8-3 Rubber Tire

September 1998Revised May 2001

of 22

RUBBER TIRE STORAGE

Table of ContentsPage

1.0 SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................... 31.1 Changes .......................................................................................................................................... 3

2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 32.1 Construction and Location ............................................................................................................... 3

2.1.1 Steel Protection ..................................................................................................................... 32.1.2 Emergency Smoke and Heat Venting ................................................................................... 3

2.2 Occupancy ....................................................................................................................................... 42.3 Protection ......................................................................................................................................... 4

2.3.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 42.3.2 Ceiling Sprinkler Design ........................................................................................................ 4

2.3.2.1 Warehouses ............................................................................................................... 42.3.2.2 Locations Other than Warehouses and ‘‘Green’’ Tires ............................................. 4

2.3.3 In-Rack Sprinkler Design ....................................................................................................... 52.3.3.1 Warehouses ............................................................................................................... 52.3.3.2 Locations Other Than Warehouses ........................................................................... 5

2.3.4 High-Expansion Foam Systems ............................................................................................ 92.3.5 Water Supplies ...................................................................................................................... 92.3.6 Recommended Safe Practices ............................................................................................ 102.3.7 Mounted Tires ...................................................................................................................... 102.3.8 Suppression Mode and Large-drop Sprinkler Protection .................................................... 10

3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................. 123.1 General .......................................................................................................................................... 123.2 Loss History ................................................................................................................................... 12

4.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 124.1 FM Global ...................................................................................................................................... 12

APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS ..................................................................................................... 12APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY ..................................................................................... 15APPENDIX C FIRE FIGHTING .................................................................................................................. 15

C.1 Incipient Stage .............................................................................................................................. 16C.2 Active Stage .................................................................................................................................. 16C.3 Critical Stage ................................................................................................................................. 16C.4 Overhaul ........................................................................................................................................ 17C.5 Use of High-Expansion Foam ....................................................................................................... 17

APPENDIX D NFPA STANDARDS ............................................................................................................ 18

List of FiguresFig. 1. On side, double-row racks, with barriers. ........................................................................................... 6Fig. 2. On side, double-row racks, without barriers. ...................................................................................... 7Fig. 3. On side, multiple-row racks. ............................................................................................................... 8Fig. 4. On tread, double-row racks, with barriers. ......................................................................................... 9Fig. 5. On tread, double-row racks, without barriers. .................................................................................. 10Fig. 6. On tread, multiple-row racks. ............................................................................................................ 11

FM GlobalProperty Loss Prevention Data Sheets 8-3

©2002 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of Factory Mutual Insurance Company.

Valid Through May 2003

Figs. 7, 8 and 9. ............................................................................................................................................ 13Fig. 10. Typical ‘‘green’’ tire storage. Storage is two carts high or 16 ft (4.9 m). ....................................... 14Fig. 11. Typical storage arrangements in locations other than warehouses. .............................................. 15Fig. 12. On-floor storage. On tread unbundled (could be bundled). .......................................................... 16Fig. 13. Pyramid tire storage, on side, on floor. .......................................................................................... 17Fig. 14. Typical storage arrangement using pallet based portable rack. ................................................... 18Fig. 15. Double-row rack storage with on-side palletized storage. ............................................................. 19Fig. 16. Rack frequently used for on-tread storages. .................................................................................. 20Fig. 17. Typical on-tread storage arrangement. Note horizontal channels. ................................................ 21Fig. 18. Portable rack using wood pallet base and steel frame. ................................................................. 22

List of TablesTable 1. On-side Storage in Permanent Racks and Partially Loaded Portable Racks, Without

Solid Shelves .................................................................................................................................. 5Table 2. On-tread Storage in Permanent Racks and Portable Racks, Without Solid Shelves ..................... 6Table 3. On-floor and On-side Storage in Fully Loaded Portable Racks ...................................................... 7Table 4. Locations Other Than Warehouses and ‘‘Green’’ Tires .................................................................. 8Table 5. Hose Stream Demand and Duration of Supply ............................................................................... 9Table 6. Suppression Mode Sprinkler Protection Requirements ................................................................. 11Table 7. Large-drop Sprinkler Protection Requirements ............................................................................ 12

8-3 Rubber Tire Storage FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

©2002 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.


