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Appendix AABBREVIATIONS OFORGANIZATIONS ANDSTANDARDS RELATEDTO THE INTERNATIONALVALVE INDUSTRY

Abbreviation N am e of Organ izationAC I Alloy Casting InstituteAFNOR Association Francaise de Norm alisation (France)AIChE Am erican Institute of Chem ical EngineersAISI Am erican Iron and Steel InstituteAN SI Am erican National Standards InstituteAPI Am erican Petroleum InstituteASM Am erican Society of MetalsASM E Am erican Society of Mechanical EngineersASTM American Society for Testing and MaterialsAWS Am erican Welding SocietyBSI British Standards InstituteCGA Com pressed Gas AssociationCSA Canadian Standards AssociationDIN Deutsches Institut fur Normung (Germany)EPA Environmental Protection AgencyFDA Food and Drug Adm inistrationHSE Health and Safety ExecutiveISA Instrument Association of America

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ISO International Standards OrganizationJIS Japan Industrial StandardMSS Manufacturers Standardization SocietyNA CE National Association of Corrosion EngineersNFPA National Fire Prevention AssociationOCM A Oil Com panies Materials AssociationPFI Pipe Fabrication InstitutePIMA Paper Industry Management AssociationPLCA Pipe Line Contractors AssociationSAE Society of Automotive EngineersSPE Society of Petroleum Eng ineersTEM A Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationVM A Valve Manufacturers Association

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Appendix BPROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

This section contains the following:Figure B-I. Compressibility factor Z for P1. = 0 to 0.5.Figure B-2. Com pressibility factor Z for P r = 0 to 10.Figure B-3. Compressibility factor Z for P r = 0 to 40.Table B-I. Physical constants of gases and vapors.

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COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR AT LOW PRESSU

Pn REDUCEDPRESSURE

Figure B-I. Compressibility factor, Z, at lowpressures

Reprinted by permission of the copyright holder, E.F. Obert,University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.

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COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR, Z

Reduced pressure, prReduced Temperature,Pseudo Reduced Volume

Reprinted by permission oUniversity of Wisconsin. M

Pp REDUCED PRESSUREFigure B-2. Compressibility factor, Z, (or P r =

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Reprinted by permission of tfie copyrightholder, E.F. Obert, UniversityofWisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

pc = critical pressure, psia

Tc = critical temperature, 0R

R = Universal gas constant

Reduced pressure, pr

Reduced temperature,

Pseudo Reduced Volume,

REDUCED PRESSURE. Pr

Figure B-3. Compressibility Factor, Z1 for P

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Table B - IPhysical Constants of GaseslsentroCoeffik f o r

r- QT

RIndividualG as constantMM olecularMass

= 273= 492Rft.lbfkg.Kkg Ibkmol lbmolas1.231.401.311.65

59.2453.3590.7138.68

318.82287.09488.15208.15

26.07828.9617.03239.994

C2H2NH3Ar

AcetyleneAirAmmoniaArgon

19.7826.5826.5827.54

106.44143.04143.04148.18

78.10858.12458.12456.108

C6H6C4H10C4H10C4H8

BenzolButane-nButan-iButylene

1.301.401.34

35.1020.2955.1625.7221.7929.69

188.91109.19296.82138.39117.24159.77

44.01176.14228.01160.07770.91452.038

CO2CS2COCOSCl2C2N2

Carbon dioxideCarbon disulfideCarbon monoxideCarbon oxysulfideChlorineCyanogen

1.201.2551.3855.07276.49296.3630.07028.054C2H6C2H4EthaneEthylene

1.631.411.391.33

385.95766.3642.3757.1645.33

2076.964124.11228.01307.63243.94

4.0032.016

36.46527.02734.082

HeH2HCl

HCNH2S

HeliumHydrogenHydrogen chlorideHydrogen cyonideHydrogen sulflde

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Table B - I . (continued)Physical constants of GaseslsentroCoeffick f o r

T QTl

RIndividualGas constantMM olecularMass

= 273K= 492RJ ft.lbfkg.K Ib. Rkg Ibkmol lbmolas1.3118.24 96.30

164.66 30.6016.03450.491

CH4CH3Cl

MethaneMethyl chloride

1.641.391.401.28

411.94 76.55277.06 51.48296.76 55.15188.89 35.10

20.18330.00828.01644.016

NeNON2N2O

NeonNitric oxideNitrogenNitrous oxide

.4059.82 48.282.0002xygen

.2825.77 24.114.066O2ulfur dioxide188.54 35.04197.56 36.71

44.09742.081

C3H8C3H6PropanePropylene

0.24 16.772.1347H8oluene.33*61.48 85.758.0162Oater vapor

78.32 14.5506.168H10ylene*atl00C.Source: V D Blatt4, Entwurf, Jan. 1970, Berechnungsgrundlagenfiir die Durchflussmessung mBy Courtesy ofVDI /VDE Gesellschaft fur Mess-und Regelungstechnik.

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Appendix CSTANDARDSPERTA INING TO VALVES

This chapter lists common USA and British standards pertaining tovalves, as published in the standard indexes of the various standard organ-izations for 2003. Because new standards are continually issued and oldstandards revised or withdrawn, the validity of these standards should beverified prior to application.

STANDARD ORGANIZATIONSANSI Am erican National Standards Institute1819 L S treet, N.W.

