8 Using Design in Fashion Chapter Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.©...

8

Using Design in Fashion

Chapter

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Objectives• Explain the importance of each

element of design in relation to fashion.• Apply the principles of design to

apparel.• Describe how harmony is achieved in

garment designs.• Discuss how to use design to create

illusions that enhance appearance.


Design• Design is a plan that puts an idea

together• The elements of design are color,

shape, line, and texture– Combined in different ways, they form

designs

• The principles of design are balance, proportion, emphasis, and rhythm– Design harmony results when the elements

are combined effectively


Using the Elements of Design• In fashion, the design elements are

combined according to current trends• How design elements are used– distinguishes garments from each other– can influence the sale of garments– can reflect the fresh new looks of each

season

• Color is the most exciting design element


Color• Color has three dimensions or

descriptive qualities–Hue is the name given to a color, such as

blue, red, or green– Value is the lightness or darkness. A tint

is whiter than the pure hue; a shade is darker

– Intensity is the brightness or dullness of a color

continued


Color• Black, white, and gray are neutrals;

they have no hue– Neutrals can be used alone or with almost

any colors–White reflects light– Black absorbs all light

• Beige is also considered a neutral color since it can be used with most colors


Using the Color Wheel• The color wheel shows the hues and

their relationships– Primary hues are red, yellow, and blue– Secondary hues—orange, green, and violet

—appear between the primary hues – Intermediate hues appear between each

primary and secondary color

• A color wheel also shows warm and cool colors


Warm and Cool Colors• Warm colors—red to yellow hues– represent fire, sun, and brilliance– give a feeling of activity, cheerfulness, and

liveliness– can convey a nervous impression if

overdone

• Cool colors—green to violet hues– represent water and the sky– give a restful, calm, relaxed feeling– can convey a depressing mood if overdone


Color Schemes• Color schemes are ways that colors

can effectively be used together• Monochromatic color scheme—uses

different tints, shades, and intensities of one color

• Analogous color scheme—uses adjacent, or related, colors on the color wheel

• Complementary color scheme—uses hues that are directly across from each other on the color wheel continued


Color Schemes• Split-complementary color scheme—

uses three colors by combining one color with the color on each side of its complement

• Triad color scheme—combines three colors equidistant on the wheel, such as red, yellow and blue

• Accented neutral color scheme—combines white, black, gray, or beige with a bright color accent


Fashion Insights• Colors can appear to change the

size and shape of the person wearing them – A single color, or all close values, for

an entire outfit makes a person look thinner and taller

– Dark, dull colors minimize attention– To emphasize the best physical

features, a small amount of a light or bright color can be used in an advantageous location

continued


Fashion Insights• Outfits are generally more

attractive if areas of light and dark are not equal

• From a distance, the colors in narrow stripes and small plaids blend together

• Colors appear to change when viewed under different lights– To get a true color match, it may be

necessary to view items in natural light


Shape• Shape is the silhouette, or the overall

form or outline of an outfit– Full, wide, flaring shapes add width,

making people look larger– Compact silhouettes make people look

smaller

• Consider facial shapes in relation to apparel neckline designs– If facial shape is extreme in any way, the

neckline should not repeat it


Line• Line is a distinct, elongated mark as if

drawn by a pen– It leads the path of eye movement,

outlining the inner and outer spaces to form the details of a fashion garment

• In fashion, structural lines are formed when garments are constructed– such as at seams or darts

continued


Line• Decorative lines, or applied lines, are

created by adding details to the surface of clothing– such as applied edgings, topstitching, and

buttons, or accessories such as scarves and necklaces

• Decorative lines often accentuate structural lines– Too much detail causes competition

between the lines and is confusing and unattractive


Line Types and Directions• Lines are– straight, curved, or jagged– in 3 basic directions: vertical, horizontal,

diagonal

• Straight lines are bold and severe, suggesting dignity, power, and formality

• Curved lines are less conservative, formal, and powerful than straight lines

continued


Line Types and Directions• Jagged lines change direction abruptly

in zigzag patterns• Vertical lines give the impression of

height and slimness• Horizontal lines go from side to side,

giving a relaxed, calm feeling• Diagonal lines slant, drawing attention

to the area where they are used


Texture• Texture is the tactile quality of goods

or the feel and look of a material’s surface– Structural texture is determined by the

fibers, yarns, and method of fabric construction

– Added visual texture is achieved by the finishes and designs applied to the surface

