8 Plant Clinic Management in Different Crops of Rajasthan

7/29/2019 8 Plant Clinic Management in Different Crops of Rajasthan

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CHAPTER:1

INTRODUCTION

Plant clinic may be defined as the management practices of diseased crops, their causal organisms,

etiology etc.In this practice the knowledge of Kochs postulate is considered essential so that we

would be able to identify, isolate and inoculate the requirements respectively.

According to Kochs postulate,

1. The organism in question must be found constantly associated with a particular symptom.

2. The organism must be isolated, grown and studied in pure culture.

3. The organism grown in pure culture must be inoculated into a healthy plant to produce the

particular disease. The symptom produced in the inoculated plant should be the same as the

symptom first observed.

4. The organism must be re-isolated from the inoculated be the same as the symptom first

observed.

4. The organism must be re-isolated from the inoculated plant and compared with the first cultureto be shown to be same as the original culture.

This method of disease management comes under microscopic studies of plant clinic. It requires

certain culture techniques, apparatus, sterilization methods etc.Therefore it is instructed to be

carried out in the laboratory conditions with various precautionary measures.

In certain plant diseases, the symptoms are so specific that one can immediately establish its

identity only by having a glance at it. The symptoms of whip smut of sugarcane, loose smut of

wheat, rust of wheat etc may easily be placed in this category.

During our course of RAWE project, we selected some specific diseases which are most prominent

in the Rajasthan state. The diseases mainly infested in some seasonal crops are cited as below:

1. WHEAT CROP (Triticumaestivum)a. Rusts of wheat (i.e. black, brown and yellow)

b.Wheat aphid

2. CHILLIES (Capsicum annuum)a.Anthracnose and fruit rot of chili

b. Chili leaf curl

3. BRINJAL (Solanummelongena)a. Leaf spot of Brinjal

b. Little leaf of Brinjal

c. Root knot disease of brinjal

4. GRAM (Vignamoongo L.)Gram pod Borer

5. MUSTARD(Brassica Juncea)Mustard Aphid

6. BARLEY(Hordeumvulgare)Smut of Barley

7. NATURAL ENEMIESLady bird Beetle

8. PHEROMONE TRAP


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CHAPTER:2

1.DISEASES IN WHEAT AND THEIR CLINIC MANAGEMENT

RUSTS IN WHEAT

Rusts of wheat (i.e. black, brown and yellow)are the most important and destructive of all the plantdiseases. They are the potential causes of enormous economic losses in all wheat growing regions

of the world. The rusts of wheat are thus a great enemy of the cultivators and often ravage their

crops.

The important analysis of the diseases under consideration is:

a)BLACK OR STEM RUST OF WHEAT

Fig.13.Black rust of wheat

Pathogen: Pucciniagraministritici

Symptoms: The onset of black rust is first marked by an eruption of elongated, brown pustules on

the stalk, leaf sheaths and leaves, the stalk being often most attacked. These pustules (uredosori or

uredia) may be a quarter of an inch or more in length and frequently run into one another. They

very soon burst, exposing a brown powder consisting of thousands of uredospores. The prominent

fringes appear on the margins of the pustules. Later on teleutosori or telia develop. The

teleutospores are often produced in the same sorus as the uredospores, and as they are darker in

color than the latter, one can see the pustules gradually changing from brown to black as the season

advances.

Spread of the pathogen: The initial infection of few odd plants in any field in the plains is

sufficient to spread the disease. The disease soon spreads from one field to another by the

dissemination of spores by air currents. They are easily carried away by wind and lodged on leaf

and other green surface of the plant. In presence of moisture the spores germinate and caused

infection. The greater the number of these short cycles, the greater would be the damage to the

crop.

The multiplication and spread of the rusts in the plains depend on the weather conditions speciallythe rain or heavy dew on the leaves of the wheat plants .Heavy dew for a long period or rain,


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moderately high temperatures and strong wind for dissemination of spores on the susceptible

varieties are the important factors for rust epidemics.

