ICAER-2013

,

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IV th International Conference on

Advances in Energy Research,IIT, Mumbai , December 10-12 , 2013

“Power Output Maximization of Partially Shaded 4*4 PV field by Altering its Topology ”

Name of the Authors

Smita Pareek &

Dr.(Mrs.) Ratna Dahiya(NIT Kurukshetra)

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CONTENTS• Introduction

• Modeling OF PV Module

• Modeling Of PV Array & Interconnection Schemes

• Simulation of Interconnection Schemes

• Results & Observations

• Conclusion & Future Works

REFERENCES

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INTRODUCTION Energy received from the sun

that sustains life on earth.

Now possible to harness solar energy.

Advancements in Technology

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……………continued

Present and Future Scenario of Solar Energy

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Advantages of Solar Energy

• The cost of the technology is decreasing almost every few months and the efficiency is improving.

• Free of Cost.• Need not to pay any utility bills. • No limitation to the availability• Rebates and incentives by Government• Sell the additional electricity generated .• No transmission cost. • Need not bother by power failures in the grid• Static Structure• Longer Life• On-site green power production• Silent & low maintenance.

Disadvantages of Solar Energy

• Initial cost of the installation and equipment is high.• Need space for installing solar panels

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Ways of producing power out of Solar EnergyPhotovolatic route

(Converts light in solar energy into Electricity)

Thermal route

(Using heat for Generation of Electricity)

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Working Principle

Absorption of Solar Radiation.

Generation & Transport of free carriers at the p–n junction.

Collection of these electric charges at the terminals.

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Photovoltaic System

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Modeling of PV Cell / Module / ArrayModel Electrical Scheme Number of

ParametersIdeal model (3)

Iph , Io and a

One-diodemodel

(5)

Ipv , Io , Rs , Rsh , and a

Two-diodemodel

(7)Iph , Io1 , Io2, Rs , Rsh , and a

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MODELING OF PV CELL

Equivalent Circuit

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……..continued

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……..continued

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……..continued

I-V And P-V Characteristic Curves Of A PV Array Under Uniform Solar Irradiation

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I-V & P-V CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF SIMULATED SINGLE MODULE

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CHARACTERISTICS COMPARISON OF

SIMULATED MODULE & KC200 GT MODULE

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Modeling Of PV Array&

Interconnection Schemes

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Different Array Interconnection

Traditional Series-Parallel Interconnection Scheme

Modules are connected in series to form strings and then theses strings are connected in parallel

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P-V and I-V characteristics of two Module in series with same Insolation (1000 & 1000 )

Module 1 Module 2 Series Combination

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P-V and I-V characteristics of three Module in series with same Insolation (1000 )

Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Series Combination

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I-V characteristics of single, two and three Module in parallel

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Partial Shading

Partial Shading?

Condition under which different modules in the array experience different irradiance levels due to shading

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• These days’ solar PV arrays are being assimilated on the rooftop of a building. Therefore PV array are often under partial shadow .

• These shadows can be either easy-to-predict (like neighbor’s chimney, nearby tree or neighboring buildings etc.) or difficult-to-predict (passing clouds, birds litter etc.).

• These shadows decrease the output power obtained by PV arrays in a considerable manner .

• This makes the study of partial shading of modules a key issue.

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P-V and I-V characteristics of two Module in series with different Insolation (1000 & 200 W/m2 )

Module 1 Module 2 Series Combination

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P-V and I-V characteristics of three Module in series with different Insolation (1000 ,500 & 200 W/m2 )

Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Series Combination

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TOTAL CROSS TIED

Modules are first connected in parallel and then these parallel connections are connected in series.

BRIDGE LINKED

Some of the connection of TCT connection are removed

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TCT reduces mismatch losses from partial shading significantly when compared to SP

Partial shading affects the modules’ short circuit currents thus affecting the modules’ output currents at their MPPs.

This leads to a lack of coherence between modules’ MPPs and array’s MPP.

In case of SP, this issue is more severe than that in case of TCT.

The reason is that SP has more number of series strings than TCT. Also, TCT interconnection reduces the possibility of turning ON bypass diodes, thus reducing the corresponding losses[4].

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4* 4 PV Field with SP Interconnection Scheme

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4* 4 PV Field with TCT Interconnection Scheme

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4* 4 PV Field with BL Interconnection Scheme

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RESULTS&

OBSERVATIONS

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The shadow is assumed to be moving shadow and two cases are considered as explained below:-

CASE I: The moving shadow is assumed to be progress on the horizontal modules (from left to right) of last row as shown by column 1, 5, 6 & 7 of Table1.

