Time Thursday, December 19th Friday, December 20th

8:10-9:25 Period 4 Period 5

9:30-10:45 Period 2 Period 7

10:50-12:05 Period 3 Period 1

12:05-12:25 LUNCH LUNCH

12:30-1:45 Period 8 Period 6

Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler

Fascism in Europe

• German

• Formed a totalitarian government

• Invaded Ethiopia in 1935.

• Italian • Anger over the

Versailles treaty

• Blamed the Jews for Germany’s problems.

• Believed Germans were a superior “Aryan” race.

• Used economic unrest and fears of communism to gain support. • Used nationalism to

gain support.

• Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy in 1922.

Fascists in Italy

Benito Mussolini, 1936

- He controlled the press and banned criticism of the government.

Mussolini’s policies:

* Promising Italians greatness, Mussolini invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935.

Hailie Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia

* The League of Nations failed to help Ethiopia.

· In 1933, Hitler became chancellor, or head of the German government.

Nazi Germany

· Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party preached racial and religious hatred.

· Hitler claimed that Germans were a part of a superior “Aryan” race, and that Jews were to blame for Germany’s troubles.

The Road to World War IIActions of Adolf Hitler

Add labels to explain what the cartoonist suggests Hitler is doing?

Who are the other people in this picture and what does the cartoonist think of them?

January 1933: Hitler became Chancellor of Germany

"If I can send the flower of the German nation into the hell of war without the smallest pity for the spilling of precious German blood, then surely I have the right to remove millions of an inferior race that breeds like vermin."

- Adolf Hitler

swastika, Nazi party symbol

Hitler soon ordered a programme of rearming Germany

Hitler visits a factory and is enthusiastically greeted. Many Germans were grateful for jobs after the misery of he depression years.

March 1936: German troops marched into the Rhineland

The Rhineland was a region of Germany that was ‘demilitarised’ after the Treaty of Versailles. Germany was not allowed to have troops in the region.

Hitler’s actions showed how he was willing to directly challenge the treaty.

- FDR announced the Good Neighbor Policy in an attempt to improve U.S. relations with Latin America.

Depression Diplomacy

- Isolationists passed a series of Neutrality Acts in the 1930’s.

• warned U.S. citizens not to travel on ships of countries at war.

- These laws….• banned arms sales or loans to countries at war.

March 1938: Nazi Germany annexed Austria

Again, this went against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles which banned Germany from uniting with Austria.

However, the arrival of German troops was met with great enthusiasm by many Austrian people.

March 1939: Germany invaded Czechoslovakia

Hitler had ordered the occupation of a part of Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenland (in October 1938). Many hoped that that this would be the last conquest of the Nazis.

However, in March 1939, he ordered his troops to take over the remainder of Czechoslovakia. This was the first aggressive step that suggested that a war in Europe would soon begin.

Hitler and Stalin (the Russian leader) signed a ‘non-aggression pact’.

They promised that neither country would attack the other in the event of war.

As part of the deal, Hitler promised Stalin part of Poland, which he planned to invade soon.

August 1939: Germany and Russia signed a non-aggression pact

This photo shows the Russian foreign minister signing the pact, whilst Stalin stands smiling in the background

The non-aggression pact was surprising. Hitler and Stalin were seen as natural enemies.

When Hitler talked of taking over new land for Germany, many thought that he meant Russia.

Hitler also hated Communism, the form of government in Russia

Hitler Stalin

But, the pact allowed Germany to march into Poland without fear of an attack from Russia.

On 3rd September 1939, Germany invaded Poland and started a War with Britain and France.

September 1939: Germany invaded Poland

German troops marching into Warsaw, the capital of Poland.

May 1940: Germany turned west and invaded France and the Netherlands

In May 1940, Germany used Blitzkrieg tactics to attack France and the Netherlands.

British troops were forced to retreat from the beaches of Dunkirk in northern France.

Captured British troops, May 1940

By June 1940, France had surrendered to the Germans

Britain now stood alone as the last remaining enemy of Hitler’s Germany in Western Europe.

Adolf Hitler tours Paris after his successful invasion.

September 1940-May 1941: the Blitz

For the following nine months, the German air force (Luftwaffe) launched repeated bombing raids on British towns and cities. This was known as the BLITZ and was an attempt to bomb Britain into submission.

Operation Barbarossa, June 1941

But in May, 1941, Hitler ordered a change of tactics. He decided to halt the bombing of Britain and launch an attack against Russia. He betrayed Stalin and ignored the promises he had made.

This was a bold move that would prove to be an important turning point in the War.

TasksAnswer the following questions:

1) In what ways did Hitler ignore the Treaty of Versailles?

2) At what stage do you think other countries should have attempted to stop Hitler by using force? Why do you think they did not?

3) How was Hitler able to take over Western Europe so quickly?

4) Why did he create problems for the German army by deciding to invade Russia?

American Foreign Policy:

1920-1941

Foreign Policy Tensions

Interventionism Disarmament

• Collective security

• “Wilsonianism”

• Business interests

• Isolationism

• Nativists

• Anti-War movement

• Conservative Republicans

American Isolationism5 Isolationists like

Senator Lodge, refused to allow the US to sign the Versailles Treaty.

5 Security treaty with France also rejected by the Senate.

5 July, 1921 → Congress passed a resolution declaring WW I officially over!

Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. [R-MA]

Washington Disarmament Conference(1921-1922)

5 Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) obligated Britain to aid Japan in the event of a Japanese war with the United States.

