811-The Problem of Hospital … Problem of Hospital Readmissions #811 Saturday, November 2, 2013...

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8/20/2013 1 The Problem of Hospital Readmissions Readmissions #811 Saturday, November 2, 2013 4:155:45 Mary Newberry MSN RN Director Home Health/Diabetes Center/Outpatient Infusion Riverside Heath Care, Kankakee, Illinois Objectives y Demonstrate an increased understanding of Demonstrate an increased understanding of y Demonstrate an increased understanding of Demonstrate an increased understanding of the physical and financial impact of a the physical and financial impact of a hospital stay hospital stay y Identify the driving forces for attention to Identify the driving forces for attention to the cause of hospital readmissions the cause of hospital readmissions y Describe the strategies to improve Describe the strategies to improve transitions of care and reduce readmissions transitions of care and reduce readmissions

Transcript of 811-The Problem of Hospital … Problem of Hospital Readmissions #811 Saturday, November 2, 2013...

Page 1: 811-The Problem of Hospital … Problem of Hospital Readmissions #811 Saturday, November 2, 2013 4:15‐5:45 Mary Newberry MSN RN Director Home Health/Diabetes Center/Outpatient Infusion

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The Problem of Hospital ReadmissionsReadmissions 

#811 Saturday, November 2, 2013

4:15‐5:45

Mary Newberry  MSN RNDirector

Home Health/Diabetes Center/Outpatient InfusionRiverside Heath Care, Kankakee, Illinois

Objectives

Demonstrate an increased understanding ofDemonstrate an increased understanding ofDemonstrate an increased understanding of Demonstrate an increased understanding of the physical and financial impact of a the physical and financial impact of a hospital stayhospital stayIdentify the driving forces for attention to Identify the driving forces for attention to the cause of hospital readmissionsthe cause of hospital readmissionsDescribe the strategies to improve Describe the strategies to improve transitions of care and reduce readmissionstransitions of care and reduce readmissions

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Health Care Today

Medicare benefitMedicare benefit

d d d lld d d llConcern regarding Medicare dollarConcern regarding Medicare dollarWhy the concern?Why the concern?

Is it that we have been careless?  Is it that we have been careless?  

What is the problem?What is the problem?

The issue is multiThe issue is multi‐‐faceted, but basically….faceted, but basically….H lth C i th U it d St t i tt dH lth C i th U it d St t i tt dHealth Care in the United States is pretty goodHealth Care in the United States is pretty good

Advances in medicineAdvances in medicine‐‐‐‐ People are living longer!People are living longer!

Increased age, increased risk for chronic diseaseIncreased age, increased risk for chronic disease

Aging of AmericaThe number of Americans age 55 and older will almostolder will almost double between now and 2030 from 60 million today (21% of the total US population) to 107.6 million (31 percent of the population) – as the Baby B h iBoomers reach retirement age

(Experience Corps, n.d.)

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Aging of AmericaThe likelihood that an American who reaches th f 65 illthe age of 65 will survive to the age of 90 has nearly doubled over the past 40 years – from just 14% of 65‐year‐olds in 1960 to 25 %% at present By 2050, 40% of 65‐year‐olds are likely to reach age 90!

(Experience Corps, n.d.)

Health Stratification of the Population

Level 5:  Institutionalized difficult to place

Level 3: Identified Disease State

Level 4:  3 + Chronic Diseases

Level 2: Risk Factors Exist

Level 1: Healthy

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What Are Chronic Diseases?

Chronic diseases are noncommunicable illnesses that are prolonged in duration, do not resolve spontaneously, and are rarely 

cured completely

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2011)

Reasons for Increase in Chronic Diseases

Aging of AmericaAdvances in treatment of acute diseaseEarlier screening and diagnosis of chronic diseaseLifestyle factors: sedentary, diet (obesity), smoking, stress

(Suter, et.al., 2008)

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Prevalence of Chronic Illness INCREASING

More common among older adults

Ab t 133 illi A i l 1 i 2 d ltAbout 133 million Americans—nearly 1 in 2 adults—live with at least one chronic illness

More than 75% of health care costs are due to chronic conditions

Approximately one‐fourth of persons living with a h i ill i i ifi li i i i d ilchronic illness experience significant limitations in daily activities

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2011)