New York, New York 10018Telephone: +1-202-293 -8 020, Fax: +1-202-29 3-9 28 7email: info@asme.org, website: www.asme.orgAPI Am erican Petroleum Institute1220 L Street, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20005-4070Telephone: +1-202-682-8 000, Fax: +1-202-68 2-8408email: info@api.org, website: www.api.orgASM E The Am erican Society of Mechanical EngineersThree Park AvenueNew York, New York 10016-599 0Telephone: +1-973-882-1167email: infocentral@asme.org, website: www.asme.org

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ASTM ASTM International100 Barr Harbour DriveWest Conhohcken, PA 19428-2959Telephone: +1-610-8 32-9 58 5, Fax: +1-610-832-9 555email: info@astm.org, website: www.astm.orgAWWA Am erican Water Works Association6666 West Quincy AvenueDenver, CO 80235Telephone: +1-303-79 4-77 11, Fax: +1-303-347 -08 04email: info@ awwa.org, w ebsite: www.awwa.org

MSS Manufacturers Standardization Society127 Park Street N .E.Vienna, VA 2218 0-4602Telephone: +1-703-281-6613, Fax: +1+703-281-6671email: info@ mss-hq.com, website: www .mss.hq.comAFNOR Association Francaise de Norm alisation11, avenue Francis de PressenseFR-9 357 1 Saint Denis Ia Plaine CedexFranceTelephone: +33 -1-41-62-8 0-00, Fax: +33 -1-49 -17 -90-00em ail: uari@afnor.fr, w ebsite: www.afnor.frBSI British Standards Institute38 9 Chiswick High RoadLondon W4 4ALUnited KingdomTelephone: +44-(0)208 -99 6-9000, Fax: +44-(0)208-9 9 6-7001email: info@bsi-global.com, website: www.bsi-co.ukDIN Deutsches Institut fur Normung eVBurggrafenstrasse 61078 7 BerlinGermanyTelephone: +49-30-2601-0, Fax: +49-30-2601-1260email: postmaster@din.de, website: www.din.de

STANDARDS PERTAINING TO VALVE ENDSAND GENERAL VALVE STANDARDSMSS SP-6 Standard finishes for contact faces of pipe flangesand connecting-end flanges of valves and fittings.

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MSS SP-9 Spot facing for bronze, iron, and steel flanges.MSS SP-44 Steel pipeline flanges.MSS SP-51 Class 150 LW corrosion-resistant cast flanges andflanged fittings.MSS SP-65 High-pressure chem ical industry flanges and threadedstubs for use w ith lens gaskets.MSS SP-9 1 Guidelines for manual operation of valves.MSS SP-92 MSS valve user guide.MSS SP-9 6 Guidelines on terminology for valves and fittings.MSS SP-98 Protective coatings for the interior of valves, hydrants,and fittings.MSS SP-99 Instrument valves.MSS SP 120 Flexible graphite packing systems for rising stem steelvalves.API Spec 6A W ellhead and Christmas tree equipm ent.API Std 605 Large diameter carbon steel flanges.ASM E B1.20.1 Pipe threads, general purpose (inch).

ASM E B1.20.3 Dryseal pipe threads (inch).ASME B16.1 Cast iron pipe flanges and flanged fittings.ASME B 16.5 Pipe flanges and flanged fittings.ASME B 16.20 M etallic gaskets for pipe flanges.ASME B 16.21 Non-metallic flat gaskets for pipe flanges.ASME B 16.24 Cast copper pipe flanges and flanged fittings.ASME B 16.25 Butt-welding ends.ASME/AWW A Flanges for water-works service, 4 in. through 144 in.C207-78 steel.ASME/AWWA Joints, grooved and shouldered type.C606-78B S 21 Pipe threads for tubes and fittings where pressure-tightjoints are made on the threads (metric dimensions).BS 1560 Steel pipe flanges and flanged fittings (nominal sizes

^ in. to 24 in.) for the petroleum industry.Part 2 (19 7 0), metric dim ensions.BS 329 3 Carbon steel flanges (over 24 in. nominal size) for thepetroleum industry.BS 4504 Flanges and bolting for pipes, valves, and fittings,metric series.Part 1 (1969), ferrous.Part 2 (1974), copper alloy and composite flanges.

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STANDARDS PERTAINING TO GLOBE VALVESMSS SP-42 Class 150 corrosion-resistant gate, globe, angle, and

check valves with flanged and butt-weld ends.MSS SP-61 Pressure testing of steel valves.MSS SP-8 0 Bronze gate, globe, angle, and check valves.MSS SP-85 Gray iron globe and angle valves, flanged and threadedends.MSS SP-117 Bellows seals for globe and gate valves.MSS SP-118 Com pact steel globe and check valves flanged,flangeless, threaded and welding ends.API RP 6FA Fire test for valves.ASME B16.10 Face-to face and end-to-end dimension of ferrousvalves.ASME B 16.34 Steel valves, flanged and butt-welding end.BS 18 73 Steel globe valves and stop and check valves(flanged and butt-welding ends), for the petroleum,petrochemical, and allied industries.BS 5352 Cast and forged steel wedge gate, globe, check, andplug valves, screwed and socket welding, sizes 50 mmand smaller, for the petroleum, petrochemical,and allied industries.BS 5152 Cast iron globe and globe stop and check valves, forgeneral purposes.

BS 5154 Copper alloy globe, globe stop and check, check, andgate valves (including parallel slide type), for generalpurposes.BS 5160 Specification for flanged steel globe valves, globestop and check valves, and lift-type check valves forgeneral pu rposes.