B)YELLOW OR STRIPE RUST OF WHEAT

Fig.12.Yellow rust of wheat

Pathogen: Pucciniastriiformis

Symptoms: The uredia are chiefly formed on the leaf blades but when the attack is severe, they

also appear on the leaf sheaths, stalks and glumes as well. Sometimes the rust pustules are also

seen on the pericarp and kernels. The green color of the leaves fade in long streaks, on which rows

of small uredo-pustules appear .Each row consist of a series of oval, lemon-yellow pustules

arranged end to end and its pustules remains distinct from that above and below. The uredospores

eventually break through the epidermis and yellow uredospores are shed.

Nature and recurrence of diseaseThe disease is air borne. The inoculums causing the annual recurrence are brought from the hills

to the plains every year. The uredospores of Pucciniastriiformis over summer on the hills at 7000 ft

and above

C)BROWN, ORANGE OR LEAF RUST OF WHEAT

Fig.14 Brown rust of wheat


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Pathogen:Puccinia recondita

Symptoms : The uredosori appear as a rule on the leaves, being scarce on the stalks and leaf

sheaths. The uredia are always scattered on the leaf surface, they are never in row or in stripes.

Uredia burst out on the upper surface as points of a bright orange color. The scattered uredia in

their orange color form the most characteristic features of the brown rust.

Nature and recurrence of diseaseThe disease is air borne. Like other rust of wheat the inoculums survive on the tillers and self sown

plants in the hills. The inoculums survive at 5000ft and above. Every year uredospores are carried

over by wind from the hills to the plains, where they cause infection.

CONTROL MEASURES OF RUST DISEASE IN WHEAT

1.Cultural practices

Certain modification in cultural practices viz. cultivation of early maturing varieties, early

sowing, judicious manuring and irrigation help in minimizing the incidence of rusts.

a)cultivation of early maturing varietiesVarieties of wheat which mature early should be sown so as to avoid the critical period i.e.,

milk stage of the crop from the attack of the rust, the black rust assumes serious intensity

during the month of February and if the crop has passed its milk stage at this time it will

suffer negligible losses.

b) Early sowing

Sowing of wheat varieties a bit earlier than normal is another good method to escape the

severe rust incidence at the milk stage of the crop.

C) Proper manuring

Manuring is an important factor governing the Incidence of rusts. Nitrogenous manures in general

are Known to increase the susceptibility of the crops towards diseases by delaying maturity. The

rust resistance is increased by the application of pottassic manures to the crop.

d)Proper irrigation

High humidity favors the rusts and therefore irrigation is an important factor which governs the

rust appearance. Heavy irrigation at the time of rust appearance only favors the speedy

development and spread of rust. Irrigation should therefore be given properly and regularly.

e) Chemical treatment

Search for chemicals that would be effective in small quantities has lead to the formulation of such

fungicides as dithane, zineb and actidione.Four to five applications of Nabam and Zinc sulphate

gave effective control of wheat rusts in some regions. Certain Naphthaquinonones and Phenols also

exert a fungicidal action at low concentrations on cereal rusts.Parzate liquid with zinc sulphate has

been found to be effective in reducing rust infection appreciably under artificial conditions at

I.A.R.I,New Delhi.


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f) Resistant varieties

The best control of wheat rust lies in evolving resistant varieties. Varieties like HD 2009, HD2204,

HD2135, HD2278, HD2281, Sonalika and WH147 are resistant to rusts up to some extent.

WHEAT APHID

Aphids

Sitobionavenae, Rhopalosiphumpadiand various other species

Distribution: All wheat growing areas, especially in NWPZ and Peninsular India.

Development: The aphids exist in different stages, viz., winged (alates), wingless (apterous) sexual

and asexual forms. The rapid spread takes place through asexual reproduction where females give

rise directly to nymphs rather than eggs. Infestation usually occurs during second fortnight of

January till crop maturity.

