JISSN 0036-8075 ,v

8 June 1979Volume 204, No. 4397

LETTERS Available Thyroid Protection: F. von Hippel; Rodent Repeller NotRecommended: W. Proxmire; Darvon: Effectiveness and Safety:G. D. Sturges; Burt's Missing Ladies: 0. Gillie . . . . . . . . .

EDITORIAL The Quiet Shops of Academe: B. Burke .

ARTICLES A Siting Policy for an Acceptable Nuclear Future: C. C. Burwell,M. J. Ohanian, A. M. Weinberg . .. .. .. . . . . .. ..... .... . .

Regulation of Gene Expression: Possible Role of Repetitive Sequences:E. H. Davidson andR. J. Britten . . . .. .. .. . . . . . ... .. .. . . . .

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

BOOK REVIEWS

Jump in Funding Feeds Research on Nutrition ...................

Briefing: Bureau of Oceans Struck by Fiscal Thunderbolt; BEIR Report onRadiation Hazards Comes Unglued; Hamburg Moves to Harvard; WashingtonBreeds Candidate (for MIT) ..........................

A New and Searching Look at NSF. . . .

Paul MacLean and the Triune Brain.

Petroleum Exploration: Discouragement About the Atlantic Outer ContinentalShelf Deepens.

Particulars ofMy Life and The Shaping of a Behaviorist, reviewed by R. C. Bolles;Highly Conducting One-Dimensional Solids, J. C. Scott; Tidal Friction and theEarth's Rotation, D. L. Anderson; Comparative Endocrinology of Prolactin,M. Sage; Books Received and Book Order Service .

REPORTS Rings of Uranus: Invisible and Impossible?: T. C. Van Flandern..........

Chesterton Soil Concretions: Ilmenite and Not Iron-Manganese Cementing Matrix:K.L. White....................................

Efficiency of Convection in Variable Stars and the Sun: B. C. Cogan........

Nitrite Promotes Lymphoma Incidence in Rats: P. M. Newberne.

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N-Formyliminodiacetic Acid, a New Compound from the Reaction ofNitrilotriacetic Acid and Chlorine: R. L. Spanggord and C. A. Tyson . . . . . . 1081

DNA Organization ofMethanobacterium thermoautotrophicum:R. M. Mitchell et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1082

Muscle Fiber Regeneration After Transplantation: Prediction of Structure andPhysiology from Electromyograms: G. C. Gorniak, C. Gans, J. A. Faulkner . . 1085

Nuclear Transcripts ofMouse Heavy Chain Immunoglobulin Genes Contain Onlythe Expressed Class of C-Region Sequences: K. B. Marcu, U. Schibler,R. P. Perry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087

Low Urinary Estrogen Glucuronides in Women at Risk for Familial Breast Cancer:J. Fishman et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1089

Racial Differences in Blood Pressure Control: A. W. Voors et al .. . . . . . . . . . . 1091

Lung Maturation in the Fetal Rat: Acceleration by Injection of Fibroblast-Pneumonocyte Factor: B. T. Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1094

Neuronal Supersensitivity to Acetylcholine Induced by Kindling in the RatHippocampus: J. L. Burchfiel, M. S. Duchowny, F. H. Duffy . . . . . . . . . . 1096

Sleep and Estivation (Shallow Torpor): Continuous Processes of EnergyConservation: J. M. Walker et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1098

Membrane Potential Changes During Chemokinesis inParamecium: J. Van Houten 1100

Experimental Allergic Neuritis Induced by Sensitization with Galactocerebroside:T. Saida et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103

GABA Receptor Control of Parasympathetic Outflow to Heart: Characterizationand Brainstem Localization: J. A. DiMicco et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1106

Alteration of Cortical Orientation Selectivity: Importance of AsymmetricInput: B. Gordon et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109

The Forebrain Is Not Essential for Sympathoadrenal Hyperglycemic Response toGlucoprivation: R. J. DiRocco and H. J. Grill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112

