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Roman Republic
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Connect to Modern life
• Name 10 specific concepts that are fundamentally flawed with our current system of government.
• Name 3 solutions to 3 of the 10 problems.
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Founding of Rome –The Roman Race
• The tale of Aeneas (The Aeneid)
– Dido at Carthage and other travels (like The Odyssey)
• Historical evidence– Settlements from 11th Century BC
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Founding of Rome –The City (Kingdom) of
Rome• Romulus and Remus
– Latin princess was Vestal virgin– Raped by Mars, bore twin boys – Ordered killed by non-Latin king – Suckled by a wolf– Grew and founded a city (753BC)– Romulus killed Remus
• Historic Evidence– The Etruscans conquered the
Romans (non-Latin king)– Romans eventually overthrew
Etruscans and established kingdom
– Ruins of home of king (Romulus?) date from 8th Century BC
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Founding of Rome –The Roman Race
• Wars against the Latins (like The Illiad)• Rape of the Sabine Women (Jacques Louis David)
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Regal Period• Began with war of
independence from Etruscans (500 BC)– War heroes exhibit desired
qualities of Romans– Horatio at the bridge (Oath of
the Horatii by Jacques Louis David)
– Stories became legends for Romans throughout their history
– Compare to American War of Independence
• Regal period– Ruled by 7 kings– Revolted against last king to
found the republic
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Republican Government• Ruled by a senate and the people
– SPQR= Senate and the People of RomeSenātus Populusque Rōmānus
– Senate (patricians) appointed consuls (1 year)
• Foreign affairs and the military• Direct access by the people to the
consul– People (plebs) organized by tribes,
electing10 tribunes• Governed local affairs• Had veto power (individually)
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Roman Republic
• Rome conquered Greece 150 BC
• Romans took on much Greek culture– Gods and goddesses
parallel each other– Gods had Indo-
European roots
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GovernmentComparisons with US
government– Balance of power– Senate and House of
Representatives– Consul (= president)– Tribune (veto power)– Courts (independent)– Military power (?)– Censor (?)
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Military Organization• Centuries — 100 armed men
– Headed by Centurion (from the ranks)• Maniples—3 Centuries
– Could move quickly through difficult terrain (better than phalanx)
– Independent decisions (tribunes)• Legions—groups of Maniples
– 6000 men– Supported by light cavalry
• Discipline– Death for individual insubordination– Decimation for cowardice
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Temple of “Fortuna Virilis”
from Rome, Italy
ca. 75 B.C.E.
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CharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristics
1.1. During the Republic – During the Republic – TempleTemple ArchitectureArchitecture::
K blended Etruscan & Greek blended Etruscan & Greek features.features.
K emphasis on the front of emphasis on the front of the building.the building.
K example: Temple of example: Temple of Fortuna VirilisFortuna Virilis..
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CharacteristicsCharacteristics
2. CONCRETE:
created a revolution in architectural design.
create larger, heavier buildings. * example: - The Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia.
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Sanctuaryof Fortuna Primigenia, Praeneste. Early 1st
cent. BCE
Sanctuaryof Fortuna Primigenia, Praeneste. Early 1st
cent. BCE
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Warm-Up: Timed Write, 10/1/12
• 10 minutes:– Identify and fully attribute the
following artwork. Discuss the characteristics that place the sculpture in this period and how it differs from the sculpture of the preceding period.
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CharacteristicsCharacteristicsof Roman Sculptureof Roman Sculpture
CharacteristicsCharacteristicsof Roman Sculptureof Roman Sculpture
1.1. Collectors and copiers of Greek Collectors and copiers of Greek works [more idealistic]. works [more idealistic].
2.2. More realism [show the wrinkles, More realism [show the wrinkles, the bulges, and ageing!] the bulges, and ageing!]
3.3. Focus on Roman political heirarchyFocus on Roman political heirarchy
4.4. Emphasis on Military history and might. Emphasis on Military history and might. More propagandistic and pragmatic than More propagandistic and pragmatic than the isolated classicism of Greecethe isolated classicism of Greece
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Head of a Roman patrician
ca. 75-50 B.C.E.marbleapproximately 1 ft. 2 in. high
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Portrait of a Roman General
Tivoli, Italy
ca. 75 - 50 B.C.E.marble6 ft. 2 in. high
The sculptor basedthis life-size portraitof a general onidealized Greekstatues of heroesand athletes, butthe man’s head isa veristic likeness.The eclectic combinationis typical of Republican art.
