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Audio / Visual Aids:Audio / Visual Aids:

definition, types,definition, types,principles and its use.principles and its use.

Dr.Pushpa Raj SharmaDr.Pushpa Raj Sharma

Professor of Child HealthProfessor of Child Health

5th Feb. 2009

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Objectives At the end of presentation we will be

able to:

Define learning resources List learning resources

Choose the most appropriate audio /

visual aids.

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Define Learning The process by which relatively permanentchanges occur in behavioral potential as aresult of experience. (Anderson)

The process of acquiring knowledge,attitudes, or skills from study ,instruction,or experience. (Miller &Findlay)

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Define Resources The term, resources, is generallyused to describe funds.

"A source of supply or support;available means" (Websters). 3 M

In medical education it is used forsupports that helps in learning.

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What are learning

resources? The inputs used in the process of

acquiring knowledge, attitudes, or

skills from study ,instruction, orexperience.

They could be classified

as electronic or non electronic.

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LIGHT Links:

Obvious and direct to our talk, discussion ofpresentation. Intellegibility:

Easy to understand and learn from.

General style: Consistent style.

Highlighting: Colour, text, underline

Targeting: Knowledge and skills what students already

have

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What are Audio-visual

aids? The term audio-visual aid refers toanything that is used to help to conveythe message when communicating

audience. The spoken word is the teacher's maincommunication tool.

Its impact and effectiveness can begreatly increased by the use of suitableaudio-visual aids

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When selected and used properly,

how audio-visual aids help ? The interest of the audience can be

maintained if the teacher varies the

mode of presentation. When information is presented tomore than one sense (sight and touch,for example, as well as hearing), more

is taken in and it is betterunderstood and remembered.

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When selected and usedproperly, how audio-visual aids

can help? Processes and concepts that are

difficult to express in words alone

can be explained. Pictures can have a more immediate

impact on our emotions than words.

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One picture is worth of tenthousand words:

Old Chinese Proverb.

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What are the types of AUDIOVISUAL AIDS?

Non electric Books

Handouts

Chalk/marker andboard

Nankeens

Models Flip charts

Electric Over head

projector

Slide projector

Computer with LCD(Liquid CrystalDisplay)

Simulated patient

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Can any one volunteer to usechalk board /marker board?

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Chalkboards: fixed or freestanding easel

Its uses:

setting down the main headings/ concept

of a talk sketching simple drawings and diagrams

noting points raised in questions anddiscussion

no electricity is needed

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Chalkboards/ marker board:

Whiteboard / blackboard

writing is large enough for someone at theback of the audience

before cleaning be sure it is copied headings and phrases are kept short lot of time with back to audience while

writing.

drawing horizontal chalk lines for guidance coloured chalk emphasizes

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Most people believe that apresentation with visual aids is

more persuasive. improve communication effectiveness improve audiences perceptions of

presenter improve speakers confidence

(A Study of the Effects of the Use of Overhead Transparencies on Business Meetings, Wharton Applied Research Center, Wharton School,University of Pennsylvania, 1981;Vogel, Douglas R., Gary W. Dickson, and John A. Lehman, Persuasion and the Role of Visual Presentation Support: The UM/3M Study,1986) Support:1986) ),

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OVERHEAD

PROJECTOR

Weallhave

useditandle

t

ususeitand

see:

-howitdiffers

-howeffective

itis.

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Overhead Projector

Face to face contact with audience Projector located in front of room and

near speaker for easy access Can be used to focus audience's attention Effective in a fully-lighted room; audience

can follow handouts or take notes

Ability to modify transparencies duringpresentations

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Sequence of material can be modifiedduring presentation

Unframed transparencies easy to store

and transport; easily fit in file folder Overlays can be used to simplify complexinformation into layers

Short lead time (minutes) for preparation

of transparencies Low cost of transparency material

Overhead Projector

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Disadvantages of OverheadProjectors

Continuous tone color transparencies are costly Overhead projector is bulkyand heavyto

transport

Framed transparencies are bulkyand difficult tostore Pages from books cannot be used effectively

without modification since text will usually be toosmall for audience to read.

Overhead projection is perceived as being "lessprofessional" than slides in a formal setting.

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Presentation Techniquesfor Overhead Projectors

Design it on a computer and print out? Colour (avoid yellow, orange and red).

Use ON - OFF switch to focus attention ONto focus attention on visual OFFto focus attention on speaker

Turn the projector off when you're not

using it for extended periods of time toreduce distraction for audience.

P h

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o Use projector stage like a chalkboard Acetate sheet or roll

Water soluble transparency pen

o Notes for presentation can be: Projected with presentation

Added in conjunction with presentation

Revealed one point at a time

o Points in group discussions can be: Listed to verify communication

Used to focus further discussion

Presentation Techniquesfor Overhead Projectors

P h

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Pointing for emphasis Concentrate attention on message being covered Use opaque shapes like pens, coins, arrows, etc.

Highlighting

Use pen of different color from original. (Be sure to usewater-soluble pen if you need to re-use the originaltransparency.)