STANDARDS PERTAINING TO PARALLELA N D W EDGE GATE VALVESMSS SP-42 Class 150 corrosion-resistant gate, globe, angle, andcheck valves with flanged and butt-weld ends.MSS SP-45 Bypass and drain connection standard.MSS SP-61 Pressure testing of valves.MSS SP-7 0 Cast iron gate valves, flanged and threaded ends.

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MSS SP-8 0 Bronze gate, globe, angle, and check valves.MSS SP-8 1 Stainless steel, bonnetless, flanged, wafer, knife gatevalves.MSS SP-117 Bellows seals for globe and gate valves.API Spec 6D Specification for pipeline valves , end closures,connectors and swivels.API RP 6FA Fire test for valves.API Std 59 5 Cast iron gate valves, flanged ends.API Std 59 7 Steel venturi gate valves , flanged or butt-weldingends.API Std 59 8 Valve inspection and test.API Std 600 Bolted bonnet steel gate valves for petroleum andnatural gas industries.API Std 602 Com pact carbon steel gate valves.API Std 603 Corrosion-resistant, bolted bonnet gate valvesflanged and butt-welding ends.ASME B16.10 Face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions of ferrous

valves.ASME B 16.34 Steel valves, flanged and butt-welding end.BS 1414 Steel wedge gate valves (flanged and butt-weldingends) for the petroleum, petrochemical and alliedindustries.BS 5150 Cast iron wedge and double-disc gate valves, forgeneral purposes.BS 5154 Copper alloy globe, globe stop and check, check,and gate valves (including parallel slide type), forgeneral purposes.BS 5163 Double-flanged cast iron wedge gate valves for waterworks purposes.BS 5352 Cast and forged steel wedge gate, globe, check, andplug valves, screwed and socket welding, sizes

50 mm and smaller, for the petroleum,petrochemical, and allied industries.

STANDARDS PERTAINING TO PLUG VALVESMSS SP-61 Pressure testing of steel valves.MSS SP-7 8 Cast iron plug valves, flanged and threaded ends.

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MSS SP-108 Resilient-seated cast iron-eccentric plug valves.API Spec 6A Wellhead and Christmas tree equipment.API Spec 6D Pipeline valves (gate, plug, ball, and check valves).API RP 6FA Fire test for valves.API Std 599 Metal plug valve flanged and welding ends.ASME B16.10 Face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions of ferrousvalves.ASME B 16.34 Steel valves, flanged and butt-welding end.BS 5158 Cast iron and cast steel plug valves for generalpurposes.BS 5353 Specification for plug valves.STANDARDS PERTAINING TO BALL VALVES

MSS SP-61 Pressure testing of steel valves.MSS SP-68 High pressure butterfly valves with offset design.MSS SP-7 2 Ball valves with flanged or butt-welding ends forgeneral service.MSS SP-110 Ball valves threaded, socket-welding, solder join t,grooved and flared ends .MSS SP-122 Plastic industrial ball valves .API Spec 6D Pipeline valves (gate, plug, ball, and check valves).API Std 59 8 Valve inspection and test.API Std 607 Fire test for soft-seated quarter-turn valves.

ASME B16.10 Face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions of ferrousvalves.ASME B 16.34 Steel valves, flanged and butt-welding end.BS 5159 Cast iron carbon steel ball valves for general purposes.BS 5351 Steel ball valves for the petroleum, petrochem ical,and allied industries.

STANDARDS PERTAINING TOBUTTERFLYVALVESMSS SP-67 Butterfly valves.API Std 59 8 Valve inspection and test.API Std 609 Butterfly valves , "double flanged" lug-type andwafer-type.ANSI/AWWA Rubber-seated butterfly valves.C504-80

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BS 18 7 3 Steel globe and glove stop and check valves (flangedand butt-welding ends) for the petroleum,petrochemical, and allied industries.BS 5152 Cast iron globe and globe stop and check valves forgeneral purposes.BS 5154 Copper alloy globe, globe stop and check, check, andgate valves.BS 5160 Specification for flanged steel globe valves, globestop and check valves, and lift-type check valves forgeneral purposes.BS 5352 Cast and forged steel wedge gate, globe, check, andplug valves, screwed and socket-welding, sizes50 mm and smaller, for the petroleum,petrochemical, and allied industries.

STANDARDS PERTAINING TO PRESSUREVALVES

API RP 520 Recom mended practice for the design andinstallation of pressure relieving systems inrefineries.Part I (197 6) DesignPart-II (19 7 3) Installation.API RP 521 Guide for pressure relief and depressurizing systems.ASM E/API 526 Flanged-steel safety relief valves .A SM E/A PI5 27 Com mercial seat tightness of safety relief valves

with metal-to-metal seats.BS 67 59 Safety valves.Part 1 Safety valves for steam and hot water.Part 2 Safety valves for com pressed air or inert gases.Part 3 Safety valves for process fluids.ISO 4126 Safety valves.

STANDARDS FOR THE INSPECTION ANDTESTING OF VALVESMSS SP-25 Standard marking system for valves , fittings, flanges,and unions.

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MSS SP-53 Quality standard for steel castings and forgings forvalves, flanges and fittings, and other pipingcomponents magnetic particle examinationmethod.MSS SP-54 Quality standard for steel castings for valves, flangesand fittings, and other pipingcomponents radiographic examination method.MSS SP-55 Quality standard for steel castings for valves, flangesand fittings, and other piping com ponents visualmethod for evaluation of surface irregularities.