5 Goals → naval disarmament and the political situation in the Far East.

Five-Power Treaty (1922)5 A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio:

US Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67

5 Japan got a guarantee that the US and Britain would stop fortifying their Far East territories [including the Philippines].

5 Loophole → no restrictions on small warships

European Debts to the US

Hyper-Inflation in Germany: 1923

Dawes Plan (1924)

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

5 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy.

5 62 nations signed.

5 Problems → no means of actual enforcement and gave Americans a false sense of security.

Japanese Attack Manchuria (1931)

5 League of Nations condemned the action.

5 Japan leaves the League.

5 Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East.

Hoover-Stimson Doctrine(1932)

5 US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by force.

5 Japan was infuriated because the US hadconquered new territories a few decades earlier.

5 Japan bombed Shanghai in 1932 → massive casualties.

FDR’s “Good Neighbor” Policy

5 Important to have all nations in the Western Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign aggressions.

5 FDR → The good neighbor respects himself and the rights of others.

5 Policy of non-intervention and cooperation.

FDR Recognizes the Soviet Union

(late 1933)

5 FDR felt that recognizing Moscow might bolster the US against Japan.

5 Maybe trade with the USSR would help the US economy during the Depression.

FDR’s “I hate war” Speech (1936)

Ludlow Amendment (1938)

5 A proposed amendment to the Constitution that called for a national referendum on any declaration of war by Congress.

5 Introduced several times by Congressman Ludlow.

5 Never actually passed.

Congressman Louis Ludlow[D-IN]

US Neutrality

Nye Committee Hearings(1934-1936)

5 The Nye Committee Iinvestigated the charge that WW I was needless and the US entered so munitions owners could make big profits [“merchants of death.”]

5 The Committee did charge that bankers wanted war to protect their loans & arms manufacturers to make money.

5 Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing in to warring nations’ waters.

5 Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts.

Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]

Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937

5 When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect:▪ Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.

▪ Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations.

▪ Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I].

▪ Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and-carry” basis → pay when goods are picked up.

▪ Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.

5 This limited the options of the President in a crisis.5 America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!

Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

The American “Lincoln Brigade”

Panay Incident (1937)5 December 12, 1937.

5 Japan bombed USS Panay gunboat & threeStandard Oil tankers onthe Yangtze River.

5 The river was an international waterway.

5 Japan was testing US resolve!

5 Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no further attacks.

5 Most Americans were satisfied with the apology.

5 Results → Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for further aggression against US interests.

Fascist Aggression5 1935: Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty &

the League of Nations [re-arming!] Mussolini attacks Ethiopia.

5 1936: German troops sent into the Rhineland. Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain.

5 1938: Austrian Anschluss. Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS] Munich Agreement → APPEASEMENT!

5 1939: German troops march into the rest of Czechoslovakia. Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact.

5 September 1, 1939: German troops march into Poland → blitzkrieg → WW II begins!!!

1939 Neutrality Act5 In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.

5 FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way:

▪ The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis.

▪ FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US ships and citizens could not enter.

5 Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:▪ Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions.

▪ The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-38 recession.

5 America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”

“America First” Committee

Charles Lindbergh

October 1938, Charles Lindbergh received the Service Cross of the German Eagle (Verdienstkreuz der Deutscher Adler), the second-highest honor the Reich could bestow on noncitizens.

Henry Ford, center, is awarded the Grand Cross of the German Eagle by Nazi diplomats.

AP photoThere is some evidence that Henry Ford gave Adolf Hitler financial backing when Hitler was first starting out in politics. This can in part be traced to statements from Kurt Ludecke, Germany's representative to the U.S. in the 1920s, and Winifred Wagner, daughter-in-law of Richard Wagner, who said they requested funds from Ford to aid the National Socialist movement in Germany. However, a 1933 Congressional investigation into the matter was unable to substantiate one way or the other that funding was actually sent. Ford Motor Company was active in Germany's military buildup prior to World War II. In 1938, for instance, it opened an assembly plant in Berlin whose purpose was to supply trucks to the Wehrmacht. In July of that year, Ford was awarded (and accepted) the Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle (Grosskreuz des Deutschen Adlerordens). Ford was the first American and the fourth person given this award, at the time Nazi Germany's highest honorary award given to foreigners. Earlier the same year, Benito Mussolini had been decorated with the Grand Cross. The decoration was given "in recognition of [Ford's] pioneering in making motor cars available for the masses." The award was accompanied by a personal congratulatory message from Adolf Hitler. [Detroit News, July 31, 1938.]

“Lend-Lease” Act (1941)Great Britain.........................$31 billionSoviet Union...........................$11 billionFrance......................................$ 3 billionChina.......................................$1.5 billionOther European.................$500 millionSouth America...................$400 millionThe amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

1941 – the Atlantic Charter

August 14th 1941 Churchill and Roosevelt meet and proclaim the ‘Atlantic Charter’ declaring common principles of democracy and freedom. The USA was not at war yet but was clearly on Britain’s side.

President Roosevelt of the USA meeting Winston Churchill.

Pearl Harbor

Churchill’s reaction to Pearl Harbor

“So we have won after all”

Churchill’s diary entry December 7th 1941.

One historian’s view…….Churchill saw no way of winning the war without full American participation. His famous ‘give us the tools and we will finish the job’ radio broadcast of 9th February 1941 was a piece of tactical phrasing and not hard truth. What he really meant was ‘give us the tools and we will hold out long enough for you to take your time about joining the war’. It was therefore a moment of joy when he heard the news of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour. Churchill wrote famously in his diary of that attack ‘so we have won after all’

Churchill, by Roy Jenkins (2001)