1.0 SCOPE

This FM Global Data Sheet provides fire protection guidelines for the storage of rubber tires. This includespassenger car, truck and tractor, motorcycle, bicycle, and green tires. Protection of rubber tires mounted onmetal wheels also is covered in this data sheet.

This data sheet provides guidelines for warehouse storage and for indoor locations other than warehouses.Outdoor storage of rubber tires is not included in this data sheet.

1.1 Changes

May 2001. Added recommendations for the protection of specific storage arrangements of rubber tires usingsuppression mode and control mode specific application sprinklers (2.3.8)

January 2000. This revision of the document has been reorganized to provide a consistent format.

September 1998. The following changes were made during this revision:

1. Demand areas for 212°F (100°C) sprinklers has been included. (2.3.1.1.4)

2. A ‘‘Recommended Safe Practice’’ section has been added recommending a well trained EmergencyOrganization. (2.3.6)

3. Protection of mounted tires has been included. (2.3.7)

4. In-rack design for locations other than warehouses has been revised. Previously extra-hazard pipeschedule system and a rack water demand of 150 gpm (568 dm3/min) was recommended. (2.3.3.2)

A hydraulic design is now recommended, mainly for ease of use because almost all systems are now beinghydraulically designed. Also, it represents a reduction in cost of providing the protection without reducingthe protection. Using the pipe schedule approach to size the in-rack piping can still be considered an accept-able design method, although the cost of installation may be higher.

2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS

2.1 Construction and Location

2.1.1 Steel Protection

2.1.1.1 Roof steel does not require additional protection when sprinkler or sprinkler plus high expansion foamprotection is installed in accordance with this data sheet.

2.1.1.2 Column steel protection is recommended for on-floor storage or on-side storage in fully loaded portableracks when storage heights are 15 ft (4.6 m) and greater. However, column steel protection can be omittedprovided one of the following:

1. High-expansion foam systems are used with ceiling sprinklers in accordance with this data sheet.

2. Ceiling sprinkler systems can provide both a 0.90 gpm/ft2 (37 mm/min) minimum density over the mostremote 3000 ft2 (279 m2) demand area, and a 0.60 gpm/ft2 (24 mm/min) minimum density over the mostremote 5000 ft2 (464 m2) demand area, using 286°F (141°C) rated sprinklers.

When column protection is recommended, provide either a coating of at least one-hour fire resistance alongthe entire length of the column (see note 2 of Table 3), or one of the following:

• For solid ‘‘H’’ columns, provide a sidewall sprinkler directed toward the column at the 15 ft (4.6 m) level.

• For hollow ‘‘tube’’ and ‘‘box’’ columns, provide two sidewall sprinklers, one on each side of the column,directed at the column at the 15 ft (4.6 m) level.

2.1.2 Emergency Smoke and Heat Venting

2.1.2.1 Fire tests indicate that heat and smoke vents may increase the fuel consumed and sprinkler waterdemand. Hence, heat and smoke vents, if any, should not be arranged for automatic operation. Informationin this data sheet applies to locations where roof vents and draft curtains are not provided.

Rubber Tire Storage 8-3FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets



However, where local codes require that automatic vents be installed, it is preferred they be operated by afusible link rated at 360°F (141°C). Smoke removal during mop-up operations frequently can be achievedthrough eaveline windows, doors, monitors, nonautomatic exhaust systems (gravity or mechanical), manu-ally operated heat and smoke vents, or holes cut by fire department personnel.

2.2 Occupancy

2.2.1 When tires are stored on-tread, the dimension of the pile in the direction of the wheel hole should notbe more than 25 ft (7.6 m) between aisles or vertical barriers (see Appendix A for definitions).

Dimensions in the direction of wheel holes need not be considered when in-rack sprinklers or high-expansion foam systems are used.

Aisles at least 8 ft (2.5 m) wide should be maintained between piles of tires and between tire storage andany other combustible storage.

2.2.2 The clearance from the top of storage to ceiling sprinkler deflectors should be at least 36 in. (0.91 m).

2.3 Protection

2.3.1 General

2.3.1.1 General installation details for ceiling and in-rack sprinklers should be in accordance with FM Globalstandards as outlined in Data Sheet 2-8N, Installation of Sprinkler Systems (NFPA), and Data Sheet 8-9,Storage of Class 1, 2, 3, 4 and Plastic Commodities, unless otherwise specified in this data sheet.