MSS SP-61 Pressure testing of steel valves.MSS SP-8 2 Valve-pressure testing methods.MSS SP-9 3 Quality standard for steel castings for valves, flangesand fittings, and other piping com ponents liquidpenetrant examination method.MSS SP-9 4 Quality standard for steel castings and forgings forvalves, flanges and fittings, and other pipingcomponents ultrasonic examination method.MSS SP-111 Quality standard for evaluation of cast steel surfacefinishes visual and tactile method .MSS SP-121 Qualification testing methods for stem packing forrising stem valves.API Spec. 6FA Fire test for valves.API Spec. 6FC Fire test for valves with automatic backseats.

API Std. 607 Fire test for soft-seated quarter turn valves.ASME/API 527 Com mercial seat tightness of safety relief valveswith metal-to-metal seats.API Std 59 8 Valve inspection and test.BS 67 55-1 Testing of valves ; Part 1: Specification forproduction pressure testing requirements.

BS 67 55-2 Testing of valves; Part 2: Specification for fire typetesting requirements.

MISCELLANEOUS STANDARDS PERTAININGTO VALVESBS 437 1 Fibrous gland packings.

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STANDARDS PERTAINING TO RUPTUREDISCSASME Code, Section VIII, Division, 1, UG 125 through 136BS 29 15 Bursting discs and bursting-disc devices.ISO 67 18 Bursting discs and bursting-disc devices.ANSI/NFPA 68 Explosion venting.VD I 367 3 Pressure release of dust explosions.

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Appendix DINTERNATIONALSYSTEM OF UN ITS (S I)

SI UNITSThe international system of units is based upon:1. Seven base units (Table D-I)2. Two supplementary units (Table D-2)3. Derived units.The derived units may be divided into three groups:1. Units which are expressed in terms of base and supplementary units(Table D-3)2. Units which have been given special names and symbols (Table D-4)3. Units which are expressed in terms of other derived units (Table D-5).Decimal m ultiples and sub-multiples may be formed by adding prefixesto the SI units (Table D-6).

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SI UNITS CONVERSION FACTORSTable D-7 gives the conversion factors for Imperial, metric, and SI units.

Table D-IBase Units of SIlength meter mmass kilogram kgtime second selectric current am pere Atemperature kelvin Kluminous intensity candela cdamoun t of substance mole mol

Table D-2Sup p lementary Units of SIplane angle radian radsolid angle steradian sr

Table D-3Some Derived Units Expressed in Terms of Base andSupplementary Unitsacceleration meter per second squared m /s2angular acceleration radian per second squared rad /s2area square meter m 2coefficient of linear expansion 1 per kelv in 1/kdensity kilogram per cubic meter kg /m 3kinematic viscosity square meter per second m 2/smass flow rate kilogram per second kg/smolar mass kilogram per mole kg/molspecific volum e cubic meter per kilogram m 3 /kgvelocity meter per second m/svolume cubic meter m 3

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Table D-4Some Derived Units Having Special Namesforce newton IN = 1 kgm/s2Npressure pascal IPa = lN /m 2 = 1 kg m-sstress Paenergy joule IJ = lNm = Ikgm 2/s2work Jquantity of heatradiant energypower watt IW = 1 J/s = lkg m 2s3radian t flux Wpotential difference volt IV = 1 W/A = 1 kgm2/As3electromotive force Velectric potential

Table D-5Some Derived Units Expressed in Terms of OtherDerived Unitsdynam ic viscosity Pas = kg/msentropy J/K =k g m 2s2Kheat capacity J/K = kgm 2/s2Kheat flux density W /m 2 = kg/s3molar energy J/mol = kg -m 2/s2-molmolar entropy J/mol-K = kgm2/K molmolar heat capacity J/mol-K = kgm 2/s2Kmolmom ent of force N-m = kgm 2/s2radiant intensity W /sr = kg m 2/s3srspecific energy J/kg = m 2 / s 2specific entropy J/kgK = m 2s 2-Kspecific hea t capacity J/kgK = m 2/s 2Kspecific latent hea t J/kg = m 2 /s 2surface tension N/m = kg /s2torque Nm = kgm 2/s 2

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Table D-6Some SI Prefixes109 giga G106 mega M103 kilo k102 hecto h10 deka da101 deci d102 centi c103 milli m106 micro |x109 nano n

Table 0-7Imperial , M etric, and SI Units C onversion Factors Lengthmm cm in. ft yd m km mile

*1 *0.1 0 .0393701 3 .28 08 xl 0- 3 1 . 0 9 3 6 x l 0 ~ 3 * 1 0 ~ 3

*10 *1 0.39 37 01 0.032808 0.010936 *0.01*2 5.4 *2.54 *1 0.083 333 0.0277 78 *0.0254*304.8 *30.48 *12 *1 0.333333 *0.3048 *3 .0 4 8 xl 0~ 4 1 . 8 9 4x lO ~4*914.4 *91.44 *36 *3 *1 *0.9144 *9 .14 4x lO ~ 4 5 . 6 8 2 x l O ~4*1000 *100 39 .3701 3.2808 4 1.09361 *1 *10~ 3 6 . 214x lO ~ 4

*106

*100000 39 37 0.1 328 0.84 1093.61 *1000 *1 0.62137 11 . 609 34x l06 160934 *63360 *5280 *1760 1609.34 1.60934 *11 thou = *0.0 254 mm.1A (angstrom) = 10 1 0 m .1 UK nautical mile = 6080 ft = 1 853.2 m.1 international nautical mile = 6076.1 ft = *1852 m.1 [im (micron) = ICr6 m = 39.37XlO 6 in .Note: starred numb ers are exact conversions.

