Science 4primary

edebé

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Editorial team:Project editor: Marcos Muslera GarcíaOriginal text: Ana Fernández MartínezPage illustration: Anna VillalbaArtistic processes: Nico Bassó ComasPhotography: Thinkstock, Agefotostock

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Science 4Primary Education

Student book

REMINDER: All the activities in this book should be done in a different notebook. The spaces included are merelyindicative for didactic purposes.

STudent book 4

Science

Contents

2

Module A Inside our bodyLesson 1 Humans are living things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6The stages of lifeLife processes of human beingsInteractionNutritionReproductionLesson 2 Food and health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20FoodA balanced dietA healthy lifestyleInvestigate What happens to bones if they don’t have enough calcium? 30The challenge Make a lung model! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Module B The cycle of lifeLesson 3 Animals are living things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36InteractionNutritionReproductionMetamorphosisLesson 4 Plants are living things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48InteractionNutritionReproductionInvestigate In which direction do the stems and roots of plants grow? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58The challenge Make a bee-friendly garden! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Module C People in SpainLesson 5 Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Human settlementsThinly and densely populated areasInhabitants and population graphsFestivities and traditionsLesson 6 Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Autonomous communitiesProvincesBoroughsElectionsInvestigate Which do you think are more densely populated - coastal or inland provinces? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86The challenge Celebrate Diwali! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Module D The land and the history of SpainLesson 7 Spain’s landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Mountain ranges and plateausCoastlineRiversNational parksLesson 8 Time and history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104Measuring timePrehistoryAncient HistoryThe Middle AgesThe Modern EraThe Contemporary EraInvestigate Which inventions did we learn from the Romans? . . . . . . . . 118The challenge Make a digital flip book! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Module E Earth is in the UniverseLesson 9 The Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124The Solar SystemThe Earth’s rotation and orbitThe MoonEclipsesLesson 10 The Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136The spheres of the EarthThe lithosphereThe biosphereLooking after our planetInvestigate How much carbon dioxide do you produce in one year? . . 146The challenge Make a scale model of the Solar System! . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Module F The stuff of lifeLesson 11 Air and water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152The hydrosphereSaving waterThe atmosphere and the weatherLesson 12 Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Classifying matterPhysical and chemical changesMixturesSeparating mixturesInvestigate What kind of change happens when you mix baking soda,vinegar, water and popcorn together? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178The challenge Organise a science fair! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

3

Student book 4Science

Inside our body we have organs.

Some digest the food we eat.

Others get the oxygen from

the air that we breathe.

How are these people getting

the nutrients they need?

Before starting

4

Module AInside our

5

r body

6

Humans are

living things

Get ready!All living things are born,

grow up, reproduce and die.

What is this girl listening to?

What is inside her

mother’s womb?

Lesson 1

7

You will learn about

The stages of life

Life processes of human beings

Interaction:

- The 5 senses

- The nervous and locomotor systems

Nutrition:

- The digestive, respiratory,

circulatory and excretory systems

Reproduction:

- The reproductive system

- Stages of reproduction

Vocabulary

StomachLungs

Blood vesselsKidneysOvuleSperm

8

The stages of lifeAll living things change as they grow. Our bodies change as we get older.

Look at the family in the picture. What differences in theirbodies tell you about their age? Who is the oldest? Who is theyoungest? How can you tell?

Talk about it

Notebook activities

1. Draw pictures of yourself at three different stages in your life. — Describe how your body has changed.— Write three new skills you have learned.

Toddler: From 1 - 3 years

Baby: From 1 - 12 months

Child: From 3 - 12years

Teenager: From 13 - 19 years

Elderly person: From 65 years

Adult: From 20 - 65years

9

Life processes of human beingsAll living things have three life processes: interaction, nutrition and reproduction.

What life process are taking place in this picture?

Talk about it

Notebook activities

1. Write which life process is related to each photograph:

Getting the nutrients that weneed to stay alive, grow andbe healthy.

1 2 3

INTERACTION

NUTRITION

REPRODUCTION

Moving, communicating and relating to the world and thepeople around us.

Creating new human beings.

10

Can you think of any other examples of the senses givingus information?

Talk about it

Notebook activities

1. Write which of your senses tells you the following:— Someone is cooking in the kitchen.— Someone is knocking on the door.

Senses Nervous system

The five sensesOur five senses (sight, hearing, smell, touch and taste) gatherinformation from the world around us.

Interaction:

1. Danny’s senses ofsight and touch tellhim that it is coldoutside.

11

How does the cold sensation travel fromDanny’s hand to his brain? What is thebrain’s message to the locomotor system?

Talk about it

Notebook activities

1. Use the examples of the notebook activity in page 10, and write what thebrain tells your locomotor system to do in each situation.

Did you know?

Our brain weighs about

1 kilo.

2. The nerves in the nervous system send amessage to the brain: “It is cold!”

Nervous system

Brain

Brain

Locomotor system

The nervous and locomotor systemsOur nervous system gets the information from our 5 senses and sendsit to the brain. The brain tells our body how to respond.