In particular, the following general recommendations apply:

2.3.1.1.1 For racks with shelves (solid or slatted), sprinklers should be installed at the ceiling and at eachlevel in all types of racks. In-rack sprinklers may be omitted if high-expansion foam systems are installed.

2.3.1.1.2 Single-row racks should be protected in the same manner as double-row racks.

2.3.1.1.3 Dry-pipe sprinkler systems should be used only in locations where wet-pipe systems are notpractical. Water demands for dry-pipe systems are shown in Tables 1-3.

2.3.1.1.4 For new installations, large orifice (17⁄32 in. [20 mm]), 286°F (141°C) rated sprinklers should beused.

Demand areas shown for 165°F (74°C) rated sprinklers are given to evaluate existing sprinkler systems.To evaluate existing sprinkler systems with 212°F (100°C) rated sprinklers, the demand area should be inter-polated between those shown for 165°F (74°C) and 286°F (141°C).

2.3.1.1.5 Two-point water demands are recommended in Table 1 and Table 2 for certain storage heights.When recommended, the ceiling sprinkler system should be capable of providing both water demands.Demands need not be available simultaneously.

2.3.2 Ceiling Sprinkler Design

Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 provide sprinkler water demands for various storage arrangements that may be foundat tire storage locations. See Appendix A for descriptions and definitions of the various storage arrange-ments referenced below.

2.3.2.1 Warehouses

2.3.2.1.1 Use Table 1 when tire storage is on-side in permanent racks or partially loaded portable racks.

2.3.2.1.2 Use Table 2 when tire storage is on-tread in permanent or portable racks.

2.3.2.1.3 Use Table 3 when tire storage is on-floor or on-side in fully loaded portable racks.

2.3.2.2 Locations Other than Warehouses and ‘‘Green’’ Tires

2.3.2.2.1 Use Table 4 when tire storage is at locations other than warehouses such as retail stores, fleetgarages and auto-service centers. Also use Table 4 for ‘‘green’’ tire storage in manufacturing areas.




2.3.3 In-Rack Sprinkler Design

2.3.3.1 Warehouses

2.3.3.1.1 When recommended in Tables 1 and 2, in-rack sprinkler piping and water demand should be hydrau-lically designed, based on the simultaneous operation of the most hydraulically remote 20 sprinklers if twoor more levels are installed (10 on each of the remote two levels) or 12 sprinklers if only one level is installed.A minimum of 30 gpm (114 dm3) should be available at the hydraulically most remote operating sprinkler.

2.3.3.1.2 Spacing of sprinklers on branch lines in racks should not exceed 10 ft (3 m) or an 80 ft2 (7.4 m2)area in a horizontal plane for multiple-row racks.

2.3.3.1.3 Sprinklers in longitudinal flues of racks should be located a minimum of 2 ft (0.6 m) from rackuprights. See Figures 1 through 6 for horizontal and vertical spacing.

2.3.3.1.4 When horizontal barriers are used in double-row racks with an overall shelf depth greater than 12 ft(3.7 m), install three lines of in-rack sprinklers beneath each barrier (see Note 4, Table 1 and Table 2).

2.3.3.2 Locations Other Than Warehouses

2.3.3.2.1 When in-rack sprinklers are recommended they should be installed in each double-row rack asshown in Figure 11 in Appendix A. In-rack sprinklers should be spaced a maximum of 8 ft (2.4 m) apart, witha maximum area coverage of 64 ft2 (6 m2).

2.3.3.2.2 In-rack piping can be hydraulically designed based on the operation of the 6 most remote in-racksprinklers each flowing a minimum of 30 gpm (113 dm3/min).

Table 1. On-side Storage in Permanent Racks and Partially Loaded Portable Racks, Without Solid Shelves

Type of rack

Height ofstorage

ft(m)

Clearanceft

(m)(See Note 1)

Densitygpm/ft2

(mm/min)

Area of demand (See Note 2) ft2 (m2)Wet system Dry system

286°F(141°C)

165°F(74°C)

286°F(141°C)

165°F(74°C)

Portable,double rowand multiple

row

5–10(1.5–3.0)

10(3)

0.3–0.45(12–18)

3000(279)

5000(464)

3900(363)

6500(604)

10–15(3.0–4.5)

10(3)

0.45–0.60(18–24)

3000(279)

5000(464)

3900(363)

6500(604)

15-25(4.5-7.5)

(See Note 3)

