Towards an Interoperability Ontology for Software Development Tools
8 ontology integration and interoperability (onto i op)
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Transcript of 8 ontology integration and interoperability (onto i op)
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
Making Heterogeneous OntologiesInteroperable Through Standardisation
AMeta Ontology Language to be Standardised forOntology Integration and Interoperability (OntoIOp)
AEGIS Conference
Christoph Lange1,2, Till Mossakowski1,3,4,Christian Galinski5, Oliver Kutz1,3
1 University of Bremen, Germany 2Computer Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Germany3SFB/TR 8 “Spatial cognition”, University of Bremen, Germany 4DFKI GmbH, Bremen, Germany
5International Information Centre for Terminology (Infoterm), Vienna, Austria
2011-11-30
Lange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 1
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
Background: The OASIS EU project
OASIS =Open architecture for AccessibleServices Integration and Standardisation
Goal: an innovative reference architecture(based on ontologies and semanticservices) that allows plug and play andcost-effective interconnection of existingand new services in all domains requiredfor the independent and autonomousliving of the elderly and enhancing theirQuality of Life
http://www.oasis-project.eu
Lange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 2
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
Interoperable Assistive TechnologyAssistive technology increasingly relies on communication
among users,between users and their devices, andamong these devices.
Making such ICT accessible and inclusive is costly or evenimpossibleWe aim at more interoperable
devices,services accessing these devices, andcontent delivered by these services
. . . at the levels ofdata and metadatadatamodels and data modelling methodsmetamodels as well as a meta ontology language
Lange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 3
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
Our Big Picture of Interoperability
Ontology
Ontology Language/Logic
Knowledge Software Agents
written in
Concepts/Data/Individuals
represented in terms of
Service Description
Service Descr. Language
written in
Service
satisfies
processes
refers to
Target (Device)accesses
Service-Oriented Architecture
Smart Environment
Target Description
conforms to
Device
Target Descr. Language
written in
Ontology
Ontology Language/Logic
Concepts/Data/Individuals
Service Description
Service Descr. Language
Service Target (Device)
Target Description
Device
Target Descr. Language
Knowledge Infrastructure
map
ping
s fo
rin
tero
pera
bilit
y
Hardware
Data
Models
Metamodels
For now we focus onthe “content”/“knowledge” column
Lange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 4
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
An Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) Use Case
ScenarioClara instructs her wheelchair to get her to the kitchen (next door tothe living room). For dinner, she would like to take a pizza from thefreezer and bake it in the oven. (Her diet is vegetarian.) Afterwardsshe needs to rest in bed.
Existing AAL ontologies (e.g. OpenAAL, http://openaal.org)cover the core of these concepts:
. . . but not all required conceptse.g. food ingredients⇒ need other ontologies/moduleseven need to tap into the Web of Data (product data, geodata). . . not necessarily at the required level of complexitye.g. space/time⇒ need other logics
Lange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 5
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
An Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) Use Case
ScenarioClara instructs herwheelchair to get her to the kitchen (next doorto the living room). For dinner, she would like to take a pizza fromthe freezer and bake it in the oven. (Her diet is vegetarian.)Afterwards she needs to rest in bed.
Existing AAL ontologies (e.g. OpenAAL, http://openaal.org)cover the core of these concepts:
. . . but not all required conceptse.g. food ingredients⇒ need other ontologies/moduleseven need to tap into the Web of Data (product data, geodata). . . not necessarily at the required level of complexitye.g. space/time⇒ need other logics
Lange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 5
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
An Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) Use Case
ScenarioClara instructs herwheelchair to get her to the kitchen (next doorto the living room). For dinner, she would like to take a pizza fromthe freezer and bake it in the oven. (Her diet is vegetarian.)Afterwards she needs to rest in bed.