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Areacre2yd2ft2in2cm2mm2

10~61.196xlO~61.076 xl(T51.550x 10"30.01io-41.196xlO""41.076 xlO~30.155000

6.452xlO-47.716xlO-46.944xlO~31.451645.162.3OxIO0.09290.1111442929032.066x0.836129636136127

.47IxI1.1960.7645500000060478403560

.471000019600763947.1061.196xlO61.0764 xlO7

40.59OxIO 63.0976xl062.7878 xlO71 acre = 1 0 0 m2.

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VolumeK galS galln3*mlm3

2.20OxIO"2.642 x 1(T710~66.1024xl0"510-312.20OxIO"2.642xlO"410-30.061026033.605 x 10~4.329xlO"30.016396.396387

.2200.26421.026O3106

.8327.78531.0785.785 xlO6.201.54677.4546.546 xlO6

.229.48058.32728.832xlO42.832xlO768.202.064.536656.6453 xlO57.6456xl0820.064.2O361024O6IO 9

*ll = 1.000028 dm3 and ImI = 1.000028 cm3 according to the 1 9 0 1 definition of th e liter.1 US barrel = 42 US gal = 34.97 UK gal.1 luidoz = 28.41 ml.1 UKpint = 568.2 ml.1 liter= 1.760 UKpints.

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Volume Rate of Flow (Volume/TitVmin3/h/min3/dl/sitres/h

5.886xlO~ 4lxlO"30.01667.024.27782.119xlO"33.6xl0~ 30.0600.08640.62.676 x l 0 ~ 34.546xlO"30.07577.1091.263.546

.02452.04167.69441.571.61

.03531.0600.446.670.1605.2728.546.5475.7772.8.58866.67477.8000

.6998.310.7871.9699.119.606.40000600

001.9699446.832xlO41.019xl0511.589.4157546. 26IxIO 41.854 xlO5119600xlO45.64xlO4I x I O 63.6xlO6

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91

28.3495453.592

10 350802.3907185

1061.01605 xlO 6

O Z0.035274

116

35.27401792

3200035273.935840

1 quintal 10 0 kg.

Ib/h0.25160.2557

12.2057.937

6091.8693.332205224036007937

kg/h0.11420.11600.4536

13.6

27.21641.6742.341000101616333600

Ib2.2046xl0" 30.0625

12.20462

1122000

2204.622240

Masskg cwt

io - 30.0283500.453592 8.9286xl0~3

1 0.01968450.8023 1907.185 17.8571

1000 19.68411016.05 20

US ton t(shor t ton) (tonne)

1 5.0OxIO-4 4.5359x101.1023xl0-3 10-3

0.056 0.050801 0.907185

1.10231 11.12 1.01605

Mass Rate of Flow (Mass/Time)g / s

0.031710.032220.12600.2778

17.56011.5711.76277.8282.2453.61000

Ib/min4.194xlO~3

\ 4.262 x 10~30.016670.036740.1323

11.5311.55636.7437.33

60132.3

Ib/s6.99OxIO"57.103xl0-52.778 x 10~46.124xlO~42.205 xlO"31.667 xlO-2

0.025510.025930.61240.6222

12.205

UK ton

-4 4 .4643xl0- 49 . 842IxIO- 4

0.050.8928570.984207

1

kg/s3.171xl0~53.221xl0"51.26Ox 10"42.778 xlO"4

IxIO"37.56xl0~3

0.011570.011760.27780.28220.4536

1

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k g / m 31

16.018599.7761000

1328.9427679.9

Density (M ass/Volume)Ib/ f t3

0.0624281

6.2288462.428082.9630

1728

I b / i n 33.8O46xlO~55.787OxIO"43.6046xlO~3

0.0361270.048011

1*7 g/cm3 = 1 kg/dm3 = 1 t/m3= 1.000028 g/ml or1.000028 kg/liter (based on the 1901 definition of the liter).

g / c m 3io - 3

0.01601850.099776

11.3289427.6799

m m / s*i

*5.08*10

277 . 778*304.8

*447.04*1000*106

ft/min0.19685

1.968554.6806

*60*8 8

196.850196850 :

cm/s*0.1

*0.508*1

27 . 7778*30.48

*44.704*

* 100000

km/h* 3 . 6 x l O ~ 30.018288

*0.036*

* 1.09728* 1.609344

*3.6*3600

1 UK knot= 1.853 km/h.1 international knot (Kn) = *1.852 km/h.Note: starred num bers are exact conversions.

Velocityft/s

3 . 2 8 I x I O - 30.0166670.0328080.911344

*11.466673.280843280.84

mile/h2 . 2 3 7 x l O ~ 3

0.011360.0223690.6213710.681818

*12.236942236.94

m /s*10-3

* 5 . 0 8 x l 0 ~ 3*0.01

0.277778*0.3048

*0.44704

*10 3

km/s* 1 0 ~ 6

*5.O8xlO~ 6*10-5

2.778 xlO"4*3.048xl0~4

*4.470xl0-4*10"3

*1

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Second Moment of Aream m 4 cm 4 in 4 f t 4 m 4

1 10~ 4 2.4025xlCT 6 1.159xKr10 1 0 " 1 210000 1 0.024025 1.1 59 xlO "6 1 0 " 8

416231 41.623 1 4 .8 22 5x l0~ 5 4 . 1 6 2 3 x l O " 78 .63Ix IO 9 863097 20736 1 8 .6310x 10 " 3

1012 108 2.4025 x lO 6 115.86 1

Forcep dl N lbf kgf IcN

1 0.1383 0.0311 0.0141 1.383xl0-47 .233 1 0.2248 0.1020 1 0" 3

32.174 4.448 1 0.4536 4.448 x l O " 370.93 9.807 2.2046 1 9.807 x lO ~ 37 233 1000 224.8 102.0 1

7 2070 9 9 64 2240 1016 9 .9 64* The kgf is sometimes know n as the kilopond (kp).

