8 ee362_l_dc_dc_buckboost_ppt (1)
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Transcript of 8 ee362_l_dc_dc_buckboost_ppt (1)
1
EE362L, Fall 2008DC−DC Buck/Boost Converter
2
Boost converter
+ Vout
–
Iout
CVin
iin
L1
+ v L1 –
Buck/Boost converter
+
v L2
–
C1
+ v C1 –
L2
Vin
iin
L1
+ v L1 –
+
v L2
–
C1
+ v C1 –
L2
+ Vout
–
Iout
C
3
Buck/Boost converter
This circuit is more unforgiving than the boost converter, because the MOSFET and diode voltages and currents are higher
• Before applying power, make sure that your D is at the minimum, and that a load is solidly connected
• Limit your output voltage to 90V
Vin
iin
L1
+ v L1 –
+
v L2
–
C1
+ v C1 –
L2
+ Vout
–
Iout
C
4
+ Vout
–
Iout
CVin
I in
L1
+ 0 –
+ 0
–
KVL and KCL in the average sense
0
0
Iout
I in
C1
L2
Iout
+ Vin –
KVL shows that VC1 = Vin
Interestingly, no average current passes from the source side, through C1, to the load side, and yet this is a “DC - DC” converter
5
Switch closed
Vin
iin
L1
+ Vin –
+
v L2
–
C1
+ Vin –
L2
+ Vout
–
Iout
C
assume constant
+ v D –
KVL shows that vD = −(Vin + Vout),
so the diode is openThus, C is providing the load power when the switch is closed
Vin
iin
L1 –
Vin
+
C1 + Vin –
L2
+ Vout
–
Iout
C
– (Vin + Vout) +
Iout
iL1 and iL2 are ramping up (charging). C1 is charging L2.
C is discharging.
+ Vin –
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Switch open (assume the diode is conducting because, otherwise, the circuit cannot work)
Vin
iin
L1
– Vout +
C1
+ Vin –
L2
+ Vout
–
Iout
C
C1 and C are charging. L1 and L2 are discharging.
+ Vout
–
KVL shows that VL1 = −Vout
( ) ( ) 011 =−•−+•= outinavgL VDVDV
inout VDDV •=−• )1(
D
DVV inout −
=1
The input/output equation comes from recognizing that the average voltage across L1 is zero
assume constant
7
Inductor L1 current rating
inrmsL II3
21 =
Use max
During the “on” state, L1 operates under the same conditions as the boost converter L, so the results are the same
8
Inductor L2 current rating
( ) 22222 3
42
12
1outoutoutrmsL IIII =∆+=
outrmsL II3
22 =
2Iout
0Iavg = Iout ΔI
iL2
Use max
+ Vout
–
Iout
CVin
I in
L1
+ 0 –
+ 0
–
0
0
Iout
I in
C1
L2
Iout
+ Vin –
Average values
9
MOSFET and diode currents and current ratings
0
2(Iin + Iout)
0
Take worst case D for each
Vin
iin
L1
+ v L1 –
+
v L2
–
C1
+ v C1 –
L2
+ Vout
–
Iout
C
MOSFET Diode iL1 + iL2
( )outinrms III +=3
2
Use max
switchclosed
switchopen
2(Iin + Iout)
iL1 + iL2
10
Output capacitor C current and current rating
inCrms II3
2= outCrms II =
2Iin + Iout
−Iout
0
As D → 1, Iin >> Iout , so
iC = (iD – Iout)
As D → 0, Iin << Iout , so
( )D
IDI
D
DII in
outout
in−=
−= 1
,1
= outinCrms III ,
3
2max
switch closed
switch open
11
Series capacitor C1 current and current rating
Switch closed, IC1 = −IL2
Vin
iin
L1 –
Vin
+
C1
+ Vin –
L2
+ Vout
–
Iout
C
– (Vin + Vout) +
Iout
+ Vin –
Vin
iin
L1
– Vout +
C1
+ Vin –
L2
+ Vout
–
Iout
C
+ Vout
–
Switch open, IC1 = IL1
12
Series capacitor C1 current and current rating
inrmsC II3
21 =
2Iin
−2Iout
0
As D → 1, Iin >> Iout , so
iC1
As D → 0, Iin << Iout , so
= outinrmsC III
3
2,
3
2max1
switch closed
switch open
outrmsC II3
21 =
Switch closed, IC1 = −IL2
Switch open, IC1 = IL1
13
Worst-case load ripple voltage
Cf
I
C
TI
C
QV outout =•=∆=∆
The worst case is where D → 1, where output capacitor C
provides Iout for most of the period. Then,
−Iout
0
iC = (iD – Iout)
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Worst case ripple voltage on series capacitor C1
2Iin
−2Iout
0
iC1
fC
IV out
•=∆
1
switch closed
switch open
( )1
1
11 C
TDI
C
DTI
C
QV inout −•=•== ∆∆
Then, considering the worst case (i.e., D = 1)
15
Voltage ratings
MOSFET and diode see (Vin + Vout)