Existing AAL ontologies (e.g. OpenAAL, http://openaal.org)cover the core of these concepts:
. . . but not all required conceptse.g. food ingredients⇒ need other ontologies/moduleseven need to tap into the Web of Data (product data, geodata)
. . . not necessarily at the required level of complexitye.g. space/time⇒ need other logics
Lange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 5
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
An Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) Use Case
ScenarioClara instructs herwheelchair to get her to the kitchen (next doorto the living room). For dinner, she would like to take a pizza fromthe freezer and bake it in the oven. (Her diet is vegetarian.)Afterwards she needs to rest in bed.
Existing AAL ontologies (e.g. OpenAAL, http://openaal.org)cover the core of these concepts:
. . . but not all required conceptse.g. food ingredients⇒ need other ontologies/moduleseven need to tap into the Web of Data (product data, geodata). . . not necessarily at the required level of complexitye.g. space/time⇒ need other logics
Lange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 5
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
What do Devices Need to Know?
Some of the devices involved:kitchen light switch
freezer (aware of its contents)
wheelchair (with navigation)
Different Services and Devices need to understand differentaspects of the real world at different levels of complexity.
Quote from the “Hitchhiker”
“Suddenly [the door] slid open. ‘Thank you,’it said, ‘for making a simple door veryhappy.’”
Lange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 6
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
Different Devices and their Knowledge
Light Switch: “light is switched on if and only if someone is inthe room and it is dark outside”Freezer: “a vegetarian pizza is a pizza whose toppings are allvegetarian”
Wheelchair: “two areas in a house (e.g. a working area in aroom) are either the same, or intersecting, or bordering, orseparated, or one is part of the other”
Lange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 7
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
Different Devices = Different Logics
Which logics can intuitively capture these notions?Light Switch: propositional logic“light is switched on if and only if someone is in the room and itis dark outside” – light_on ≡ person_in_room ∧ dark_outsideFreezer: description logic (Pizza ontology)“a vegetarian pizza is a pizza whose toppings are all vegetarian”VegetarianPizza ≡ Pizza ⊓ ∀hasTopping.VegetarianWheelchair: first order logic (RCC-style spatial calculus)“two areas in a house (e.g. a working area in a room) are eitherthe same, or intersecting, or bordering, or separated, or one ispart of the other”∀a1, a2.equal(a1, a2) ∨ overlapping(a1, a2) ∨ bordering(a1, a2) ∨disconnected(a1, a2) ∨ part_of(a1, a2) ∨ part_of(a2, a1)
Lange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 8
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
DOL (Distributed Ontology Language)The DOL standard (Distributed Ontology Language) specifies
ameta-language for logically heterogeneous,modular,interlinked, and documented ontologieswith a formal semantics and an XML, RDF and text syntaxthat is compatible to conforming existing and futureontology languages.
In practice, interoperability can only be achieved via standards:formulate consensual rules under participation of majorstakeholders (here: ontology language communities)improve suitability of products, processes and servicesfacilitate communicationreduce complexity (and thus costs)increase quality via certification
Lange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 9
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
The Example in DOL (Excerpt)logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/OWL>ontology OurAAL = <http://openaal.org/SAM/Ontology#>then logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/Propositional> : {props light_on, person_in_room, dark_outside. light_on <=> person_in_room /\ dark_outsidewith person_in_room |-> Room that inverse locatedIn Person min 1%% also establish links to OpenAAL’s Device
} then logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/OWL> : {Class: VegetarianPizzaEquivalentTo: Pizza that hasTopping only Vegetarian
Individual: <http://productdb.org/ean/4001724819806>Facts: hasTopping Tomato, hasTopping Mozzarella %% and nothing else
%% also connect Pizza to the OpenAAL Devices Freezer and Oven} then logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/CommonLogic> : {. (forall (a1 a2) (or (equal a1 a2) ... (part_of a2 a1))%% plus another axiom that makes the "or" exclusivewith %% establish link to OpenAAL’s Room connectedTo Room