Prevalence of Chronic Illness INCREASING

160

180

dition

60

80

100

120

140

ople W

ith chronic cond

0

20

40

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

(Anderson, 2010)

Num

ber P

eo(M

illions)

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Cost Concerns

Three in four dollars spent on health care in the U.S. are for patients with one or more chronic conditions

25% Total U.S. health spending in 2006 = $2.1 trillion

75%

(Devol & Bedroussian, 2007)

Hospital ChallengeChanging from Acute Care Focus to CCM

Higher percentage of patient population with chronic diseases complicating things

Rushed hospital practitioners focused on addressing shortRushed hospital practitioners focused on addressing short term issues/admitting diagnosis 

Staff inadequately trained to engage patients and work collaboratively

Clinicians are struggling with the patient labeled as “non‐compliant” 

Lack of time processes or reimbursement for careLack of time, processes or reimbursement for care coordination 

Lack of time, processes or reimbursement for follow‐up to ensure good daily disease management

Little or no discussion regarding end‐of‐life decision making

(Suter, et.al., 2008)

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Health System Today: Acute Care System

NOT Focused on Chronic Problems

Budgets are based upon admissionsBudgets are based upon admissions

Focus has been to decrease length of stay (LOS) 

Increased utilization of hospitalists

Shrinking reimbursement

Uninsured/ charity burden on hospitalization / ED visits

(Suter, et.al., 2008)

Challenges of the Chronically IllMultiple co‐morbid conditions leading to increased care complexity (75%) 

Multiple medications (unfilled RXs and poor adherence) greater care complexity– greater care complexity

Multiple physicians and barriers to care coordination among providers

Gaps in transitions of care

Patients inadequately trained to manage their illnesses

Inconsistent evidence‐based care

Patient goals identified too late in the end‐of‐life trajectory

(Suter, et.al., 2008)

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The Impact of Hospitalization 

Hospitalization StatisticsHospitalization Statistics

38% of admissions are over 65

49% f t t l d h it li d49% of total days hospitalized are over 65

Kleinpeil, Fletcher, & Jennings, 2008)

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Hospitalization StatisticsHospitalization Statistics

Primary Causes of Hospitalization for those >65

Heart FailureHeart Failure

Coronary Artery Disease

Pneumonia

COPD

StrokeStroke

Most arrive via the Emergency DepartmentKleinpeil, Fletcher, & Jennings, 2008)

Anatomy and Physiology of BedrestAnatomy and Physiology of Bedrest

Musculoskeletal

SkinSkin

Bones

Pulmonary

GU

GI/NutritionGI/Nutrition

Brain

Kleinpeil, Fletcher, & Jennings, 2008)

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Impact of HospitalizationBed rest is a Problem

Musculoskeletal

1.5% loss per day

5% loss per day if >65

Impact of loss on strength, balance, flexibility

Weakness leads to falls

Rapid deconditioning

R diti i t k h l thReconditioning takes much longer than deconditioning

(Hermes, 2010)

Impact of HospitalizationBed rest is a Problem

Skin

Direct Pressure (from lying in bed)Capillary pressure 

~ 2 hours can lead to some degree of necrosis

Moisture, Shearing (friction) further complicate

Result:  20% of time pressure sores develop 

(Hermes, 2010)

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Impact of HospitalizationBed rest is a Problem

BonesLoss 50 times faster than normal when on bedrest

1 week in hospital…takes 5 months of normal activity to recover bone loss

Can lead to ↑bone fracturesNow AND later

Impact greater with aging

(Hermes, 2010)

Impact of HospitalizationBed rest is a Problem

LungsNormal aging process ↓ residual volume P02

Formula to assess impactP02=90‐(age‐60)

Bed rest further subtracts ~8%

Example:p

80 y/o patient

90‐(80‐60)=70% P02‐8%

=62%

(Hermes, 2010)

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Impact of HospitalizationBed rest is a Problem

GenitourinaryNormal aging: 5‐15% incontinent

Men:  often issues related to BPH

Women: atrophy/pelvic floor relaxation

When hospitalized, ↓ability to compensatep ,↓ y p

Incontinence then ↑ to 40‐50%

(Hermes, 2010)

Impact of HospitalizationBed rest is a Problem

GI/Nutrition/HydrationNormal aging process 25‐30% undernourished

Albumin levels, Hemoglobin, lymphocyte screening

When in hospital, further impactMeal times altered

Decreased taste and thirst

Estimate 600 cc lost in 1st 24 hours 

Can result in instability, blood pressure changes

(Hermes, 2010)

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Impact of HospitalizationBed rest is a Problem

BrainVaries in severity

Delirium, fluctuations in mood, thinking, attention, confusion

Alterations in level of consciousness

Causes↓or altered sensory inputs

↓ oxygen perfusion to brain (PO2)

MedicationsMedications

Inpatient staff may not be aware that this is not normal for the patient!