M om ent of Force (Torque)p dl ft lbf in N m lbf ft kgf m

1 0.3730 0 .04214 0.03108 4 .2 9 7 xlO " 32.68 1 1 0.1130 0.08 333 0.0115223.73 8.851 1 0.7 37 6 0.102032.17 12 1.356 1 0.138 3232.7 8 6.80 9.807 7.233 16006 2240 253.1 186.7 25.81

7 2070 2688 0 3037 2240 309.7One N m = 1 0 ~7 dyn cm.

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StresskgfIbf/in 2kN/m2Ibf/ff2pdl/ft2N/m2dyn/cm2

1.021.45OxIO"-5IxIO"42.089xl0~30.06720.1001.02O1.45OxIO"-4IxIO"30.02089.672001.5182.158xlO~41.488xlO"30.03108.4884.884.8826.944xlO~30.047882.177.8878.8

0.0.14500.8972.0000xIO40.0.89544633895.895 xlO4

4.228.07048.59OxIO 49.807 xlO49.807 xlO545.0000.089 xlO46.72OxIO 5IxIO6IxIO7422807.048 xlO56.59OxIO 69.807 xlO69.807 xlO74500000.089xl056.72OxIO6I x I O 7IxIO8240.544xlO43.226xlO51.038 xlO71.544 xl O81.544 xlO8

*1 MWm2 = 1 N/mm2.

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Pressurein H gN/m2in H 2Obar mm hgbf/ft2N/m2dyn/cm2

2 . 9 5 3 x l OxIO-44.015xl0-4lxlO"3 7.501 x 10~4L O 8 9 x l O ~30.1000 22.953 xlOxlO~34.015xl0-30.0100 7.50IxIO-30.02890

0.01414.04788.1922.4788 0.35917.8878.80.02953.1000.40150.7501.089000000.03937.1333.5352.333 1.78533.33330.07356.2491.491 1.868.20249.149 1

.2953.0150 7.5010.89000xlO~4

.3863.603.86 25.400.73386.386xlO-4

.036.8957.688.95 51.7144895.895 xlO-4

8.96 8.0793.780.7 735.6048.807 xlO~49.807 xlO-5

9.53 0001.5000 750.1089xIO-5IxIO-6

9.92 01.306.8013 760.0116.013xl0~51.013x10-6*1 kgf/cm = 1 kp/cm = 1 technical atmosphere.I torr = 1 mm Hg (to within 1 part in 7 million).1 NZm^ is sometimes called a pascal.

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Energy, Work, HeatJ Btu Chu *kcalgf mcalt l b f

2.388x5.266xlO~4103 9.478 x 10~40.1020.2388.73763.238x7.139xlO~41 .356xlO~ 3 1.285xlO-30.1383.3238.3558

10-32.205xl0-34.187x10-3 3.968x10-3.4270.0880.1868.342x.163xlO-39.807xl0-3 9.294x10-3.3420.2330.8066

.23.52660.947801.9738.8537.56000

.25.5556.0551 107.5952.0078.17055.1

.45.8991 1.80093.7153.59400.7899.1.2046.1868 3.968327.04000088.0186.8

38.26.56000 947.8201.97238.84637.562O641.413.6684.5 2544.473.74541.186.980OxIO 62.6845 xlO659.895.6600 3412.167.09859.845.65522 x lO 63.600OxIO 6

5205.556.055IxIO 5 100.000.0759 xl O72.520OxIO 77.7817xlO71.055IxIO8* ca l is the Internatinal Table calorie.1 hph = 1.014 hp h (metric) 745.7 Wh 2.685 MJ.1 thermie = 1 . 163 kWh 4.186MJ 999.7 kcal.1 ft pdl = 0 . 04214 J .1 erg = 107 J .

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Power, Heat Flow Rateg f m/s metric hpt Ibf /scal/hhu/htu/h

33.985 xlO"40.02988.2162.2520.2931.555677.172xlO~40.05379.3892.4536.5275.80011.36Ox 10"30.1020.7376.8598.8956.412111.58IxIO-30.1186.8578.163.2046.968311.843xlO~30.1383.1658.3558.5701.626

.01333.233.432.8078.593.46542.532.435.50394510

.01396.0405041.1945.70414544.36002.037.659.8000896412.1.58118.657.8000163204.6968.3360.0197xl057.376 xlO58.598 xlO5IO 61.896 xlO63.412IxIO6

IW-I J/S.1 cal/s = 3.6 kcal/h.1 ton of refrigeration -3517 W = 1 20 0 0 Btu/h.1 erg/s = IO7 W.