10(3)

0.9 (37)and

.60 (24)

3000 (279)5000 (464)

——

3900 (363)6500 (604)

——

25-30(7.5-9.0)

(See Note 3)

10(3)

0.30 (12) 3000(279)

5000(464)

3900(363)

6500(604)

Plus high-expansion foamAlternate

protection fordouble row

Any heightover 15(4.5)

10(3)

1. (a) Horizontal barriers every 20 ft (6 m) vertically as in Fig. 1 with twolines of in-rack sprinklers under each barrier (see Note 4) OR

(b) In-rack sprinklers every 15 ft (4.6 m) vertically as in Fig. 2.2. Provide ceiling sprinkler protection based on the height of storage

above the top barrier/level of in-rack sprinklers (see Note 5).Alternate

protection formultiple row

Any heightover 15(4.5)

10(3)

1. In-rack sprinklers every 15 ft (4.6 m) vertically as in Fig. 3.2. Provide ceiling sprinkler protection based on the height of storage

above the top barrier/level of in-rack sprinklers (see Note 5).

1. For storage over 15 ft (4.6 m), when clearance between top of storage and ceiling sprinklers is greater than 10 ft (3 m), a horizontalbarrier should be placed over the top of storage with sprinklers installed under the barrier. Ceiling density should be 0.20 gpm/ft2 (8mm/min) over 2000 ft2 (186 m2) with 286°F (141°C) sprinklers.

2. When clearance between top of storage and ceiling sprinkler is about 3 ft (0.9 m), the area of demand may be reduced by 25%.3. Do not interpolate for intermediate heights.4. When double-row racks are deeper than 12 ft (3.6 m), at least three lines of sprinklers should be installed under each barrier.5. When storage is less than 5 ft (1.5 m) high above the top barrier/level of in-rack sprinkler protection, the area of demand may be reduced

by 15%.6. See Appendix A for definition of ‘‘Partial Loads.’’




Table 2. On-tread Storage in Permanent Racks and Portable Racks, Without Solid Shelves

Type of rack

Height ofstorage

ft(m)

Clearanceft

(m)(See Note 1)

Densitygpm/ft2

(mm/in)

Area of demand (see Note 2)ft2 (m2)Wet system Dry system

286°F(141°C)

165°F(74°C)

286°F(141°C)

165°F(74°C)

Portable,double rowand multiple

row

5–8(1.5–2.4)

10(3)

0.30–0.40(12–16)

3000(279)

5000(464)

3900(363)

6500(604)

8–12(2.4–3.6)

10(3)

0.40–0.60(16–24)

3000(279)

5000(464)

3900(363)

6500(604)

12-20(3.6-6.0)

(See Note 3)

10(3)

0.9 (37)and

.60 (24)

3000(279)5000(464)

—

—

3900(363)6500(604)

—

—

20-30(6.0-9.0)

(See Note 3)

10(3)

0.30(12)

3000(279)

5000(464)

3900(363)

6500(604)

Plus high-expansion foamAlternate

protection fordouble row

Any heightover 12

(3.6)

10(3)

1. (a) Horizontal barriers every 15 ft (4.6 m) vertically as in Fig. 4 with twolines of in-rack sprinklers under each barrier (see Note 4) OR(b) In-rack sprinklers every 10 ft (3.0 m) vertically as in Fig. 5.

2. Provide ceiling sprinkler protection based on the height of storage abovethe top barrier/level of in-rack sprinklers (see Note 5).

Alternateprotection formultiple row

Any heightover 12

(3.6)

10(3)

1. In-rack sprinklers every 5 ft (1.5 m) vertically as in Fig. 6.2. Provide ceiling sprinkler protection based on the height of storage above

the top barrier/level of in-rack sprinklers (see Note 5)

1. For storage over 15 ft (4.6 m), when clearance between top of storage and ceiling sprinklers is greater than 10 ft (3 m), a horizontalbarrier should be placed over the top of storage with sprinklers installed under the barrier. Ceiling density should be 0.20 gpm/ft2 (8mm/min) over 2000 ft2 (186 m2) with 286°F (141°C) sprinklers.

2. When clearance between top of storage and ceiling sprinkler is about 3 ft (0.9 m), the area of demand may be reduced by 25%.3. Do not interpolate for intermediate heights.4. When double-row racks are deeper than 12 ft (3.6 m), at least three lines of sprinklers should be installed under each barrier.5. When storage is less than 5 ft (1.5 m) high above the top barrier/level of in-rack sprinkler protection, the area of demand may be reduced

by 15%.