(Hermes, 2010)

Impact of HospitalizationBed rest is a Problem

Nosocomial InfectionsHospital acquired infections

CausesDevices (ET tubes, IV, NG, catheters)

Decreased or inadequate attention to handwashing 

Increased vulnerability

ImpactpGU

Pulmonary

GI

(Hermes, 2010)

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Hospital Discharges

Can be problematic for the patientAre we surprised?

Do you know WHY?

Multiple physicians

Multiple medications

No caregiver

In a hurry to leave

Ride is waiting for them

Lack of clarity in instructions/complex instructions

TOO MUCH information at one time

The Health Care Experience…

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The Reality is…Health system in US must change

Unsustainable in its current formHospitals are currently designed to address acuteHospitals are currently designed to address acute care issuesNot just one thing wrong with a patient

The healthcare crisis in America is a chronic care crisis

Trying to manage chronic care in an acute care systemAnd…its not working

Affordable Care Act—Changing Incentives/Penalties

We are witnessing a changing health system (and its painful)

Efforts underway to control rising costs due to:

ReadmissionsFocus of discussion today

End of life expenseFraud and abuse in the system

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Affordable Care Act—Changing Incentives/PenaltiesWe are witnessing a changing health system

Medicare Cuts?Not really—F&A initiatives yChanging incentives/penalties reimbursementRAC audits have changed hospital practice

Recovery Audit ContractorsIncentivized for $$ penalties

Medicare Criteria for admissionMedicare Criteria for admissionObservation UnitsClinical Decision Units (CDU’s)

PPACA‐‐Motivation for ChangeHospital Readmissions Reduction Program

Begins FY 2013gInpatient PPS hospitals penalized for higher than expected readmission rates

30‐day readmission, ANY cause

HF, AMI, PneumoniaPotential for 1% in 2013; 2% in 2014, 3% 2015 and beyond

Applies to all Medicare discharges

2015: list to expandCOPD, elective THA or TKA

(Stone & Hoffman, 2010; CMS, 2013)

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Goal: Reduced Hospital Readmissions

Trying to Find a Solution……

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Readmissions…not just the costResearch on readmissions

Effect on Individual & Family↑ need for institutionalization

↑ co‐morbidities 

Death

Emerging Models and TrendsPPACA—many models being tested

Transitional Care ModelsColeman and Naylor

Self‐Management Education Interventions Lorig and Wheeler

Coordinated Care InterventionsCMS Demos

Disease ManagementPatient Centered Medical Home: Dr. Wagner’s Model

(AHRQ, 2012)

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Focus on Preventing ReadmissionsProject REDProject BOOSTProject BOOSTIHI Readmissions CollaborativeProject BRIDGECommunity Care demonstration projectChronic Care demonstration projectNavigator demonstration projectg p jACO formation

Bundled Post AcuteOthers…

Care TransitionsCare Transitions

“The movement patients make betweenThe movement patients make between healthcare practitioners and settings as their condition and care needs change during the 

course of chronic or acute illness”

…Dr. Eric ColemanMultiple transitionsCritical:  Hospital to Home

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Transitional CareIdentification of Risk

BOOST (Better Outcomes for Older Adults)BOOST (Better Outcomes for Older Adults)Why are people readmitted?Who gets readmitted?What are the risk factors?Can we address these and reduce the readmission rate?

BOOST developed as transitional care tool for hospitals

Can be useful in home care

(Hansen, n.d.)

BOOST…Why

50% never see their doctor prior to being readmittedreadmitted70% of patients readmitted after surgery 

Chronic medical condition is cause72% have medication problemsHeart Failure one of leading causes

37% d itt d f HF i37% readmitted for non‐HF issuesOther issues—

Lack of understanding related to discharge instructions

(Hansen, n.d.)