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Dynamic ViscositypdlNs/m2PPb / f thg/mhi Ns/m2

6.7210"6io-510-32.419xlO~33.6xlO"311.862.778 x 10~42.778 x 10~30.2778.672077.82.774.134xlO""44.134xlO~30.4134.48813.4

.72o-30.010.419.6000..1000041.960O5

.0000419600O6

.4884.88488600358.138xlO6.8078.07807.372 xlO43.53OxIO49.807 xlO67.8878.87880.158xlO51.724 xlO54.788 xlO7

1.151.724 xlO51.724xlO61.724 xl O84.17OxIO 86.205 xlO81.724xlO111 cp = 1 mN s/m2= 1 g/ms.IP = I g/cm s = l dyn s/cm2.INs/m2 = 1 kg/ms.1 pdl s/ft2 = 1 I b / f t s.1 lbf s/ft2 = 1 slug/ft s.

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Kinematic Viscosity\n2/h cSt(mm2/s) ft2/h St (cm2/s) m 2/h in2/s fl2/s m2/s

1 0.1792 6.944xlO~3 1.792xlO-3 6.452xl0-42.778xl0-4 1.93xl(r6 1.79xlO~75.5800 1 0.03875 0.010 3.6Ox 10~3 1.55OxIO-3 1.076xl0~5 10~6

144 25.81 1 0.2581 0.0929 0.04 2.778xlO~4 0.258xl0-4558.0 100 3.8750 1 0.36 0.1550 1.076xl0~3 10~41550 277.8 10.76 2.778 1 0.4306 2.990xl0~3 2.778xlO~43600 645.2 25 6.452 2.323 1 6.944xlO~3 6.452X10"4

518400 92903 3600 929.0 334.5 144 1 0.09295.58OxIO6 106 3.875 x 104 10000 3600 1550 10.76 1

Density of Heat Flow Rate (Heat/Area x Time)W /m 2 kcal/m 2h Btu/ft2h Chu/ft2h kcai/ft2h KW/m 2

1 0.8598 0.3170 0.1761 0.07988 10" 31.163 1 0.3687 0.2049 0.09290 1 .1 63xl0 -33.155 2.712 1 0.5556 0.2520 3 .1 55x l0 " 35.678 4.882 1.800 1 0.4536 5.678 x lO " 312.52 10.76 3.968 2.205 1 0.012521000 859.8 317.0 176.1 79.88 1

Heat-Transfer Coefficient(Thermal Conductance; Heat/Area x Time x Degree Temperature)

W/m 2oC kcal/m2hC Btu/ft2hF kcal/ft2oC kW/m2oC Btu/ft2sF cal/cm2sC1 0.8598 0.1761 0.07988 10~ 3 4.892xlO~5 2.388xl0~ 5

1.163 1 0.2048 0.09290 1.163xl0~3 5.689xl0~5 2.778xl0~ 55.678 4.882 1 0.4536 5.678xKT3 2.778xKT4 1.356xKT412.52 10.76 2.205 1 0.01252 6.124xlO~4 2.990xl0~41000 859.8 176.1 79.88 1 0.04892 0.02388

20442 17577 3600 1633 20.44 1 0.488241868 36000 7373 3344 41.87 2.048 1

1 Btu/ft2 hF= 1 Chu/ft2 hC.1 W/m2oC = 10~4 W/cm2oC.

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Thermal Conductivity(Heat x Length/Area x Time x Degree Temperature)Btu in/ft2hF kcal in/fr2hC W/mC kcal/m hC Btu /ft hF cal/cm sC

1 0.4536 0.1442 0.1240 0.0833 3.445 xlO42.2046 1 0.3180 0.2734 0.1837 7.594xlO46.933 3.146 1 0.8598 0.5778 2.388xl038.064 3.658 1.163 1 0.6720 2.778xlO3

12 5.443 1.731 1.488 1 4.134xlO32903 1317 418.7 360 241.9 1

1 Btu in/ft2 hF = 1 CHu in/ft2hC.1 Btu/ft hF = 1 Btu ZtZJt2H0F = IChu/ft H0C.1 WZm0C = IO2 W/cmC = 1 kWmm/m2oC.

Specific Heat Capacity (Heat/Mass Degree Temperature)ft Ibf/lb F kgf m/kg C kJ/kg C *Btu/lbF kcal/kg C

1 0.5486 5.38OxKT3 1.285xl0~3 1.285xl0"31.823 1 9.807xl0"3 2.342xlO~3 2.342xlO"3185.9 101.97 1 0.2388 0.2388778.2 426.9 4.1868 1 1778.2 426.9 4.1868 1 1* 1 BtuAbF=l CHuAb0C.

Specific Energy(Heat/Mass; e.g., Calorific Value, Mass Basis, Specific Latent Heat)ft Ibf/lb kgf m/kg *kJ/kg Btu/lb kcal/kg MJ/kg

I 0.3048 2.989xlO~3

1.285x 1(T3

7.139xlO"4

2.989xlO"6

3.281 1 9.807xl0"3 4.216X10"3 2.342xl0~3 9.807xl0~6334.55 101.97 1 0.4299 0.2388 10"3778.2 237.19 2.326 1 0.556 2.236xlO"31400.7 426.9 4.187 1.8 1 4.187xlO-3334553 101972 1000 429.9 238.8 1

*pl JZg=I kJZkg.1 kcalZkg=! CHuZIb .