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Republican CoupleRepublican CoupleRepublican CoupleRepublican Couple
Realistic portraits – like Hellenistic Greek style.Realistic portraits – like Hellenistic Greek style.
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Mosaics on a Mosaics on a Roman Villa FloorRoman Villa Floor
Mosaics on a Mosaics on a Roman Villa FloorRoman Villa Floor
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Dinarius with Portrait of Julius Caesar
44 B.C.E.silver3/4 in.
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Amphitheater
Pompeii, Italy
ca. 80 B.C.E.
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First Style wall painting
fauces of the Samnite House, Herculaneum, Italy
late 2nd century B.C.E.fresco
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Dionysiac mystery frieze
Room 5, Pompeii, Italy
ca. 60-50 B.C.E.frescofrieze approximately 64 in. high
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Cubiculum (bedroom)
from the villa of P. Fannius SynistorBoscoreale, Italy
ca. 40-30 B.C.E.fresco
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Gardenscape
from the Villa of Livia, Primaporta, Italy
ca. 30-20 B.C.E.fresco approximately 79 in. high
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Gardenscape
from the Villa of Livia, Primaporta, Italy
ca. 30-20 B.C.E.fresco approximately 79 in. high
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still life with peaches
Detail of 4th style wall paintingfrom Herculaneum, Italy
ca. 62-79 C.E.fresco approximately 1 ft. 2 in. x 1 ft. 1 1/2 in.
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Roman Expansion (in Italy)• Conquest of Italy
– Took 200 years– Granted full or partial citizenship
• Tax and legal benefits• Developed loyalty in conquered
Italian areas– Invasion by King Pyrrhus (pyrrhic
victory)• Roman colonies
– Established in strategic locations– Established by treaty– Troops sent when needed– Customs of the area left intact– Colonies were mostly for trade,
with some military purposes
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Roman Expansion (outside Italy)
• Punic Wars (246-146 BCE)– Rome had conquered
Carthage's empire and completely destroyed the city
– Rome is the most powerful state of the
Western Mediterranean.
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Roman Expansion (outside Italy)
• Conquest of the East and West– Allies rather than servants or
slaves– Toleration– Corruption in the Greek
kingdoms– Some states given to the
Romans– Fast, direct attacks with
strong determination and discipline
– Outnumbered in most battles – Victory over Parthia (parthian
shot)
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Building an Empire• Structure of the "empire"
– Still a republican form of government– Checks and balances– Two parties emerged
• Optimares (conservatives, Cato and Cicero)• Populares (power to people)
• Family• Values (according to the Romans)
– Piety– Discipline– Frugality– Not greedy– Righteous wars– Never quit
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Building an Empire
• Status of Women– Absence of men at war– Women gained economic
power– Ability to divorce and retain
property– Morals eventually eroded,
in part because home-life eroded
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Building an Empire
• Slavery– Conquests increased
the number of slaves– Constituted 40% of the
population– Conditions were poor– Romans feared slave uprising– Slaves took jobs from the plebs so plebs
were given food and other benefits
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Collapse of the Republic
• Gracchus brothers (163-133 BCE)– Attempts to reform agrarian society, promote general welfare and stop
abuse of landowners sent to war– Response: Violence used to create political turmoil and destroy
populace uprisings.• Marius (157-86 BCE)
– Re-election to consulate, career politician (7 times)– Standing army, recruiting landless citizens– Began the motions towards consolidation of miltiary power under
a general (above senate)
• Sulla (138-78 BCE)– Assumption of dictator powers– Use of the army to override councils– Rivaled Marius and Marched on Rome twice.