Fig. 1. On side, double-row racks, with barriers.




Table 3. On-floor and On-side Storage in Fully Loaded Portable Racks

Height of storageft

(m)

Densitygpm/ft2

(mm/min)

Area of demand (See Note 1 below) ft2 (m2)Wet system Dry system

286°F(141°C)

165°F(74°C)

286°F(141°C)

165°F(74°C)

5–10(1.5–3)

0.25–0.35(10–14)

2000(186)

3300(307)

2600(242)

4300(400)

10–15(3–4.5)

0.35–0.45(14–18)

2000(186)

3300(307)

2600(242)

4300(400)

15–20(4.5–6)

(See Note 2below)

0.45–0.60(18–24)

3000(279)

5000(464)

3900(363)

6500(604)

20–30(6–9.1)

0.30(12)

3000(279)

5000(464)

3900(363)

6500(604)

Plus high-expansion foam

1. When clearance between top of storage and ceiling sprinklers is about 3 ft (0.9 m), the area of demand may be reduced by 25%, butnot less than 2000 ft2 (186 m2) for 286°F (141°C) sprinklers and 3000 ft2 (279 m2) for 165°F (71°C) sprinklers.

2. Provide steel column protection as recommended in Section 2.1.1, Steel Protection.

Fig. 2. On side, double-row racks, without barriers.




Table 4. Locations Other Than Warehouses and ‘‘Green’’ Tires

Arrangement

Height of storageft

(m)

Densitygpm/ft2

(mm/min)

Area of demand ft2 (m2)286°F

(141°C)165°F(74°C)

‘‘Locations other thanwarehouses,’’

On-tread, fixed,double-row racks

8(2.4)

0.45(18)

2000(186)

2000(186)

8–16(2.4–4.0)

0.30(12)

Plus in-rack sprinklers(See Note 1 below)

2500(229) —

‘‘Green’’ tires,in portable carts,

1-cart high

8(2.4)

0.20(8)

3000(279)

4000(368)

‘‘Green’’ tires,in portable carts,

2-carts high

8–16(2.4–4.0)

0.30 (12)4000 (368) or0.35 (14)3000 (279) or

0.40 (16)2000 (186)—

1. A single row of in-rack sprinklers should be provided in each double-row rack as shown in Fig. 11. In-rack sprinklers should be spaced8 ft (2.4 m) apart, with a maximum area coverage of 64 ft2 (6 m2). In-rack pipe sizing and water demand should be based on the operationsof the six most remote in-rack sprinklers each flowing 30 gpm (113 dm3/min).

2.3.3.2.3 Alternatively, in-rack piping can be based on an extra hazard pipe schedule system. When in-rackpiping is on an extra hazard pipe schedule, the in-rack water demand should be considered 150 gpm(568 dm3/min).

Fig. 3. On side, multiple-row racks.




2.3.4 High-Expansion Foam Systems

2.3.4.1 When only ceiling sprinklers are provided, they may be supplemented by high-expansion foam sys-tems, and the ceiling sprinkler density may be reduced to 0.25 gpm/ft2 (10 mm/min) over the area specified.

2.3.4.2 High-expansion foam systems when recommended should be installed in accordance with Data Sheet4-3N, Medium and High Expansion Foam Systems. Inspection, testing and maintenance of high-expansionfoam systems also are covered in Data Sheet 4-3N. System reliability is dependent on performing the rec-ommended inspection, testing and maintenance at the recommended annual, semi-annual or weeklyintervals.

2.3.5 Water Supplies

2.3.5.1 Water supplies should include provision for hose streams or high-expansion foam generators,whichever is greater, in addition to that required for sprinklers at ceiling and in racks. Hose stream allow-ance and the duration of supply should be in accordance with Table 5.

Table 5. Hose Stream Demand and Duration of Supply

Storage arrangementHose stream allowance,

gpm (dm3/min)Duration,

hr.Warehouse storage 750 (2840) 3Green tires 500 (1893) 2Location other than warehouse 250 (947) 2

Fig. 4. On tread, double-row racks, with barriers.