Structure of Physiologically Identified X and Y Cells in the Cat's LateralGeniculate Nucleus: M. J. Friedlander, C. S. Lin, S. M. Sherman . . . . . . . 1114

Intracephalic Implants: A Technique for Studying Neuronal Interactions:L. F. Kromer, A. Bjorklund, U. Stenevi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117

PRODUCTS AND Laboratory Freezer; Centrifuge for Blood Components; Data AcquisitionMATERIALS System; Blood Chemistry Analysis; Volumetric Collection for Liquid

Chromatography; Radiopharmaceutical Analyzer; Spectrometer; OpticalScanner; Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1120

COVER

Artist's conception of a new model forthe rings of Uranus. Individual satel-lites shed gaseous material in theirwakes, which refract starlight. Viewedfrom Uranus' shadow, the rings mightscatter enough sunlight to become vis-ible. See page 1076. [© Sally Ben-susen, U.S. Naval Observatory, Wash-ington, D.C.]

8 June 1979, Volume 204, Number 4397

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SCIENCE

Quiet Shops of Academently, through a chance combination of circumstances, I visited thelent and machine-shop facilities of eight large universities across thewithin a 3-week period. With a few exceptions, the scene was uni-depressing. Most of the shops were spacious, well lit, and filled withable machinery, but hardly a spindle was turning. A few gray-hairedi bent to their projects, usually small ones, but the generally low-f activity was obvious. With no work in the chucks, no partly doneheaped on the floor waiting their turn, and few young apprentices

g the craft, an important national resource is clearly wasting away.of the eight shops, indeed, were not in such a desperate state. It wassee the reasons for the exceptions. A large well-funded oceano-institution was the mainstay for the busiest of the shops, and youth-hine operators were at work learning the trade. The next busiest wasallest of the facilities I saw, and two large jobs in its relativelyd quarters gave an exaggerated air of activity. Of the remaining six,s moderately active, working close to half capacity, but even there Ievidence of young apprentices.difficulties of keeping large instrument shops going is no secret, ofbut each of us thinks that his own university has a special problem.ndition is not sporadic, but general. One might argue that the age ofg out large, innovative projects within the universities is finished, ase technological growth in all sectors of the economy outruns the uni-facilities. The university researcher now travels to the great nationals or else conducts work by reading catalogs, writing specifications,oking things together after they are delivered. In fact, this is not thehe growth of technology has widened enormously the selection ofls and devices that the experimenter can use. There are more possi-for innovative work in university laboratories, not fewer, and thereative the work, the higher the likelihood that special devices andI be needed. American science has been characterized by action, byan, by building, and by the day-to-day involvement of the experi-with his apparatus. The present necessity of ordering finished in-nts instead of engineering one's own has been forced by the financiale on most areas of pure science. Engineering new systems is ex-and the nation is not willing to pay the price.

y of us maintain our own more specialized instrumental constructions, usually centered on the talents of a few skilled engineers and tech-This traditional mode serves for many purposes but the system

exibility, and we all experience the need to go outside for specialized,pecially for larger projects, or when the small groups have a fluctua-too much work, This often means that new ideas are not followed up.sts of going outside may be beyond our budgets, or the time delayptably large, especially when the work must be done in an industrialnd we simply take another direction. The process is strongly rein-and as the ability to place jobs in the university shop goes down, sofinancial base; the rates go up, and even fewer are willing or able toicilities.Fundamental structure of federal research funding, as set up by Con-id as administered by the agencies, is responsible for the weakeningtechnological and scientific innovation. A national resource is beingto waste away through national policies that show no signs of

Ig. Once that resource is gone, it will not be easy to rebuild. Morely still, the conditions that foster new ideas in the laboratory willas well, with a longer time lag. That spirit of doing new things has atory of careful nurture, and once gone it will be far more elusive tore.-BERNARD BURKE, Department of Physics, Massachusetts In-)f Technology, Cambridge 02139