} end
Relevant DOL features used here: literal inclusion of existinglanguages; modular reuse; links between ontologiesLange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 10
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
The Example in DOL (Excerpt)logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/OWL>ontology OurAAL = <http://openaal.org/SAM/Ontology#>then logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/Propositional> : {props light_on, person_in_room, dark_outside. light_on <=> person_in_room /\ dark_outsidewith person_in_room |-> Room that inverse locatedIn Person min 1%% also establish links to OpenAAL’s Device
} then logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/OWL> : {Class: VegetarianPizzaEquivalentTo: Pizza that hasTopping only Vegetarian
Individual: <http://productdb.org/ean/4001724819806>Facts: hasTopping Tomato, hasTopping Mozzarella %% and nothing else
%% also connect Pizza to the OpenAAL Devices Freezer and Oven} then logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/CommonLogic> : {. (forall (a1 a2) (or (equal a1 a2) ... (part_of a2 a1))%% plus another axiom that makes the "or" exclusivewith %% establish link to OpenAAL’s Room connectedTo Room
} end
Relevant DOL features used here: literal inclusion of existinglanguages; modular reuse; links between ontologiesLange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 10
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
The Example in DOL (Excerpt)logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/OWL>ontology OurAAL = <http://openaal.org/SAM/Ontology#>then logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/Propositional> : {props light_on, person_in_room, dark_outside. light_on <=> person_in_room /\ dark_outsidewith person_in_room |-> Room that inverse locatedIn Person min 1%% also establish links to OpenAAL’s Device
} then logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/OWL> : {Class: VegetarianPizzaEquivalentTo: Pizza that hasTopping only Vegetarian
Individual: <http://productdb.org/ean/4001724819806>Facts: hasTopping Tomato, hasTopping Mozzarella %% and nothing else
%% also connect Pizza to the OpenAAL Devices Freezer and Oven} then logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/CommonLogic> : {. (forall (a1 a2) (or (equal a1 a2) ... (part_of a2 a1))%% plus another axiom that makes the "or" exclusivewith %% establish link to OpenAAL’s Room connectedTo Room
} end
Relevant DOL features used here: literal inclusion of existinglanguages; modular reuse; links between ontologiesLange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 10
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
The Example in DOL (Excerpt)logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/OWL>ontology OurAAL = <http://openaal.org/SAM/Ontology#>then logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/Propositional> : {props light_on, person_in_room, dark_outside. light_on <=> person_in_room /\ dark_outsidewith person_in_room |-> Room that inverse locatedIn Person min 1%% also establish links to OpenAAL’s Device
} then logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/OWL> : {Class: VegetarianPizzaEquivalentTo: Pizza that hasTopping only Vegetarian
Individual: <http://productdb.org/ean/4001724819806>Facts: hasTopping Tomato, hasTopping Mozzarella %% and nothing else
%% also connect Pizza to the OpenAAL Devices Freezer and Oven} then logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/CommonLogic> : {. (forall (a1 a2) (or (equal a1 a2) ... (part_of a2 a1))%% plus another axiom that makes the "or" exclusivewith %% establish link to OpenAAL’s Room connectedTo Room
} end
Relevant DOL features used here: literal inclusion of existinglanguages; modular reuse; links between ontologiesLange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 10
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
The Example in DOL (Excerpt)logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/OWL>ontology OurAAL = <http://openaal.org/SAM/Ontology#>then logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/Propositional> : {props light_on, person_in_room, dark_outside. light_on <=> person_in_room /\ dark_outsidewith person_in_room |-> Room that inverse locatedIn Person min 1%% also establish links to OpenAAL’s Device
} then logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/OWL> : {Class: VegetarianPizzaEquivalentTo: Pizza that hasTopping only Vegetarian
Individual: <http://productdb.org/ean/4001724819806>Facts: hasTopping Tomato, hasTopping Mozzarella %% and nothing else