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Julius Caesar100-44 BC
• Early Life– Born to aristocratic family
• Caesarian section• Legend that he descended from the gods
– Known for partying and sexual appetite– Captured by pirates and held for ransom
• Returned to area and killed pirates
– Appointed to a series of government jobs• Statue of Alexander
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Julius Caesar
• Triumvirate– Praised for his work in Spain– Appointed governor in Gaul (conquest)– Alliance with Crassus and Pompey to form the
triumvirate (not initially, but later elected)– Rivalry with Pompey after death of Crassus
• Crossing the Rubicon
– Defeated Pompey, returned to Rome• Veni, vidi, vici—I came, I saw, I conquered
– Conquest of Egypt• Cleopatra
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Julius Caesar
• Returned to Rome as a conquering hero– Procession for each territory on a different day
(Gaul, Africa, Spain, Asia) and games for many additional days
– Offered crown (as emperor) twice and refused it when people didn't respond favorably
• Dictator (rule by one man)– Appointed for 10 years and then for life– Caesar’s plans for Rome
• Calendar (July)• Libraries, theaters, other public works• Gave citizenship to people in Spain and Gaul• Giving grain to the poor
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Julius Caesar
• Murder of Caesar– Killed by senatorial
opponents– Instigated by his
usurpation of power and their fear that he would become emperor
– Died March 15, 44 BC• Stabbed by 20 senators• Brutus—illegitimate son
– Mark Anthony and Octavian
• Rallied against the conspirators
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Collapse of the Republic
• Violence used to eliminate enemies and impose one’s will– Gracchus
• Re-election to consulate (many times) and standing army– Marius
• Assumption of dictator powers, use of the army to override councils, proscription list– Sulla
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Building an Empire
• Economics– Not enough land to support the
people– Farmers were needed and respected– Acquisition of wheat and other foods
became a priority– Victory over Carthage provided
more land– Rome was a consumer– Trading profits made many Romans
rich– Extremes of wealth and poverty– Citizens did not have to pay taxes
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Caesar Augustus
• 63 BC-14 AD• Octavian was winner of 18
years civil war• Designated heir of Julius
Caesar• Was of the family of Caesar
(adopted) so he took the name Caesar
• Given the name Augustus by the Senate
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Caesar Augustus
• Beginning the Empire– Marked by the reign of Octavian– Returned to principles of the republic (in
theory)– But, created important changes to make it
work• Senate received power of nominal governing• Allowed free elections• Accepted title “princeps civitatis” or first citizen
("prince")– Initially offered to retire to private life
• Held a variety of jobs but ruled effectively regardless of position
– Auctoritas = prestige, power from trust, influence– Who else has had this kind of power?– How does a leader get this kind of power?
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Portrait of Augustus as general
from Primaporta, Italy
ca. 20 B.C.E.marble80 in. high
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Portrait of Augustus as general
from Primaporta, Italy
ca. 20 B.C.E.marble80 in. high
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Head of Caesar Augustus
ca. 100 C.E.marble with traces of polychrome
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Caesar Augustus
– Augustinian Code• Roman Law was rewritten and
solidified• Basis of western laws today• Equity
– Honest government– Added to the road system
• 53,000 miles of paved roads
– Postal system and other city infrastructure
– Standard currency system– Improved harbors
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Caesar Augustus
• Military– Reduced the size but
created a permanent army– Territorial expansion
• Purpose: to consolidate boundaries, ensure peace
• Generalship given to loyalists—Agrippa and Tiberius• German defeat/consolidation (Herman the German)• Central Europe and the Balkans expansion• Spain consolidation• Africa, annexation of Egypt
– Pax Romana• 60 million people in peace for more than 200 years
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Caesar Augustus
• Worship of “Roma et Augustus”
– Allowed the east and west unity of worship (each in their own way)
– Didn’t push worship so as to not alienate local worship
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Warm-Up 10/5/12
• Take your voussoirs (chinese take-out box) and attempt to construct a Roman Arch in teams
• Determine how many people you need.
• Write: Determine what obstacles you face, and how to overcome
• Write: Hypothesize on how the arch works. What forces are at work?
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Barrel or Barrel or “Tunnel” Vault“Tunnel” Vault
Barrel or Barrel or “Tunnel” Vault“Tunnel” Vault
• Windows can be Windows can be placed at any point.placed at any point.
• These vaults requireThese vaults requirebuttressing to buttressing to counter-act thecounter-act thedownward thrust ofdownward thrust ofweight.weight.
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arch-physics.swf
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Types of Vaults and Domes
Roman concrete construction. (a) barrel vault,(b) groin vault, (c) fenestrated sequence of groin vaults,(d) hemispherical dome with oculus (John Burge).