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BOOST…Who?What do these patients have in common?

The 8 P’s1. Problem medications2. Psychological (stress, depression, mental illness)3. Principal diagnosis (CA, DM, COPD, HF, CVA)4. Polypharmacy (on multiple medications)5. Poor health literacy6. Patient support lacking6. Patient support lacking7. Prior hospitalizations8. Palliative care9. Not a P…Mary added‐‐ Falls(Hansen, n.d.)

BOOST…GoalIdentify risk factors prior to discharge

I t t t i t d i kIncorporate strategies to reduce riskPolicy and process development

Accountability

Improved discharge planning and communication

Improve transition to next levelp

(Hansen, n.d.)

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Transitional CareHospital to home presents highest risk for readmissionreadmission

All transitions are important

Appropriate level of careCommunity services

Coordination 

Communication

Patient choice

Principles of chronic disease management

End‐of‐Life ConsiderationsFinancial Burden

27% of the Medicare budget in final year of lifeg yAverage payments of about $28,000 

Personal IssueRight to self‐determinationHow do you envision the end of your life? In the ICU?ICU?

Advance Decision MakingWho prompts this discussion?

(Shugarman, Lorenz, & Lynn 2005)

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Further Thoughts: Wellness

Wellness is an active process through which people become aware of, and make choices toward, a more successful 

existence.

(National Wellness Institute, n.d.)

Wellness

Wellness is a conscious, self‐directed and evolving process of achieving full potential 

Wellness is multi‐dimensional and holistic, encompassing lifestyle, mental and spiritual well‐being, and the environment 

Wellness is positive and affirmingWellness is positive and affirming 

(National Wellness Institute, n.d.)

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WellnessComprised of Six Dimensions—

IntellectualSpiritualEmotionalPhysicalOccupationalSocial

Other definitions include: financial, environmental, mental and medical2 broad categories:  Mental and Physical

(National Wellness Institute, n.d.)

Wellness and AgingFinal Thoughts

How does this pertain toHow does this pertain to our population and why 

is this important? 

Can a person be chronically p yill and advanced in age and still be “well”?

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Thank you!Thank you!mary‐[email protected]

ReferencesAgency for Healthcare Research & Quality [AHRQ]. (2012). Reducing avoidable hospital readmissions. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/news/kt/red/readmissionslides/readslide20.htmAnderson, G. (2010). Chronic care: Making the case for ongoing care. Retrieved from Robert Wood Johnson Foundation website: http://www.rwjf.org/pr/product.jsp?id=50968Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2011). Chronic disease prevention and health promotion. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/index.htmhealth promotion. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/index.htmDeVol, R., & Bedroussian, A. (2007, October). An unhealthy America: the economic burden of chronic disease. Retrieved from Milken Institute website: http://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/publications.taf?function=detail&ID=38801020&cat=ResRepExperience Corps. (n.d.). Fact sheet on aging of America. Retrieved October 1, 2012, from http://www.experiencecorps.org/images/pdf/Fact%20Sheet.pdfHansen, L. (n.d.). Project BOOST: Patient readmission risk and the "8P" risk assessment. Retrieved September 15, 2012, from http://www.ihatoday.org/uploadDocs/1/boostapril28.pdfHermes, S. A. (2010, October 21). The hazards of hospitalization [PowerPoint slides]. Kl i il R M Fl t h K & J i B M (2008) R d i f ti l d li iKleinpeil, R. M., Fletcher, K., & Jennings, B. M. (2008). Reducing functional decline in hospitalized elderly. Rockville, Maryland.Shugarman, L. R., Lorenz, K., & Lynn, J. (2005). End‐of‐life care: An agenda for policy improvement. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 21(1), 255‐272. Stone, J., & Hoffman, G. (2010, September). Medicare Hospital readmissions: issues, policy options and the PPACA. Retrieved from Congressional Research Service [CRS] website: http://www.crsdocuments.comSuter, P., Hennessey, B., Harrison, G., Fagan, M., Norman, B., & Suter, W. N. (2008). Home‐based chronic care: an expanded integrative model for home health professionals. Home Healthcare Nurse, 26(4), 222‐228.