2.3.6 Recommended Safe Practices

2.3.6.1 A well-trained Emergency Organization (EO) should be provided at rubber tire storage locations. Earlydetection and effective action by personnel during the early stages of a rubber tire fire can greatly help reduceensuing damage. Controlling possible ignition sources, maintaining proper aisle spaces and practicing goodhousekeeping are other recommended safe practices.

2.3.6.2 When fighting a rubber tire fire, caution should be exercised because of the intense heat andlarge volume of smoke generated in this type of fire. It is not intended that fires beyond the incipientstage (see Appendix C) be fought by anyone other than trained fire fighters.

2.3.6.3 More specific details regarding manual fire fighting and fire behavior of a rubber tire fire can be foundin the Appendix C, Fire Fighting.

2.3.7 Mounted Tires

2.3.7.1 Protect tires mounted on metal wheels as an unexpanded plastic commodity in accordance with DataSheet 8-9, Storage of Class 1, 2, 3, 4 and Plastic Commodities.

2.3.8 Suppression Mode and Large-drop Sprinkler Protection

2.3.8.1 Based on the results of several large-scale fire tests with rubber tires the following guidelines arerecommended. These guidelines should be applied at locations that store passenger car, truck and tractor,motorcycle, bicycle and green tires. The guidelines are for on-side and on-tread storage without solid shelvesas defined in this data sheet. These guidelines are not intended for the storage of tires where the tires arestored in a ‘‘laced’’ arrangement. The laced arrangement is described as tires stored where the sides of the

Fig. 5. On tread, double-row racks, without barriers.




tires overlap, creating a woven or laced appearance. Large-scale fire tests have demonstrated that lacedstorage of tires cannot be adequately protected with the following suppression mode or large-droprecommendations.

2.3.8.2 These recommendations are specific to storage arrangements that are less than or equal to thestorage heights and building heights specified in Tables 6 and 7. Without additional testing, protectionrecommendations for higher buildings or storage heights cannot be provided.

Table 6. Suppression Mode Sprinkler Protection Requirements

Sprinklers: FM Approved Suppression Mode SprinklersSystem type: Wet-pipe (no dry-pipe or preaction)Sprinkler system design: Design for 12 (K-factor 14) sprinklers at 50 psi (3.4 bar) or 12 K-factor

16.8 sprinklers at 35 psi (2.4 bar) or 12 K-factor 25.2 sprinklers at 20 psi(1.4 bar), flowing 4 sprinklers per branch line on 3 branch lines.

Sprinkler Temperature Rating: Nominal 165°F (74°C)Sprinkler Installation Guidelines: Follow all installation guidelines in Data Sheet 2-2,

Installation Guidelines for Suppression Mode Automatic Sprinklers.Maximum Storage Height: 25 ft (7.6 m)Maximum Building Height: 30 ft (9.1 m)Hose Stream (see note): 500 gal/min (1900 l/min).Water Supply Duration (see note): Two hours

Note: The design of an suppression mode sprinkler system has traditionally included a hose stream and water supply duration of 250 gal/min(945 l/min) and one hour respectively. Fires with rubber tires produce dense black smoke, limiting access to the building. Becauseof the smoke, many authorities having jurisdiction require that the sprinkler system be allowed to operate for at least 60-90 min Also,the recommendations for using suppression mode sprinkler protection are based on the favorable results of two large scale rubbertire fire tests using Large-drop Sprinklers.

Fig. 6. On tread, multiple-row racks.




Table 7. Large-drop Sprinkler Protection Requirements

Sprinklers: FM Approved Large-drop SprinklersSystem Type: Wet-pipe (no dry-pipe or preaction)Sprinkler System Design: 20 sprinklers at 75 psi (5.1 bar)Sprinkler Temperature Rating: Nominal 286°F (141°C)Sprinkler Installation Guidelines: Follow all installation guidelines in Data Sheet 2-7,

Installation Rules for Sprinkler Systems Using Large Drop Sprinklers.Maximum Storage Height: 25 ft (7.6 m)Maximum Building Height: 30 ft (9.1 m)Hose Stream: 500 gal/min (1900 l/min)Water Supply Duration: Two hours

3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 General

Tire storage presents a severe fire hazard. Tires burn rapidly, emitting intense heat and large quantities ofdense smoke that hamper fire fighting. Tires are generally manufactured from synthetic compounds, carbon,oil, various additives and fabrics of steel, fiberglass, polyester, cotton, etc. The principal rubber materialsused in tires are synthetic rubbers. Heat of combustion can vary from 14,000 to 20,000 Btu/lb (33 to 34 MJ/kg).Ignition temperature can vary from 700 to 800°F (371 to 425°C).