Management: When feeding in sufficient numbers, they can cause considerable damage, but under

normal conditions, losses are not much. Chemical pesticides are recommended for this pest inwheat if the level of aphids per tiller crosses 10 during vegetative phase and 5 during reproductive

phase. However, there is need to keep watch on this pest. The spray of imidacloprid @ 20 g a.i. per

ha initially on border rows and if infestation is severe then in entire field will give good protection

against this pest. Generally, natural enemies present in

3. CHILLI (Capsicum annuum)

a) ANTHRACNOSE AND FRUIT ROT OF CHILLI


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Fig.15.Anthracnose of chilli Fig.18.Chilli fruit rot

Pathogen: Colletotrichum capsicin

Symptoms: The symptoms of the disease generally appear on ripened fruits and therefore,

sometimes the disease is called Ripe fruit rot. Usually circular and sunken lesions with blackmargins appear on the ripe fruits. A pinkish mass of fungal spores cover the sunken spot .In the

advanced stage of the disease, the concentric markings with dark acervuli appear on the affected

parts. The spotted fruits drop down prematurely, and heavy losses are resulted .The fungus also

attacks the fruit stalk and stem and inflict die-back symptoms.

Nature and occurrence of disease:This is an externally seed-borne disease. The fungus also survives in soil for a long time. The

secondary infection takes place by means of conidia, which are carried from one place to another

by windblown rains during rainy season.

Control:Prior to sowing the seeds should be treated with organomurcurials. The seed borne infection may

be checked by crop rotation and other practices of crop management. The secondary infection may

be checked by spraying of copper fungicides. Bordeaux mixture may be sprayed at fortnightly

intervals, starting from the first time of first fruiting to the maturity of the fruits.

b) CHILLI LEAF CURL

fig.16.Chilli leaf curl

Pathogen: Nicotiana virus

Symptoms: The symptoms consist of abaxial and ad axial curling of the leaves accompanied by

puckering and blistering of interveinous areas and thickening and swelling of veins. In advance

stages of the diseases axillaries buds stimulate to produce clusters of leaves which are reduced in

size. The whole plant assumes a bushy appearance with stunted growth. Fewer flower and fruits

develop on the diseased plants and those that are formed are much reduced in size and curl at the

styler end.


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4. BRINJALS (Solanum melongena)

A)LEAF SPOT OF BRINJAL

Fig. leaf spot of brinjal

Pathogen: Cercospora solanacea

Symptoms: The infection appears on either surface of the leaves in the form of grayish, irregularly

circular spots. At first the margins are not clearly defined but as the tissues are dried in the centre

of the spots, the margins, become well distinguished. The spots become darker with age. In severecases complete defoliation takes place.

Nature and recurrence: This is a soil borne disease. Along with plant debris, the conidia survive

in the following season. The secondary infection takes place by means of conidia.

Control measures: The field sanitation should be practiced. Since the disease is soil borne, the

crop rotation may be of much use for the control of disease.


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B)LITTLE LEAF OF BRINJAL

Fig.little leaf of brinjal

Pathogen: The disease has been shown to be associated with mycoplasma.

Symptoms: The main symptom on brinjal is the reduction of leaf size, the new leaves

progressively become soft glabrous and pale green. In thorny varieties the thorns are attenuated or

absent. Axillary and latent buds are stimulated into growth and the internodes are shortened

resulting in a bushy appearance

of the affected plants. Phyllody is very common and plants are sterile.

Transmission: The disease is not sap transmissible. It is transmitted by thejassidHishimousphycitis.

Control: For its control the affected plants should be removed and burnt. Spray of Metasystox 6 ml

in 9 litres of water, before the fruit set ,is practiced to control the insect vector population. Such

sprays should not be carried after the fruit setting starts. Spraying with tetracycline antibiotic like

ledermycin at 500 ppm,suppresses the symptoms.

C)ROOT KNOT DISEASE OF BRINJAL


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Fig. Root knot disease

Pathogen: A nematode disease

Symptoms: The nematode infestation on the root appears as tiny tubercles but heavy and localized

infestation stimulates excessive cell division leading to gall formation. The plants develop slowlyand appear stunted if the infestation has been early and severe. The leaves are yellllowish green to

yellow, tend to droop and wilt suddenly. The main roots and the laterals in all cases bear spherical

to elongated galls.