3. The brain processes theinformation and tells thebones and the muscles inthe locomotor system toget the coat and put it on.

12

What organs make up the digestive system?

Talk about it

Did you know?

The small intestine is about

6 metres long.

Nutrition:The digestive system

Mouth

Pharynx

Tongue

Esophagus

Liver

Pancreas

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine

Anus

13

How does food get in and out of our bodies?Talk about it

Notebook activities

1. Write:— From what do we get the nutrients that we need to stay alive?— What is the function of the stomach? What does the small intestine do? 2. Draw a digestive system, and label it correctly.

CD Track 1: True or false?

1. Inside the mouth, the teeth cut and grindfood, and the tongue mixes it with saliva.

2. The food goes down the pharynx andesophagus, into the stomach.

3. The stomach produces gastric juices thatturn the food into a kind of paste.

4. The liver and the pancreas producesubstances that mix with the paste.

5. The small intestine absorbs the nutrientsand passes them to the blood.

6. The substances that we do not need gointo the large intestine and out of the bodythrough the anus.

Our digestive system transforms the food that we eat into the nutrients thatwe need to stay alive.

1

2

34

5

6

14

Nostrils

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Lungs

Diaphragm

Did you know?

Oxygen and carbon

dioxide are gasses.

The respiratory systemNutrition:

Which organs does air go throughon its way to the lungs?

Talk about it

http://www.e-learningforkids.org/Courses/Liquid_Animation/Body_Parts/Respiratory_System/index.html

Click on the parts of the respiratory system to find out more about them. Then complete the exercise.

Online

15

— The lungs absorb oxygenfrom the air.

— The lungs and ribs expand.— The diaphragm goes down.

Notebook activities

1. Write:— Where do we get oxygen from?— What is the name of the gas that the lungs expel?— What happens to the lungs and the ribs when we breathe in and out?2. Draw a respiratory system, and label it correctly.

Did you know?

The right lung is a bit

bigger than the left lung.

— The lungs expel carbon dioxide.

— The lungs and ribs contract.— The diaphragm goes up.

Breathing in Breathing out

Air comes in through the nostrils or mouth, down to the lungs, andback out the same way.

Our respiratory system absorbs the oxygen from the air, passes it to ourblood and expels the carbon dioxide. We need oxygen to survive.

Breathe in and out. Explain whathappens to your body in each case.

Talk about it

16

1. Draw a body with a heart, veins and arteries, and label them correctly.2. Place your hand on one side of your neck, and stay silent for a few seconds.What do you feel? Write how many heartbeats you can count in 10 seconds.Compare with your classmates.

Notebook activities

Did you know?

A 10 year old child’s heart beats

from 70 to 120 times per minute.

The circulatory systemOur circulatory system pumps blood around our body. The bloodtransports the nutrients and oxygen that we need to stay alive. Thiscycle is called blood circulation.

Nutrition:

How does blood circulate around the body?

Talk about it

The blood comes back to the heart throughthe veins.

Arteries transport the blood from the heartto the rest of the body.

The heart pumps the blood around the body.

Capillaries are tiny tubes that reach whereveins and arteries cannot.

17

Did you know?

The left kidney is a little bit higher

than the right kidney.

SWEAT

URINE

Sweat

gland

Kidneys

Ureters

Bladder

Urethra

3.When the bladder fills up, the urine goesout of the body through the urethra.

The excretory systemOur excretory system eliminates everything we do not need in the formof urine and sweat.

How do we eliminatesweat and urine?

Talk about it

http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp?lic=1&article_set=59260&cat_id=20607

Answer the questions about the urinary system.See how many you can get right!

Online

We have many sweat glands in our skin.They produce and release sweat.

2.The urine goes down the ureters to thebladder.

1. The kidneys clean and filter our blood.The substances they remove form the urine.

18

Notebook activities

1. Write:— What are the parts of the female reproductive system? What does it produce?— What are the parts of the male reproductive system? What does it produce?

Female reproductive system Male reproductive system

The female reproductive system produces ovules.

The male reproductive system produces sperm.

Uterus (womb)

Ovaries

Penis

TesticlesVagina

Reproduction:The reproductive system

What are the differences between the female and themale reproductive systems?

Talk about it

CD Track 2: Guessthe riddles!

19

Human reproduction has 3 stages: fertilisation, pregnancy and birth.STAGES OF REPRODUCTION

After 9 months afully grown baby comes out throughthe woman’s vagina.

The foetus forms inside the woman’s womb for 9 months.

A sperm gets into theovule inside thewoman’s womb.

1. Fertilisation 2. Pregnancy

Did you know?

Sometimes women are pregnant

with twins. That is two babies!

3. Birth

Foetus

Our reproductive system makes the creation of new human beings possible.Men and women have different reproductive systems.

What happens at each stageof human reproduction?

Talk about it

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPPkXe8KUg0

Watch a baby forming inside his mother’s uterus.What parts of his body can you recognise?

Online