    (@* A

    "

    @6A

    *1@< B* A

    *

    / *#$$$ < B*

    54E*

    / *#$$$ < B*

    54E F*

    / *#$$$ < B*

    3674 2 5447 7 $( $ 91 3379 9 3> 34 4 975 4 9>4 4 96)3674 2 5434 1 $( $ )3 35)6 9 >> 34 4 9>3 4 995 4 9733673 2 5434 )4 3555 9 >5 34 ? 4 9)7 4 951 4 9?73613 2 5434 94 1?4 9 43 34 4 51? 4 5?7 4 94>3663 2 5434 54 )?4 5 5> 34 4 54) 4 31? 4 55)

    5443 2 5434 34 547 3 5) 34 4 3?7 4 3)> 4 363544? 2 5434 > 34? 4 ?>) 34 4 3?5 4 399 4 36?

    " * / ( (

    Cause . 88 = #3444

    6>@ ;;. 88 = #3444

    6>@ %;. 88 = #3444

    External interference 0.170 0.157 0.184Corrosion 0.057 0.049 0.065Construction defect / Material failure 0.059 0.051 0.067Hot tap made by error 0.017 0.013 0.022Ground movement 0.026 0.021 0.032

    " 5 * / '#5=$6&$#$) 54E(

    Cause . 88 = #

    3444

    6>@ ;;. 8

    8 = #3444

    6>@ %;. 8

    8 = #3444

    External interference 0.057 0.040 0.078Corrosion 0.040 0.026 0.058Construction defect / Material failure 0.031 0.019 0.047Hot tap made by error 0.011 0.004 0.022Ground movement 0.015 0.007 0.028

    " #$ 46* ( ( * /' &$#$)

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    D & .!

    & % $ %$ % ! $ $ $

    ! # ' ! ! %

    () # $ $ # $! % $ % %

    % % $ ! # "$ *+ $ ,-

    2

    2

    2,2

    =

    Y

    Y i

    2

    2

    21),1(2

    +

    =

    Y

    Y u

    ! . % $ % . . ! $ .% 2 , " $

    /(0(/(12(

    % & $( $ # # $ $( # 8 # $ : 8 $ " $ $$ # O 8 3664P393 5