Disease cycle: The female nematode having numerous eggs in their body is present in great

numbers in the root galls. These survive in the soil and leaf debris. Root infection is caused by

larvae when crop is sown in infested soil. The nematodes multiply rapidly within the roots and

cause disease

5. GRAM

Gram Pod Borer

Biological name: Helicoverpaarmigera

Symptoms of damage

Skeletinization of leaves feeding chlorophyll only leaving veins by young larvaeDefoliation

Feeds flower and green pods In green podsmake circular holes and feed the grains and make empty.

Fig. Larva of gram pod borer


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Identification of the pest

Eggs are spherical in shape and creamy white in colour, laid singly

Pupa brown in colour, occurs in soil, leaf, pod and crop debris

Adult - light pale brownish yellow stout moth.Forewing grey to pale brown with V shaped speck.

Hind wings are pale smoky white with a broad blackish outer margin.

Circular bore hole

Identification & Monitoring

Adult is a stout moth with dark yellow-olive forewings and pale hind wings.

Eggs are laid single and in all parts of plant and yellowish, shiny. Full grown larva is 40 mm long and hairy and varied in color. Use pheromone traps for monitoring. Visual observations at weekly intervals at all stages. Setting of light traps (1 light trap/5 acre) to know the range of pest incidence

Fig. Moth of gram pod borer

Damage

Small larvae eat up the green portion of the plant. The larger larvae eat up the floral parts, flowers, leaves and pods. The larvae eat up the bulged portion of the pods. The larvae eats up the floral buds. By eating the buds holes are formed, and the larvae proceed by further eating up the grains.

Cultural Control

Deep summer ploughing.


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Sowing should be done by the end of June to avoid pod borer attack. Remove the weeds from the field. Intercropping of early maturing pigeon pea with mung bean in alternate and paired row

results in low infestation of pod borer.

Sow resistant varieties The varieties bahar and sharad should be grown in pod borer endemic areas of northern

India. Short duration varieties escapes from the attack of pod borer.

Mechanical Control

The population of pod borer can be regulated by using pheromone traps. In cases of heavy infestation, physical shaking of pigeon pea plants to dislodge larvae is

favored.

Bird perches placed just above the crop canopy will also help to reduce the population ofthe pest.

Biological Control

Conserve predators like spiders and wasp etc. Use of NPV at 500 LE with adjuvant like teepol, tinopal and jaggery etc. Applying HNPV at a rate of 500 larval equivalents (LE) per ha. This application can be repeated at 15-20 days intervals. Female moths can be deterred from ovipositing by the spraying of 5% neem kernel

suspension.

Chemical Control

Any systemic insecticide should be used at 50 % flowering stage and after 10 - 15 daysneem seed kernal extract should be used.

Quinalphos 25 EC @1000 ml OR Endosulfan 35EC 800 ml OR Deltamethrin 2.8 EC @750ml/ha dissolved in 600-750 litres of water and spray.

If needed, repeat the spray after 15 days.

6. BARLEY

Barley loose smut

Scientific Name: Ustilagonuda

Fig.Barley loose smut


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Description:

Loose smut of barley is known to occur wherever barley is grown. The pathogen survives from oneseason to the next as dormant mycelium (fungal threads) within the embryo of the barley seed.

When a non-protected, infected seed germinates the fungus breaks dormancy and grows

systemically within the developing barley plant. When the barley plant would normally produce a

head the pathogen invades all the flower parts. When the head of the infected plant emerges it

produces massive amounts of smut spores (teliospores) instead of a normal flowering barley head.

Infection occurs when normal flowering heads of adjacent plants are dusted with the wind-blown

teliospores form smutted heads. The teliospores germinate and invade the female parts of the

barley flowers and eventually colonize the developing embryo. Once the infected seed matures the

pathogen goes dormant until the cycle is repeated with the germination of the barley seed.

Unlike other seedborne pathogens, loose smut cannot be controlled by any fungicide that is notsystemically active. Fortunately there are several very effective seed treatment fungicides.