The hollow toroidal shape of the tire provides a large shielded surface area and excellent flue spaces which,combined with the material, result in a severe fire hazard. Automatic sprinklers can control fires in most tirestorages, but water demands are high. Manual fire fighting is valuable, but difficult because of the intenseheat and smoke produced.

3.2 Loss History

Fire experience in sprinklered buildings with rubber tires is very limited. FM Global records for the period Janu-ary 1975–August 1990 show only five fires involving rubber tire storage, but all of these involved storage with-out sprinklers or locations where sprinkler protection was out of service.

4.0 REFERENCES

4.1 FM Global

Data Sheet 2-8N, Installation of Sprinkler Systems (NFPA).Data Sheet 4-3N, Medium and High Expansion Foam Systems.Data Sheet 8-9, Storage of Class 1, 2, 3, 4 and Plastic Commodities.

APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Approved: references to ‘‘Approved’’ in this data sheet means the product and services have satisfied thecriteria for FM Approval. Refer to the Approval Guide, a publication of FM Approvals for a complete listing ofproducts and services that are FM Approved.

Bundled tires: a storage method in which a number of tires are strapped together. Bundled tires may becompressed up to 50 percent of their original thickness. (See Fig. 7).

Full loads: a portable rack is considered to be fully loaded when the open space between the top tire inone rack and the bottom of the next rack above is less than 12 in. (305 mm). When the space is 12 in.(305 mm) or more, the load should be considered partially loaded. (See Figs. 8 and 9.)

‘‘Green’’ tires: a green tire consists of a tire ‘‘carcass,’’ cylindrical in shape, approximately 17 in. (0.43 m)in diameter by 2 ft (0.61 m) long. The green tire at this point in the manufacturing process is ready for mold-ing and curing into a finished tire. The preparatory process results in an advanced supply of green tires in stor-age in the manufacturing area awaiting molding and curing. (See Fig. 10.)




Figs. 7, 8 and 9.




Horizontal channel: an uninterrupted space in excess of 5 ft (1.5 m) in length between horizontal layers ofstorage. Such channels may be formed by pallets, shelving, racks, or other storage aids. (See Figs. 7, 14and 17.)

‘‘Locations other than warehouses’’: refers to tire storage in retail stores, fleet garages and auto-service cen-ters. Tires are usually on tread in double-row racks. One arrangement has tires six high (about 16 ft [4.8 m])with an open grid mezzanine at the three high (about 8 ft [2.4 m]) level. Another common arrangement hasthree high (about 8 ft [2.4 m]) storage. Generally aisles are 3 ft (0.9 m) wide. The storage areas are usu-ally small—generally not more than 50 percent of the total room area. (See Fig. 11.)

On-floor storages: tires 5 ft (1.5 m) or higher stored directly on the floor, on side or on tread; may bepyramided to provide pile stability. (See Figs. 12 and 13.)

On-side storage: tires 5 ft (1.5 m) or higher stored horizontally or flat. (See Figs. 13, 14 and 15.)

On-tread storage: tires 5 ft (1.5 m) or higher stored vertically or on their treads. (See Figs. 12, 16 and 17.)

Palletized storage: a term used by the tire industry to designate tire storage on portable racks as shown in Fig-ures 8, 14 and 16. Palletized storage as defined in Data Sheet 8-9 is not found in the tire industry. The con-ventional piling method is to store tires on-side when using portable pipe racks.

However, using an alternative piling method, tires are piled both on-tread and on-side, enabling more tiresto be stored per pallet. (See Fig. 8.) Racks are fully loaded and packed tight, such that there are no horizon-tal channels. Figure 9 shows a closer view of a single pallet load. Provide protection for this storage arrange-ment as outlined in Table 3.

Fig. 10. Typical ‘‘green’’ tire storage. Storage is two carts high or 16 ft (4.9 m).




Partial loads: a portable rack is considered to be partially loaded when the open space between the top tirein one rack and the bottom of the next rack above is 12 in. (25 mm) or more. When the space is less than12 in. (25 mm), the loads should be considered fully loaded.