%% also connect Pizza to the OpenAAL Devices Freezer and Oven} then logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/CommonLogic> : {. (forall (a1 a2) (or (equal a1 a2) ... (part_of a2 a1))%% plus another axiom that makes the "or" exclusivewith %% establish link to OpenAAL’s Room connectedTo Room
} end
Relevant DOL features used here: literal inclusion of existinglanguages; modular reuse; links between ontologiesLange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 10
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
The Example in DOL (Excerpt)logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/OWL>ontology OurAAL = <http://openaal.org/SAM/Ontology#>then logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/Propositional> : {props light_on, person_in_room, dark_outside. light_on <=> person_in_room /\ dark_outsidewith person_in_room |-> Room that inverse locatedIn Person min 1%% also establish links to OpenAAL’s Device
} then logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/OWL> : {Class: VegetarianPizzaEquivalentTo: Pizza that hasTopping only Vegetarian
Individual: <http://productdb.org/ean/4001724819806>Facts: hasTopping Tomato, hasTopping Mozzarella %% and nothing else
%% also connect Pizza to the OpenAAL Devices Freezer and Oven} then logic <http://purl.net/dol/logic/CommonLogic> : {. (forall (a1 a2) (or (equal a1 a2) ... (part_of a2 a1))%% plus another axiom that makes the "or" exclusivewith %% establish link to OpenAAL’s Room connectedTo Room
} end
Relevant DOL features used here: literal inclusion of existinglanguages; modular reuse; links between ontologiesLange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 10
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
ISO Standardization Roadmap
The standardization of DOL (ISO 17347) so far involves expertsfrom ≈ 15 countries and various ontology-related communities.
Now:Working Drafts, towards Committee Draft (each stagereviewed by experts, voted upon)
2013: Draft International Standard2015: Final Draft, then International Standard
http://ontolog.cim3.net/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?OntoIOp
DOL – ameta-language for logically heterogeneous,modular, interlinked, and documented ontologies
Lange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 11
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
One Logic for the Ontology?
Why not everything in first order logic?The more expressive a logic, the less computationally favorable!
Specialized tools for specific logics exist:provers, model finders, consistency checkers, query enginesOntologies in different logics exist as a matter of facte.g. DOLCE (first order logic): general notions of space, time,parthood
Lange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 12
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
Requirements
DOL should be generally applicable, open, and extensible
DOL shall be a logic-agnosticmetalanguage
DOL should have user- andmachine-readable serializationsDOL should have a well-defined formal, logic-basedsemanticsDOL should allow for expressing logically heterogeneousontologies (and literal reuse of existing modules)
DOL should allow for expressing links between ontologies
DOL should allow for writing down ontologies and ontologylinks as implicitly as possible and as explicitly as needed
DOL should allow for rich annotation and documentation ofontologies
Lange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 13
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
The Onto-Logical Translation Graph
CL
HOL
PL
OWL
FOL=
FOLms=
OBOOWL
EL QL RL
DDLOWL
ECoOWL
ECoFOLF-logic
bRDF
RDF
RDFS
RDFSOWL
Rel-S
subinstitution
theoroidal subinstitution
simultaneously exact and model-expansive comorphisms
model-expansive comorphisms
grey: no fixed expressivity
green: decidable ontology languages
yellow: semi-decidable
orange: some second-order constructs
red: full second-order logic
OBO 1.4
CASL
Lange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 14
Introduction Scenario Standard Conclusion
Conformance Criteria
DOL should work with any existing or future ontologylanguage (if the latter conforms!)We shall establish the conformance of OWL, Common Logic,RDFS, F-logic, UML class diagrams, and OBOConformance of a logic (directly or by translation):semantic conformance > entailment conformanceConformance of a serialization:XML conformance > RDF conformance > text conformance >standoff markup conformanceConformance of a document(“Is this document a DOL ontology?”)Conformance of an application:A DOL-conforming application produces DOL-conformingdocuments!
Lange et al. (U. Bremen/Infoterm) Making Heterogeneous Ontologies Interoperable Through Standardisation 2011-11-30 15