Control Recommendations

Pesticide

Fungicide Common Name Fungicide Trade Name

carboxina Vitavax

carboxina Vitavax 34

carboxina Vitavax 75W

carboxin + captana Vitavax 20-20

carboxin + thirama Vitavax 200

tebuconazole-thirama RaxilThiram

Remarks

a: Use according to instructions on label. Must be applied as a slurry treatment for completecoverage.


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7. MUSTARD

Mustard aphid: Lipaphiserysimi

Symptoms of damage

Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves, buds and pods. Curling may occur in infested leaves and at advanced stage plants

may wither and die.

Plants remain stunted and sooty molds grow on the honey dewexcreted by the insects.

The infected filed looks sickly and blighted in appearance.Identification of the pest

Aphids - are small, soft-bodied, pearl-shaped insects that have apair of cornicles (wax-secreting tubes) projecting out from the

fifth or sixth abdominal segment.

Favourable seasons

The aphid attacks generally during 2nd and 3rd week of December and continues tillMarch.

The most favourable temperature is between 8 and 24o C 70 to 80 % humidity is favourable for faster multiplication of aphid. Rainy and humid weather help in accelerating the growth of insects.

Management

Use tolerant varieties like JM-1 and RK-9501. The crop sown before 20th October escape the damage. Set up yellow stick trap to monitor aphid population. Destroy the affected parts along with aphid population in the initial stage. Conserve the following natural enemies: Ladybird beetles viz., Coccinellaseptempunctata,

Menochilussexmaculata, Hippodamiavariegata and Cheilomonesvicinaare most

effcientpradators of the mustard aphid. Adult beetles may feed on an average of 10 to 15adults/day.

Several species of syrphid fly i.e., Sphaerophoria spp., Eristallis spp., Metasyrphis spp.,Xanthogrammaspp and Syrphusspp. are predating on aphids.

The braconid parasitoid, Diaretiellarapae a very active bio control agent cause themummification of aphids.

The lacewing, Chrysoperlacarnea predates on the mustard aphid colony. Predatory bird Motacillacospica is actively feeding over aphids in February-March. A number of entomogenous fungi, Cephalosporium spp., Entomophthoraand

Verticilliumlecanii infect aphids.

Spray the crop with one of the following in the flowering stage; oxydemeton methyl,dimethoate@ 625 - 1000 ml per ha.


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CHAPTER:3

NATURAL ENEMIES

Ladybird Beetle

Ladybird Beetle or Ladybug, common name for any of numerous related species of brightly

colored beetles found in temperate and tropical regions throughout the world. The ladybird beetle

is less than 1.2 cm (less than 0.5 in) in maximum length. It has a nearly hemispherical body,

rounded above and flat below, a small head, and short legs. Ladybird beetles are often red or

orange above, spotted with black, white, or yellow. Some species are black, with or without spots.

The larvae are also brilliantly colored, often blue, with stripes of orange or black.

All the ladybird beetles, with the exception of the members of one vegetation-eating genus, arecarnivorous. In both the adult and larval stages they feed on insects harmful to plants, such as

aphids and scale insects. Because of the help ladybird beetles render farmers in destroying

agricultural pests, the beetles were popularly regarded in the Middle Ages as instruments of

benevolent intervention by the Virgin Mary, whence the common name ladybird.

A common North American species of ladybird beetle, the nine-spotted ladybug beetle, is orange

above, spotted with black. Adults of the two-spotted ladybug beetle often hibernate in houses

during winter. This beetle is orange above, with a single large black spot on each elytron

(protective outer wing). The convergent ladybug beetle is a western American species, the adults of

which commonly swarm in large numbers on mountain peaks. These swarms are collected by

western agricultural firms and are distributed to farmers for aphid control. The vedalia, anAustralian species, has been imported into California to fight the cottony-cushion scale insect,

which attacks citrus trees.

A few ladybird beetles are injurious to humans. The Mexican bean beetle is the most serious of

these agricultural pests, feeding on the leaves and pods of bean plants. This beetle, which has

spread throughout the United States, is brownish-yellow above, marked with eight black spots. The

squash ladybird feeds on the leaves of plants of the gourd family.