• Added visual texture is often more noticeable than the structural texture of a fabric continued


Texture• Combinations of textures can be

attractive if not too many are combined in one outfit

• Texture can create illusions in apparel– Shiny textures emphasize body contours

and can make people look larger

• Large, bold visual patterns intensify emphasis and increase the apparent size of the wearer


Using the Principles of Design• A garment with good design– is pleasing to the eye–makes the wearer look his or her best– combines the design elements well,

according to the principles of design

• Combining design elements and principles well achieves harmony, the goal of design


Balance• Balance produces equality among the

parts of a design or outfit• It implies equilibrium or steadiness

among the parts• Balance in garments is produced by– structural parts and added decoration – good fabric design


Examples of Balance• A larger area of fine or soft texture

balances a smaller area of heavy or coarse texture

• Warm and dark colors appear heavier than cool and light ones

• A small amount of a bright color balances a large amount of a dull one

• Large amounts of tints or neutrals balance smaller areas of shades or bright colors


Formal and Informal Balance• Formal balance is symmetrical, with

one side identical to the other– It has a dignified and formal appearance

• The human figure has formal balance• Informal balance creates equilibrium

with an asymmetrical arrangement of design details– It is more subtle and casual than formal

balance and usually more interesting


Proportion• Proportion is the spatial, or size,

relationship of all the parts in a design to each other and to the whole– This is sometimes called scale

• Proportion is most pleasing when areas are divided unevenly– Example: short jackets with long skirts

continued


Proportion• To achieve a pleasing proportion for

fashions, relate apparel items to the correct proportion of the person wearing it– Buttons, trimming, and pocket size should

relate to the overall size of the garment– Large plaids will overpower a small frame

• Fashions that emphasize natural body proportions are usually flattering and pleasing


Emphasis• Emphasis is a concentration of interest

in a particular part or area of a design–Without a main focal point, an outfit looks

unplanned and monotonous

• Emphasis can be used to draw attention to an attractive personal feature – Color or texture contrasts as well as

accessories can create emphasis


Rhythm• Rhythm is the pleasing arrangement of

design elements to produce a feeling of continuity or easy movement– Repetition, gradation, and radiation are the

main ways to create rhythm in fashions

• Repetition repeats lines, shapes, colors, or textures in a garment– Examples: pleats or a row of buttons

continued


Rhythm• Gradation is a gradual increase or

decrease of similar design elements, also called progression– Examples: light to dark color, fine to coarse

texture

• Radiation is created by lines emerging from a central point like rays– Examples: gathers, tucks, seams, darts,

flowing lines, or colors fanning outward from an area


Harmony• Harmony is pleasing visual unity

created by a tasteful relationship among all parts– Nothing looks out of place

• Garments that have harmony are pleasing to the eye and suit the wearer– There is enough variation to be interesting,

but not clash– Accessories can be used to create harmony


Illusions Created by Design• The relationship among the different

parts of the human form is called body build– The shape of a female’s body is called her

figure– The shape of a male’s body is called his

physique

• By using design elements and principles cleverly, body features can be accentuated or hidden as desired

continued


Illusions Created by Design• Designers can use certain styles for

desired illusions to flatter various body builds– Example: A-line skirts can hide wide hips

• Fashion professionals know how to help others with their clothing selections– Every aspect is important for an entire

visual effect from head to toe


In Summary• Color is often the most important

design element• The shape of garments influences

the illusion of size• Lines in a design lead the eye of

the observer • Texture can add interest and appeal

to apparel• Balance gives equilibrium to a

designcontinued


In Summary• Proportion relates parts of a design

to each other and to the whole• Emphasis is created with a focal

point• Rhythm produces a feeling of

continuity of movement in a design• Design elements are used to create

pleasing visual harmony

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