A
B
CD
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Groin VaultGroin VaultGroin VaultGroin Vault
• Also called a cross Also called a cross vault.vault.
• Needs less Needs less buttressing.buttressing.
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Multi Groin VaultsMulti Groin VaultsMulti Groin VaultsMulti Groin Vaults• A series of groin vaultsA series of groin vaults
can have open lateral can have open lateral arches that form arches that form Clerestories. Clerestories.
• Windows that allowWindows that allow light into the interior light into the interior of churches. of churches.
• These concrete windowsThese concrete windows are fireproof [an are fireproof [an important consideration important consideration since many early since many early churches burned!] churches burned!]
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Ara Pacis Augustae
Rome, Italy
ca. 13-9 B.C.E.marble63 in. high
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Ara Pacis Augustae
Rome, Italy
ca. 13-9 B.C.E.marble63 in. high
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Ara Pacis Augustae
Rome, Italy
ca. 13-9 B.C.E.marble63 in. high
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Ara Pacis Augustae
Rome, Italy
ca. 13-9 B.C.E.marble63 in. high
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Ara Pacis Augustae
Rome, Italy
ca. 13-9 B.C.E.marble63 in. high
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Caesar Augustus
• Succession – No male heir– Adopted nephew, Tiberius– Smooth transition of leadership– Stable leadership despite inept
emperors• Tiberius took the title "emperor" and
all successors did the same• Succession was a problem for the
entire time of the empire
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The Roman Empire
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Julio-Claudians
• Emperors who succeeded Caesar for 50 years
• Tiberius (14-37 CE)– Ruled well if somewhat ineffective– Retired due to opposition
• Caligula (37-41 CE)– Insane– Killed by troops
• Claudius (41-54)– Good administrator– Uncomfortable around people (lame and
stuttered)• Nero (54-68 CE)
– Mother killed Claudius for Nero– Nero killed his mother– Seneca and Burrus (advisors, died from
Nero pressure)– Revolt and burning of the city– Committed suicide
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Theater of Pompey, Region IX Circus Flaminius. 55 BCE
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Roman TheaterRoman TheaterRoman TheaterRoman Theater
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Vatican Obelisk, 37 CE
Circus Maximus, 326 BCE
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End of Julio-Claudians
• Four Claimants (69 AD)– Galba, Otho, Vitellius,
Vespasian• All generals• Vespasian defeated
the others and became emperor
• Vespasian founded the Flavian Dynasty
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Flavians
• 69-96 AD• Vespasian, Titus,
Domitian– Reasonably good
administrators– First non-Patrician Caesar
• Suppression of the Jewish revolt– Destruction of Jerusalem– Masada– Timing—70 AD
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Roman Coliseum (70 CE)Roman Coliseum (70 CE)Roman Coliseum (70 CE)Roman Coliseum (70 CE)
"the emperor Vespasian ordered this new amphitheatre to be erected from his general's share of the booty
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Interior of the ColiseumInterior of the ColiseumInterior of the ColiseumInterior of the Coliseum
ArenaArena is Latin for the sand, coating the floor is Latin for the sand, coating the floor that soaks up the blood of the combatants. that soaks up the blood of the combatants.
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Colosseum
Rome, Italy
ca. 70-80 C.E.
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Colosseum
Rome, Italy
ca. 70-80 C.E.
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Spartacus(Kirk Douglas)
Gladiator(Russell Crowe)
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Arch of Titus
Rome, Italy
81 C.E.
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Roman BathRoman Bathin England (60 CE)in England (60 CE)Roman BathRoman Bathin England (60 CE)in England (60 CE)
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Via Appia, 312 BCEVia Appia, 312 BCEVia Appia, 312 BCEVia Appia, 312 BCE
All roads lead to Rome!All roads lead to Rome!
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It has to end somewhere…
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Pont-du-Gard
Nimes, France
ca. 16 B.C.E.
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Pont-du-Gard
Nimes, France
ca. 16 B.C.E.
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Aqueduct in SegoviaAqueduct in SegoviaAqueduct in SegoviaAqueduct in Segovia
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Portrait bust of a Flavian woman
from Rome, Italy
ca. 90 C.E.marble25 in. high
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Atrium of the House of the Vettii, Pompeii, Italy, rebuilt 62–79 ce.