Scientific classification:

Ladybird beetles make up the family Coccinellidae. The nine-spotted ladybug beetle is classified as

Coccinellanovemnotata, the two-spotted ladybug beetle as Adaliabipunctata, the convergent


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ladybug beetle as Hippodamiaconvergens, and the vedalia as Rodoliacardinalis. The few ladybird

beetles that are agricultural pests belong to the genus Epilachna. The Mexican bean beetle is

classified as Epilachnavarivestis, the squash ladybird as Epilachna borealis.

PHEROMONE TRAP

Fig: Pheromone Trap

A pheromone trap is a type ofinsect trap that usespheromones to lure insects. Sex pheromones

and aggregating pheromones are the most common types used. A pheromone-impregnated lure is

encased in a conventional trap such as a Delta trap, water-pan trap, or funnel trap.

Sensitivity

Pheromone traps are very sensitive, meaning they attract insects present at very low densities. They

are often used to detect presence ofexotic pests, or for sampling, monitoring, or to determine the

first appearance of a pest in an area. They can be used for legal control, and are used to monitor the

success of the Boll Weevil Eradication Program and the spread of the gypsy moth. The fact that

pheromone traps are highly species-specific can also be an advantage, and they tend to be

inexpensive and easy to implement.

However, it is impractical in most cases to completely remove or "trap out" pests using a

pheromone trap. Some pheromone-based pest control methods have been successful, usually those

designed to protect enclosed areas such as households or storage facilities. There has also been

some success in mating disruption. In one form of mating disruption, males are attracted to a

powder containing female attractant pheromones. The pheromones stick to the males' bodies, and

when they fly off, the pheromones make them attractive to other males. It is hoped that if enough

males chase other males instead of females, egg-laying will be severely impeded.[1]

Some difficulties surrounding pheromone traps include sensitivity to bad weather, their ability to

attract pests from neighboring areas, and the fact that they generally only attract adults although it

is the juveniles in many species that are pests. They are also generally limited to one sex.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_traphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_pesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boll_Weevil_Eradication_Programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_mothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_%28organism%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating_disruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromone_trap#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromone_trap#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromone_trap#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromone_trap#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating_disruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_%28organism%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_mothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boll_Weevil_Eradication_Programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_pesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_trap


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Pheromone Lures and Traps

Sex & Aggregation Lures, Highly-Effective Traps

Sex Pheromones

Adult female insects that are ready for mating, emit

species-specific chemical odours to attract male insects for

procreation. This method of utilizing these pheromones as

tools for their control was first introduced in India by PCI.

Lab-synthesised pheromones are specially packed and

supplied as lures, to be used along with suitable traps to

deceive, attract and trap male insects.

Aggregation pheromones

Insects also produce chemicals to call others to a location,

for e.g. when a food source is located. These are called

aggregation pheromones and can be effectively used to trap both males and females since both

sexes respond to the chemical signal.

Types of traps available with PCI

Fero-T Wota-T Del-Ta Fligh-T Coco-Trapp

Uses

Mass Trapping

Sex pheromones and traps can also be used as a device for reducing the population of

target pests. The majorities of females present in cropped fields remain unmated and lay

infertile eggs as a result of mass trapping of males.

Monitoring

Installation of traps with PCIs pheromone lures @ 2-3 per acre can provide information
http://www.pestcontrolindia.com/Cocco-Trapp-insect-traps.aspxhttp://www.pestcontrolindia.com/Fligh-T-insect-traps.aspxhttp://www.pestcontrolindia.com/Del-Ta-insect-traps.aspxhttp://www.pestcontrolindia.com/Wota-T-insect-traps.aspxhttp://www.pestcontrolindia.com/Fero-T-insect-traps.aspx


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on pest incidence and intensity in agricultural fields. Based on the number of males caught, the timing and

frequency of control measures can be determined.