• Diode and MOSFET, use 2(Vin + Vout)
• Capacitor C1, use 1.5Vin
• Capacitor C, use 1.5Vout
Vin
L1 C1
+ Vin –
L2
+ Vout
–
C
– (Vin + Vout) +
Vin
L1
– Vout +
C1
+ Vin –
L2
+ Vout
–
C
16
Continuous current in L1sec/
1A
L
Vout−
( ) ( )fL
DVTD
LD
DV
TDL
VI
boundary
in
boundary
in
boundary
outin 1
11
111
2 =−•−=−•=
fI
DVL
in
inboundary 2
1 =
2Iin
0Iavg = Iin
iL
(1 − D)T
fI
VL
in
in
21 > guarantees continuous conduction
Then, considering the worst case (i.e., D → 1),
use max
use min
17
Continuous current in L2
sec/ 2A
L
Vout−
fL
DVTD
L
VI
boundary
out
boundary
outout 2
)1()1(
22
−=−•=
2Iout
0
Iavg = Iout
iL
(1 − D)T
fI
DVL
out
outboundary 2
)1(2
−=
fI
VL
out
out
22 > guarantees continuous conduction
Then, considering the worst case (i.e., D → 0),
use max
use min
18
Impedance matching
out
outload I
VR =
equivR
( )
( )load
out
out
out
out
in
inequiv R
D
D
I
V
D
D
D
DID
VD
I
VR
22 11
1
1
−=•
−=
−
−
==
DC−DC Boost Converter
+
Vin
−
+
−
Iin
+
Vin
−
Iin
Equivalent from source perspective
Source D
DVV inout −
=1
( )D
DII inout
−= 1
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Impedance matching
( )
( )load
out
out
out
out
in
inequiv R
D
D
I
V
D
D
D
DID
VD
I
VR
22 11
1
1
−=•
−=
−
−
==
For any Rload, as D → 0, then Requiv → ∞ (i.e., an open circuit)
For any Rload, as D → 1, then Requiv → 0 (i.e., a short circuit)
Thus, the buck/boost converter can sweep the entire I-V curve of a solar panel
20
Example - connect a 100Ω load resistor
PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
V(panel) - volts
I - a
mp
s
D = 0.80
6.44Ω equiv.
100Ω equiv.
D = 0.50
D = 0.88
2Ω e
quiv
.
With a 100Ω load resistor attached, raising D from 0 to 1 moves the solar panel load from the open circuit condition to the short circuit condition
21
Example - connect a 5Ω load resistor
PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
V(panel) - volts
I - a
mp
s
D = 0.47
6.44Ω equiv.
100Ω equiv.
D = 0.18
D = 0.61
2Ω e
quiv
.
22
Worst-Case Component Ratings Comparisons for DC-DC Converters
Converter Type
Input Inductor
Current (Arms)
Output Capacitor Voltage
Output Capacitor Current (Arms)
Diode and MOSFET Voltage
Diode and MOSFET Current (Arms)
Buck/Boost inI
3
2
1.5 outV
outin II ,3
2max
)(2 outin VV + ( )outin II +3
2
5.66A p-p 200V, 250V 16A, 20A
Our components
9A 250V
10A, 5A10A 90V 40V, 90V
Likely worst-case buck/boost situation
10A, 5A
MOSFET M. 250V, 20A
L1. 100µH, 9A
C. 1500µF, 250V, 5.66A p-p
Diode D. 200V, 16A
L2. 100µH, 9A
C1. 33µF, 50V, 14A p-p
BUCK/BOOST DESIGN
23
Comparisons of Output Capacitor Ripple Voltage
Converter Type Volts (peak-to-peak) Buck/Boost
Cf
Iout
5A
1500µF 50kHz
0.067V
MOSFET M. 250V, 20A
L1. 100µH, 9A
C. 1500µF, 250V, 5.66A p-p
Diode D. 200V, 16A
L2. 100µH, 9A
C1. 33µF, 50V, 14A p-p
BUCK/BOOST DESIGN
24
Minimum Inductance Values Needed to Guarantee Continuous Current
Converter Type For Continuous
Current in the Input Inductor
For Continuous Current in L2
Buck/Boost
fI
VL
in
in
21 > fI
VL
out
out
22 >
40V
2A 50kHz
200µH
90V
2A 50kHz
450µH
MOSFET M. 250V, 20A
L1. 100µH, 9A
C. 1500µF, 250V, 5.66A p-p
Diode D. 200V, 16A
L2. 100µH, 9A
C1. 33µF, 50V, 14A p-p
BUCK/BOOST DESIGN
25
Additional Components for Buck/Boost Converter
Series Capacitor
Voltage
Series Capacitor (C1)
Current (Arms)
Series Capacitor (C1)
Ripple Voltage (peak-to-peak)
Second Inductor (L2)
Current (Arms)
1.5 inV
outin II3
2,
3
2max
fC
Iout
1 outI
3
2
MOSFET M. 250V, 20A
L1. 100µH, 9A
C. 1500µF, 250V, 5.66A p-p
Diode D. 200V, 16A
L2. 100µH, 9A
C1. 33µF, 50V, 14A p-p
10A 5A40V
Likely worst-case buck/boost situation
5A
5A
33µF 50kHz3.0V
BUCK/BOOST DESIGN
Our components 9A14A p-p50V
Conclusion - 50kHz may be too low for buck/boost converter