Use underline, circle, arrow, check, bullet, star, etc. asemphasis codes for your audience

Progressive disclosure with opaque cover Reveal topics one point at a time Direct attention to point being covered Prevent distraction

Presentation Techniquesfor Overhead Projectors

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Preparing transparencies The rule of six: Six lines per transparencies

Six words per line Six mm smallest letter size

Six cm (3+3 on each side) margin

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Overhead ProjectionSurvival Kit

Extension Cord

Plug Adapter Spare Bulb

Transparency Pen

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Overhead Chalk board Costly Movable Transparencies

prepared before Clean Needs electricity

Face audiencealways

Cheap Fixed Written during

class Dusty Only day light

Back facing duringwriting

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The wonder of PowerPoint

Presentation PowerPoint is not synonymous withpresenting or teaching, with visualaids or even with a computerprojector. An effective presentermust be familiar with, as Aristotleput it 2500 years ago, all the

available means of persuasion. (Rhetoric, 1355b, 25)

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0060&query=section%3D%234&loc=1355bhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0060&query=section%3D%234&loc=1355bhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0060&query=section%3D%234&loc=1355b

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Things you can do with a

computer projector. Demonstration.

Discussion or analysis

Animation or reference source. Quotation for discussion.

You can project a white board thatallows for more free formdiscussion.

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PowerPoint, however, has

notable weaknesses. It's too easy to create slides. It wastes time.

It takes too much control away fromthe presenter.

It makes for ugly presentations.

It does not lend itself tospontaneous discussions

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PowerPoint, however, has

notable weaknesses. It too easily becomes a replacement for

the presenter, not a reinforcement. Presenters rely too much on the slides for

structure. Presenters fail to establish the

connections necessary to make theirmessage memorable.

Presenters fail to establish ethos, theirmost powerful appeal.

Wh d d t di

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Why do we need to use audio-

visual aids in your lesson?

a. To maintain a high level of interest inthe lesson

b. To get students to use the knowledge atthe beginning stages

c. To promote greater studentparticipation

d. They can be used at all levels of learning

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Points to be considered Quality of material to be used. Appropriateness to the subject.

Group to whom it is to be used. Availability of material

Availability of facilities for its use.

Manner in which it is to be used.

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Audio & Video

Equipment: Load all speakers presentations ontohard drive of one computer

Have a back-up disk or CD-ROM of allpresentations.

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Layout and Design: View your presentation on your computerscreen from a distance of 10 feet. If youare having trouble reading your monitor,

the effect will be the same whenprojected. Text placement should be consistent Make sure there is good contrast between

the text and background

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Backgrounds: Stick with a single and simplebackground. Too many "busy" items

distracts from the content.

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Colours: Select colours that are easy on theeye for several minutes of viewing

Keep intense colours to a minimum

These are the actual

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These are the actualText Size:

Projected text should be largeenough to be read by all viewers(even the people in the back of

the room). Headline text: 36-44 Sub text: 34-36

Second level text: 24-28

24 point is a minimum for mostsituations.

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Remember, as text size decreases, it

becomes more difficult to read For individual playback, text size can

be reduced to no smaller than 12-14points

Try to keep sub text to 7 lines

Text Size:

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Font Style: Select simple bold styles Select a standard system font. This helps

ensure visual consistency when the

presentation is displayed from a differentcomputer than the one it was created on.

ALL CAPITALIZED LETTERS ARE

DIFFICULT TO READ AND SHOULD BE

AVOIDED.

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Images: DO use images to supplement yourmessage

DO use images to emphasize yourpoint DO NOT use an image as a space

filler

DO NOT use redundant images

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Animation: Animation can help focus the viewersattention. But it should be kept

simple and used sparingly.

Keep it in the same folder

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Additional Presenter

Tips: Arrive early Check out the equipment, lights, and set-

up

Get oriented to rooms, lighting, and A/V

Brush up on giving your presentation

Give yourself time to feel prepared andconfident

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Let us see another real

audiovisual aid You can prepare it but you need TO DEVELOP INTEREST

TAKE TRAINING TO PREPARE IT HAVE TIME TO DEVELOP IT

HAVE EQUIPMENTS TO USE IT

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Proficiency in using audio-visual aids cannot belearned from a book;it comes only with

practice.

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Types and uses of teaching materials

Boards, flip charts Small groups, problem based

learning tutorials, workshops

Lecture notes Small and large groups; help toimprove interactivity

Overhead projector Small and large groups,workshops, and interactive sessions

35 mm slides and PowerPoint Generally largegroups and lecture formats

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Types and uses of teaching materials

VideosGood for clinical teaching inlarger groups (use film of patients);also for teaching communication skillsand practical skills (students can keep

films for self appraisal)

Life and plastic modelsAnatomyteaching in small groups or for self

directed learning

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Types and uses of teaching materials

Computer assisted learning packagesSmall groups with a tutor; large

groups in computer laboratories; selfdirected learning

Skills centres and simulatorsSmall

groups learning clinical skills

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The final points: Selectthe aids most in accordancewith your objective.

Use

the aids to reinforce yourmessage. Make surethat the audience will be

able to see and hear clearly

Practiceusing the aids beforehand

Suggested further reading

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Suggested further reading

Farrow R. ABC of learning and teaching inmedicine, Creating teaching materials. BMJ.2003;326:921-923.

Cannon R, Newble D. A handbook for teachers inuniversities and colleges. London: Kogan.

NewbleDI, Cannon R. A handbook for medicalteachers. Dordrecht, Netharlands: KluwerAcademic.

Kemp JE, Dayton DK. Planning and producinginstructional media. New York: Harper and Row.

Hartley J. Designing instructional text. Londan:Kogan.

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What we can do with

easy electronics? Carry a digital camera (do not needhigh pixel)

Download with history Make a file of different system. Learn one movie maker program.

Use it and refine it. Learning by doing.

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ThisThis

presentation is freelypresentation is freelyavailable onavailable on

prsharma.com.npprsharma.com.np