Roman townhouses had a central atrium with an impluvium to collectrainwater. Cubicula (bedrooms) opened onto the atrium, and in Hellenized houses such as this one, builders added a peristyle garden at the rear.
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(1) fauces, (2) atrium, (3) impluvium, (4) cubiculum, (5) ala, (6) tablinum, (7) triclinium, (8) peristyle
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Age of the Adoptive Emperors
• 96-193 AD• The Golden Age of Rome• 5 good and 1 bad emperor
– Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pous, Marcus Aurelius, Commodus
– None were power hungry except Commodus
• Façade of constitutionality• Hadrian separated the civil services
from the army
– Army changed from greater mobility to maintenance
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The Golden Age (100-180AD)
• Life in the Golden Age– Rome was largest city in the
ancient world– Extravagant entertainment– Prosperity through trade
and population expansion
• After the Golden Age– Good and bad emperors
• Unsuited for governance• Many boy emperors
Gla
dia
tor
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Arch of Trajan, Benevento, Italy, ca. 114–118 ce.
Unlike Titus’s arch, Trajan’s has relief panels covering bothfacades,transforming it into a kind of advertising billboard featuring the emperor’s many achievements on and off the battlefield.
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Pantheon
Rome, Italy
ca. 118-125 C.E.
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Pantheon
Rome, Italy
ca. 118-125 C.E.
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The Pantheon PlansThe Pantheon PlansThe Pantheon PlansThe Pantheon Plans
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Pantheon
Rome, Italy
ca. 118-125 C.E.
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Pantheon
Rome, Italy
ca. 118-125 C.E.
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The Pantheon InteriorThe Pantheon InteriorThe Pantheon InteriorThe Pantheon Interior
Painting byPainting by
Giovanni Giovanni Paolo PanniniPaolo Pannini
(18c)(18c)
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Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius
from Rome, Italy
ca. 175 C.E.bronze11 ft. 6 in. high
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Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius
from Rome, Italy
ca. 175 C.E.bronze11 ft. 6 in. high
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Al-Khazneh
Petra, Jordan
2nd century C.E.
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ColumnColumn
OfOf
TrajanTrajan
113 CE113 CE
ColumnColumn
OfOf
TrajanTrajan
113 CE113 CE
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Base Relief Legionnaires Base Relief Legionnaires on Trajan’s Columnon Trajan’s Column
Base Relief Legionnaires Base Relief Legionnaires on Trajan’s Columnon Trajan’s Column
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Portrait Bust of Trajan Decius
Capitolino, Rome
249-251 C.E.marble2 ft. 7 in. high
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Portrait of Carcalla
ca. 211-217 C.E.marble14 in. high
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Asiatic Sarcophagus with kline portrait of a woman
165-170 C.E.marbleapproximately 5 ft. 7 in. high
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Sarcophagus of a Philosopher
270-280 C.E.marble4 ft. 11 in. high
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Third Century Disaster
• Near collapse of the empire– Military-oriented emperors– Threat from consolidated
Germans– 24 emperors and 24
claimants/usurpers• 45 killed by assassination
(usually by their own troops)• 1 died in battle• 1 died in captivity• 1 died of plague
– Name of a Caesar reflects self-importance
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Diocletian
• 284-305 AD• Ruled by decree
– Stabilized the empire– Strong general with army
support– Imposed will on
governmental agencies– Unity
• Worship of emperor as a mark of loyalty
• Persecution of the Christians– About non-participation and
separateness – Not about beliefs
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Diocletian • Divided the empire for better administration
– Tetrarchy (2 Augusti, 2 Caesars)– Diocletian retired, forced Maximiam to retire– Chaos followed
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Portraits of the four tetrarchs
St. Mark’s, Venice
ca. 305 C.E.porphyry51 in. high
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Palace of Diocletian (model)
Split, Croatia
ca. 300 - 305 C.E.