Rack: any combination of vertical, horizontal and diagonal members which support tires. Racks may be fixedor portable. Some portable racks use a wood pallet as the base (see Fig. 18). Portable racks, as arrangedin Figure 14, are called palletized storage in the tire industry.

Vertical barriers: solid material such as sheet metal, plywood, gypsum board, etc., arranged to limit horizon-tal fire spread through the wheel holes.

APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY

This document does not have any revision history.

APPENDIX C FIRE FIGHTING

FM Global Research fire tests have indicated that while properly designed sprinkler systems can control afire in tire storage, manual fire fighting may be necessary for complete extinguishment. An understanding ofthe behavior of tire storage fires is therefore essential if a fire under control is to be completely extin-guished by the overhaul crew.

Due to the hazardous conditions present in developed fires involving rubber tires, it is not intendedthat fires beyond the incipient stage be fought by anyone other than trained fire fighters.

Fig. 11. Typical storage arrangements in locations other than warehouses.




C.1 Incipient Stage

If discovered in the early stages, the fire can be effectively extinguished with manual protection. Dry-chemical extinguishers are effective because the powder can pass into the mass of tires and control the firetemporarily. However, it is necessary to back up extinguishers with small hose, and to remove burning tiresfrom the pile. Removed tires should be taken outdoors away from other combustibles and thoroughly wet-ted down. The area in which the fire occurred should be constantly attended for several hours to watch forrekindling.

Automatic sprinklers usually operate within two to five minutes of ignition. At this point, extinguishers arenot generally effective. Because of smoke, the area becomes increasingly obscured and untenable.

C.2 Active Stage

At this point, because of poor visibility in the building, the ability to use hose streams effectively isquestionable.

Sprinklers should be allowed to operate until control of the fire is obtained. During this period, the buildingis best left unventilated. As control of the fire is gained, smoke will tend to change from black to gray and willdiminish in intensity. Charged 1-1⁄2 in. (38 mm) hose lines should be laid out preparatory to entering the build-ing for overhaul. Portable flood lights, self-contained breathing apparatus, personal protective gear, etc.,should be assembled for the crew.

C.3 Critical Stage

After 60 to 90 minutes, when smoke intensity should have diminished, the building should be ventilated aroundthe periphery of the suspected fire location. Close observation should be made of smoke conditions. If smokegeneration increases, cease ventilating and close up the building if possible. Sprinklers should remain inoperation during the critical stage.

Fig. 12. On-floor storage. On tread unbundled (could be bundled). Distance along tire hole less than 25 ft (7.6 m).




C.4 Overhaul

As soon as smoke clears enough to permit entry, the building should be entered, with small hose streamsdirected into burning tires. Sprinklers should remain in operation until the fire chief is certain that the fire issmall enough to be extinguished by hose streams. Any sprinkler control valve that is shut off should bemanned during the entire period of closure, to enable prompt reopening of the valve, if needed.

Fork trucks and other means should be employed to remove tires from the fire area. It will be necessary tokeep sprinklers or hose streams in operation during this procedure at least until evidence of flame is gone.The fire area should be patrolled for 24 hours following the fire.

C.5 Use of High-Expansion Foam

If a high-expansion foam system is used in conjunction with automatic sprinklers, sprinklers may be shutoff one hour after ignition. An additional hour should be allowed for soaking of foam before the building isopened up for overhauling. After the initial fill, foam generators should be operated periodically during thesoaking period to maintain the foam level. Any sprinkler control valve that is shut off should be monitored dur-ing the entire period of closure, to enable prompt reopening of the valve, if needed. Limited tests with high-expansion foam indicated that with adequate foam soaking, fire extinguishment is nearly complete. As aprecautionary measure, charged hose streams should be available when foam is drained away.

Fig. 13. Pyramid tire storage, on side, on floor.




APPENDIX D NFPA STANDARDS

NFPA standards for the protection of rubber tire storage are covered in NFPA 231D. There are some signifi-cant differences in protection guidelines between this data sheet and NFPA 231D.

Fig. 14. Typical storage arrangement using pallet based portable rack.Note lack of horizontal channels when pallets are fully loaded.




Fig. 15. Double-row rack storage with on-side palletized storage.




Fig. 16. Rack frequently used for on-tread storages.




Fig. 17. Typical on-tread storage arrangement. Note horizontal channels.




FM Engr. Comm. September 1991

Fig. 18. Portable rack using wood pallet base and steel frame.




8-3 Rubber Tire

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