Also visit ourStored-Insect Product Monitoring service(SIM Service)

Available Lures

American Bollworm

(Helicoverpaarmigera)

Brinjal Fruit & Shoot Borer

(Leucinodesorbonalis)

Cigarette Beetle (Lasiodermaserricorne)

Cocoa Pod Borer

(Conopomorphacramerella)

Codling Moth (Cydiapomonella)

Coffee White Stem Borer

(Xylotrechusquadripes)

Diamond Back Moth (Plutellaxylostella)

Melon Fruit Fly (Bactroceracucurbitae)

Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactroceradorsalis)

Pink Bollworm (Pectinophoragossypiella)

Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorusferrugineus)

Rice Yellow Stem Borer

(Scirpophagaincertulas)

Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros)

Spiny Bollworm (Eariasinsulana)Spotted Bollworm (Eariasvittella)

Sugarcane Early Shoot Borer

(Chiloinfuscatellus)

Sugarcane Internode Borer

(Chilosacchariphagusindicus)

Sugarcane White Top Borer

(Scirpophagaexcerptalis)

Tobacco Caterpiller (Spodopteralitura)
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CHAPTER:4

PLANT PROTECTION

Name of the Pests/Diseases Symptoms of damage Control measures

PESTS

Epilachana beetles

(AkshintalaPurugu)

octopunctata

E.dodecastigma

Both adults and grubs skeletonize

the leaves which present a lace

like appearance. These leaves dry

up and plant presents an

unhealthy appearance.

Spray of Malathion 0.16% @ 3

ml per water of Methyl parathion

0.03% @ 1ml per lit.of water. @

1ml per lit.of water.

Brijal shoot and fruit

Borer(MuvvaMariyu

Kaya ToluchuPurugu)

Leucinodesorbonalis

In nursery no damage is done by

this tranplanted seedlings. They

wither and tranplanted seedlings.

They wither and droop. At

fruiting stage fruits are bored.

They form galleries. They form

galleries.

3 sprayingsofCarbaryl 50%

w.p.2.5 g or Monocrotophos @

1.25 ml per lit of Water .A safe

period of 10 days should Water

.A safe period of 10 days should

Be maintained between spraying

and Harvest.

Brinjal mealy bug

(pindiPurugu)

Centrococcusinsolitus

Stunted growth of plant. Plants

appear as though covered with

white wash.

Malathion 0.15% @ 3 ml/lit of

water Or Monocrotophaos @

0.4% 1.25 ml lit of water.

Brinjal mite

(Doma)

Tetranychustelarius

Leaves present a blotching

appearance, become whitish and

brown patches develop.

Spray Wettable Sulphur @ 3 to 5

g/lit or Dicofol @ 2.7 ml/lit of

water or dust. Sulphur @ 20 to 25

kg/ha.

DISEASES

Early blight

(AkumaduTegulu)

Alternariasolani

Scattered dark brown spots on

leaflets showing concentric rings

may cover large areas of the leaf

blade. Severely affected leaves

may drop off. The infected fruits

turn yellow and drop off

Prematurely.

Spray with Bordeaux mixture

5:5:50 or Zineb 0.25%.

Little leaf

(VerriTegulu)

Mycoplasma like

Organisms

Affected plants produce tinyleaves, which are pale green in

color. Plants become bushy due to

stimulation of axillary buds in to

numerous shoots of small leaves .

Flowers are virescent and Sterile.

Rouge out diseased plants. Spray

any insecticide to control the

vector.

Mosaic Virus (Virus Tegulu)

Infected plants show

malformation and yellowing of

leaves, stunted growth and some

times show concentric rings on

the leaf lamina. Infected plantsbear less number of flowers and

fruits.

Rouge out diseased plants.

Spray insecticides to control the

vector.


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19

CONCLUSION

Plant clinic may be considered as one of the most important subject in agricultural field .In order

to produce more healthier and good productivity of various crops in the it is considered necessary

that we should analyze what plant clinic holds in agricultural point of view as a whole. Studies ofdiseases in crop field with appropriate management are must in plant clinic.

8 Plant Clinic Management in Different Crops of Rajasthan

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