8 Social Psychology

8/12/2019 8 Social Psychology

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Social Psychology


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Interaction between us and our social world

Social development Influence of relationships

Identity

How our thoughts, feelings andbehaviours

influence others as well as how theirs

influence us


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The social context

Macro level:Social systems,social stratification, culture asconstrain

Meso level:Socialinstitutions, socialization,social control and deviance

Micro level: Socialinteraction, social networks,social roles, social self andlooking-glass-self


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Psychology:

Mechanisms and the Individual Perspective

How do we understand our

self and othersaccuracy?

Social influences?


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Outline

Social cognition

Attitudes

Social influence

Group dynamics

Student presentations


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How do we understand others and our self?

CognitionCognoscere: to know / recognize

Refers to how we process

information and apply knowledge

Sensation

Perception

Learning

Memory

Thinking Language

Attention

Intelligence


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Why did they do that?Give us the ability to be social =

Understand, predict and affect our social setting

Causal attribution:

1. Situational attribution:factors external to the

person2. Dispositional attributions:

persons traits,preferences, etc

Cause Effect:

Consistency?

Distinctiveness? Concensus?


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The fundamental attribution error

Individualistic

Individual unique identity

View our self and others asindependent

Ties between single persons

are loose Individual choice

Decisions = personallyresponsible for our owndecisions

Collectivist

Identity rooted in socialnetworks.

From birth integrated in agroup

One depend on/ depended onyou

collective choice

decisions = responsible to thegroup


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1. Think about the last time you were

late for an appointment or did notfinish a job on time. How did youexplain your lateness?

2. Now think of the last occasion whereyou were kept waiting for somebody.In your opinion, why was that personlate/did not deliver on time?


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The actor observer difference


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What sort of person is Joe?Indicate your impression of Joe on each of the adjectives below using a 5-

point scale. 1= not at all and 5= very much like this

Intelligent ____

Kind ____

Warm hearted ____

Dominant ____

Charming ____

Extroverted ____

Competent ____

Good looking ____

Impulsive ____

Popular ____


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Persons schemas

Implicit theories of personality

Make judgments of unknowncharacteristics based on known

Prototypes and stereotypes

Cognition, socialization & benefits

We do not so much believe whatwe see as see what we believe

Inaccurate and self-fulfilling


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Evaluation our self and others?

Halo effect Causal attribution

Fundamental attribution error

Actor observer difference

Stereotypes Confirmation bias


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The halo effectIf we see a person first in a good light, it is difficult

subsequently to darken that light

Oct 14th 2009

The existence of the so-called halo effect has long been recognised. It is thephenomenon whereby we assume that because people are good at doing A they willbe good at doing B, C and D (or the reversebecause they are bad at doing A they willbe bad at doing B, C and D). The phrase was first coined by Edward Thorndike, apsychologist who used it in a study published in 1920 to describe the way thatcommanding officers rated their soldiers. He found that officers usually judged theirmen as being either good right across the board or bad. There was little mixing oftraits; few people were said to be good in one respect but bad in another.

Later work on the halo effect suggested that it was highly influenced by firstimpressions. If we see a person first in a good light, it is difficult subsequently todarken that light. The old adage that first impressions count seems to be true. This isused by advertisers who pay heroic actors and beautiful actresses to promoteproducts about which they have absolutely no expertise. We think positively about theactor because he played a hero, or the actress because she was made up to lookincredibly beautiful, and assume that they therefore have deep knowledge about carengines or anti-wrinkle cream.


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Workplace DivaHow managers see their employees tends to

become a self-fulfilling prophecy.Monday, November 4, 2013

It's the conclusion of a new study by Thomas Sy, assistant professor of psychology atUC Riverside and a longtime business leadership consultant.

If managers view followers positively -- that they are good citizens, industrious,

enthusiastic -- they will treat their employees positively. If they think of theiremployees negatively -- that they are conforming, insubordinate and incompetent --they will treat them that way," he said.

Managers tend to see what they want to see, while negatively-viewed employeesknow they've been typecast as the bad egg of the office. So these employees stopworking as hard -- thereby confirming the manager's initial doubts -- and they also

start plotting their exit, which with any luck won't involve a trap door, geese and agarbage chute. Yes, it is a self-fulfilling prophecy, and one that's really not at allsurprising to anyone who has seen it or experienced it on the job.


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Attitude

Combination of beliefs,

feelings and some

predisposition to act in

accordance with thosefeelings and beliefs


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Attitude changeAction Feeling - Belief

Persuaded by others:

Directly:

The central route to persuasion

We mentally elaborate on thearguments

Peripheral:

Not attentive to the message

Important = how, by whom, inwhat surroundings

Persuaded by our self:

Cognitive dissonance: Inconsistency between beliefs,

feeling and behaviour Emotional stress and disturbed self-

concept

Self-perception: How we think of our self and

interpret our own actions Do I make sense? Identity


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Compleiance

With a request

Norm of reciprocity

Thats-not-alltechnique. Largelyused by

advertising- andsales-people. Howand why is that?
http://www.adrants.com/images/sony-ericsson-mothers-day.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asch_experiment.png


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Conformity

Change in behaviour or belief

as a result of real or imagined

group pressure or tendency of

adopting behaviour, attitudes

or values of reference group =go along

http://www.youtube.com/wat

ch?v=qA-gbpt7Ts8

The bystander effecthttp://www.youtube.com/wat

ch?v=OSsPfbup0ac
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qA-gbpt7Ts8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qA-gbpt7Ts8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSsPfbup0achttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSsPfbup0achttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asch_experiment.pnghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSsPfbup0achttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSsPfbup0achttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qA-gbpt7Ts8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qA-gbpt7Ts8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qA-gbpt7Ts8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qA-gbpt7Ts8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qA-gbpt7Ts8


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Degree of conformity

Independence and anti-conformity

Variation in conformity:

Other participants The size of the majority

Loosing or gaining a partner

The nature of the task

Mode of response


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Obedience

Reacts in response to directorder

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6GxIuljT3w

Personality Legitimate authority Gradual commitment

Agency theory

Disobedience: Feeling responsible Moral reasoning

Disobedient models Questioning motives Education Reactance

Q: Pros and cons ofconformity and obedience?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6GxIuljT3whttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6GxIuljT3whttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6GxIuljT3whttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6GxIuljT3whttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6GxIuljT3w


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Group Dynamic

1: The mere presence effect Social facilitation and social inhibition

2: Social loafing Less total effort = less responsible, less

motivated, dont feel their contribution isvital

Diffusion of responsibility - the bystander

effect

3: Group polarization Tendencies are magnified 1: The restatement of arguments =

commitment 2: confirmation bias 3: collective vs. individualist

4: Group think Overestimating own abilities

5: The wisdom of groups Diversity and independence of judgment

8 Social Psychology

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