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Constantine
• 306-337 AD• Constantine’s father succeeded
Maximian as Augustus• Succeeded his father as Caesar• Became 1 of 7 claimants for control• Fought wars to decide emperor
– Vision of a burning Christian symbol (chi-rho)
– United the troops and gave them courage that "a god" wanted them to win (most were pagans and accepted the protection of any god)
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Constantine• Constantinople
– Built on Byzantium site
• Acceptance of Christianity– Edict of Milan
• Eliminated religious contention• Supported Christian religions
– St. Helena, churches• Supported pagan religions
– Coins, inscriptions, built temples
– Nicaean council (325 AD)• Sought to unify doctrine• Used imperial troops to suppress
dissent among Christians (Donatists)
• Conversion or unity?
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Portrait of Constantine
from the Basilica Nova, Rome, Italy
ca. 315-330 C.E.marblehead approximately 8 ft. 6 in. high
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Portrait of Constantine
from the Basilica Nova, Rome, Italy
ca. 315-330 C.E.marblehead approximately 8 ft. 6 in. high
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Arch of Constantine
Rome, Italy
ca. 312-315 C.E.
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Arch of Constantine
Rome, Italy
ca. 312-315 C.E.
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Aula Palatina (Basilica)
Trier, Germany
early 4th century C.E.
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Aula Palatina (Basilica)
Trier, Germany
early 4th century C.E.
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Aula Palatina (exterior), Trier, Germany, early fourth century ce.
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Aula Palatina (Basilica)
Trier, Germany
early 4th century C.E.
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Arch of Constantine
Rome, Italy
ca. 312-315 C.E.
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Restored cutaway view of the Basilica Nova, Rome, Italy,ca. 306–312 ce (John Burge).
The lessons learned in the construction of baths and market halls wereapplied to the Basilica Nova, where fenestrated concrete groin vaultsreplaced the clerestory of a traditional stone-and-timber basilica.
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Post-Constantine Period
• Theodocius I– Strongest post-Constantine emperor– Instituted Christianity as state religion– Goths joined army to fight against Huns– Revolt in Thessalonica (7000 killed)
• This was the first confrontation between the church and the state
• Theodocius I forced to beg forgiveness (St. Ambrose)
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Post-Constantine Period
• Ravenna– Rome full of crime, decayed morals– Capital moved to Ravenna
• Persians (Parthians)– Attacked eastern providence– Overran the local Roman
army– Reinforcement moved to
defend the east which weakened the west
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Post-Constantine Period
• Huns– Central base in
Hungary– Warriors feared by
Romans and Germans– Attila—last leader
• Invaded Gaul
– Defeated in 451 AD by a combined army– Moved into Italy and defeated again– Withdrew to Hungary
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Post-Constantine Period
• Barbarians (illiterate and non-urban)– Settled in Roman territory after pressure from
the Huns– Goths split into two groups
• Ostrogoths—eastern Europe• Visigoths—moved to Dacia (Romania)
– Allowed to live on Roman land• Barbarians compatible with Romans• Visigoths revolted after unfair taxing• Theodosius the Great bought off the Visigoths
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Post-Constantine Period
• Theodoric the Great– Chief over the Ostrogoths– Conquered Odoacer and
declared himself king of Rome
• Bothius– Writer who summarized Euclid,
Archimedes, Ptolemy, and Aristotle into Latin
• The Ostrogoths’ reign– Ended shortly after Theodoric’s death
• The eastern part of the empire lasted 1000 years
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Fall of the Roman Empire• West had longer barbarian frontier• Persians civilized and signed treaties• East had money to pay off invaders• Eastern boundaries easier to defend• Constantinople a fortress city
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Barbarian Invasions
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The End of Antiquity
• The fall of the Roman empire traditionally marks the end of the period of Antiquity
• Upcoming time periods– Middle Ages/Renaissance– Byzantine empire– Moslem empire
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“A close study of each of these dead civilizations indicates that they usually started on their road to glory because of fortuitous circumstances exploited by a strong, inspiring leader. The nation then carried on for a period under its own momentum. Finally, creeping vanity led the people to become enamored of their undisputed superiority; they became so impressed with their past achievements that they lost interest in working for further change. Soon their sons, coddled in the use of all the great things their fathers and grandfathers had pioneered, became as helpless as new-born babes when faced with the harsh reality of an aggressive and changing world.”
—Eugene K. Von Fange, Professional Creativity
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UNDERSTANDING THE FORUMInteractive Map Activity
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Tour of the Forum
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The Forum: Ariel View
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Basilica Nova reconstruction drawing
Rome, Italy
306-312 C.E.
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