CASE II: The moving shadow is assumed to be progress on the vertical modules (from top to bottom) of first column as shown by column 1, 2, 3 & 4 of Table1.

Assumption: It is assumed that modules which are shaded are receiving Insolation equalto 200 W/m2 and non shaded modulesare receiving Insolation equal to 1000 W/m2.

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PV & IV Characteristics of Interconnection Schemes for shading pattern as Shown by column 6 of Table I.

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PV & IV Characteristics of Interconnection Schemes for shading pattern as Shown by column 3 of Table I.

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CONCLUSION

Series-Parallel (SP) interconnection produces maximum power as compared to Total-Cross-Tied (TCT) interconnection when shadow is predicted to be progress on last row of horizon-tal modules.

TCT interconnection produces maximum power as comparedto SP interconnections when shadow is predicted to beprogress on leftmost column of vertical modules.

Thus maximum power can be availed by choosing interconnection scheme according to the shading pattern, thus increasing the generated output power of arrays.

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REFERENCES[1]Ali Bidram, Student Member, IEEE, Ali Davoudi, Member, IEEE, and Robert S. Balog, Senior Mem-

ber, IEEE “Control and Circuit Techniques to Mitigate Partial Shading Effects in Photovoltaic Ar-rays” IEEE Journal of Photovolatics,, Vol. 2, No. 4, October 2012,pp 532-547

[2]Luiz Fernando Lavado Villa, Damien Picault, Bertrand Raison, Member, IEEE, Seddik Bacha, Mem-ber, IEEE, and Antoine Labonne ,” Maximizing the Power Output of Partially Shaded Photovoltaic Plants Through Optimization of the Interconnections Among Its Modules ”, IEEE Journal Of Pho-tovolatics, VOL. 2, NO. 2, APRIL 2012, pp154-164

[3] Marcelo Gradella Villalva, J. R. Gazoli, and Ernesto Ruppert Filho “Comprehensive Approach to Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Arrays” IEEE Transactions on power electronics, Vol. 24, No. 5, May 2009 pp 1198-1208

[4] M. Z. Shams El-Dein, Student Member, IEEE, Mehrdad Kazerani, Senior Member, IEEE, and M. M. A. Salama, Fellow, IEEE An Optimal Total Cross Tied Interconnection for Reducing Mismatch Losses in Photovoltaic Arrays” “ IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy , Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2013, pp 99-107

[5] H. Patel & V.Agarwal, Senior Member, IEEE “MATLAB-Based Modeling to Study the Effects of Partial Shading on PV Array Characteristics” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 23, No. 1, March 2008 pp 302-310

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[6] Yuncong Jiang, Student Member, IEEE, Jaber A. Abu Qahouq, Senior Member, IEEE and Mohamed Orabi, Senior Member, IEEE “Matlab/Pspice Hybrid Simulation Modeling of Solar PV Cell/Module” 2011 IEEE pp 1244-1251

[7] Jan T. Bialasiewicz, Senior Member, IEEE,” Renewable Energy Systems with Photovoltaic Power Generators: Operation and Modeling”, IEEE Transactions onIndustrial Electronics, Vol. 55, No. 7, July 2008, pg 2752-2758

[8] M.Arun Bhaskar, B.Vidya, R.Madhumitha, S.Priyadharcini, K. Jayanthi, G.R.Malarkodi” A Simple PV Array modeling Using MATLAB” 2011 IEEE pp 122-127.

[9] K. Ishaque, Z. Salam, H. Taheri, Accurate MATLAB Simulink PV System Simulator Based on a Two-Diode Model, Journal of Power Electronics, 11 (2011)

[10] Y.-H. Ji, J.-G. Kim, S.-H. Park, J.-H. Kim, and C.-Y. Won, “C-language based PV array simulation technique considering effects of partial shading,” in Industrial Technology, 2009. ICIT 2009. IEEE International Conference on, feb. 2009, pp. 1 –6.

[11] E. Karatepe, M. Boztepe, and M. Colak, “Development of a suitable model for characterizing photovoltaic arrays with shaded solar cells,” Sol.Energy, vol. 81, no. 8, pp. 977–992, Aug. 2007.

[12] K. Ishaque, Z. Salam, H. Taheri, Syafaruddin, Modeling and simulationof photovoltaic (PV) system during partial shading based on a two-diode model, Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 19 (2011) 1613-1626.

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THANK YOU