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Calorific Valu e, Volum e Basis (He at/Vo lum e)J / m 3 k J / m 3 kca l /m 3 Btu/ft3 Chu/f t3 * M J / m 3

1 I x I O " 3 2 . 3 8 8 x l O ~ 4 2 . 6 8 4 x l O " 5 1.491 x lO " 5 I x I ( T 61000 1 0.2388 0.02684 0.0149 1 I x I O " 3

4 . 1 8 7 x l O 3 4.187 1 0.1124 0.06243 4.1 8 7 xlO ~ 33 . 726x lO 4 37.26 8.899 1 0.5556 0.037 266 . 7 0 7 x l 0 4 67 .07 16.02 1.800 1 0.06707

I x I O 6 1000 238 .8 26.8 4 14.9 1 11 therm (10 5 Btu) UK gal = 2320 8 MJ m 3.1 thermie/liter = 41 85 M J m 3 .*MJ/m 3 = J/cm 3.

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Appendix EVALVE GLOSSARY

There are a variety of terms used in the valve industry and the pur-pose of this appendix is to assist the reader. This valve glossary isa list of definitions, describing the types of valves, their functions,individual components, their materials of construction, and their designcharacteristics.Accessory. A device attached to the actuator which provides an additionalfunction, for exam ple manual operation, positioner, etc.Actual pressure drop. The difference between the inlet pressure and theoutlet pressure of a valve.Actuator. A device used to open/close or control the valve. Key typesinclude electrical, hydraulic, and pneumatic. Movement may be quarter-turn or multi-turn. Actuators may be used when valves are remotely located (e.g., on pipelines) valves are located in hazardous areas manual operation would be time-consum ing (e.g., with larger valves)Actuator stem. A rod used in linear designed valves connecting theactuator with the stem of the valve.Actuator stem force. The amount of force that is required to move theactuator stem to either open or close the valve .

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Br inell hardness num ber. A num ber from 111 to 745 that indicates therelative hardness of a material. As the number increases the harder thematerial is said to becom e.Bubble-tight. When there is no measurable seat leakage over a certainperiod of time during test conditions.Butterfly valve. A quarter-turn valve, which has a circular disc as itsclosing element. The standard design has the valve stem running throughthe center of the disc, giving a symmetrical appearance. Later more com-plex designs offset the stem, so that the disc "cams" into the valve seat.Advantages include less wear and tear on the disc and seats, and tightershut-off capabilities. Many design types are available including inexpen-sive Teflon or resilient seats for use in water (treatment) plants, etc . Moreexpensive metal seats can be used where high temperatures or aggressivechemicals are encountered. So-called "high-performance" butterfly valvesoffer zero leakage designs and have been applied in both the chem icals andhydrocarbon processing sectors.Butt-weld end connection. A special end connection that is beveled toallow welding to a similarly beveled piece of pipe to allow a full penetrationweld to be made.Bypass valve. A valve smaller in diameter that is fitted in parallel to alarger main valve. Bypass valves are used to reduce the differential pressureacross the main valve before this main valve is opened (as otherwise thislarger, more expensive valve, may suffer damage to internal com ponents).In some services they are used to warm up the downstream side of thevalve, before opening the larger valve.Cer tified dimens ional dr awing. A drawing that guarantees the overalldimensions of the valve that are required for installation. Som etimes calledthe general arrangement or GA.Cer tified m aterial test r epor t. Information on the component thatcovers its chemical composition and its mechanical properties.Chainwheel. A handwheel design that has sprockets that allow a chain-wheel to be wrapped around a semicircle section of the handw heel and usedas a pulley to turn the stem. This is installed on valves that are installed atan elevated position where it is not possible to erect a platform or add aladder.

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Check valve. A valve that is designed to allow the fluid to flow in agiven direction bu t closes to prevent backflow.Types include swing check ,tilting-disc check, and wafer check, non slam (piston type). Check valves(also called non-return valves) are usually self-acting.Class. The class is used to describe the pressure rating of the pipingsystem. For example Class 1501b, 3001b, 6001b, 9001b, or API 3000,API 5000. This relates to the maximum allowable design pressure that aflange of certain dimensions and made of a certain material can be usedwith in a piping system.Concentric butterfly valve. A butterfly valve with the disc installed inthe center of the valve.Control valve. A valve that regulates the flow or pressure of a fluid. Con-trol valves normally respond to signals generated by independent devicessuch as flow meters or temperature gauges . Control valves are normally fit-ted with actuators and positioners. Pneum atically actuated globe valves arewidely used for control purposes in many industries, although quarter-turntypes such as (modified) ball and butterfly valves may also be used.Corrosion. The deterioration of a metal that is caused by a chemicalreaction. This is sometimes called "weight loss."Cryogenic valves. Valves suited for use at temperatures below 45degrees Celsius. A cryogenic valve should have a cold box as an integ-ral part of the body to allow a vapor barrier to form between the packingbox and the liquified gas.Cy . The C y of a valve is defined as 1 U .S. gallon of 6 0 0F water during1 m inute with a 1 psi pressure drop. Also known as the valve coefficientor the flow coefficient.Cylinder. A pressure-containing component and the part of an actua-tor that houses a piston that will be powered either pneumatically orhydraulically.Design pressure. The pressure used during the design of a piping system,and defines the criteria for pipe wall thickness, fittings, flanges, valves, bolttorque, and threads.Design temperature. The tem perature used during the design of a pipingsystem, and defines the criteria for pipe wall thickness, fittings, flanges,valves, bolt torque, and threads.

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Destructive test A test during which all or part of a component isdestroyed by mechanical or chemical means to discover its properties.Diaphragm valve. A bi-directional va lve that is operated by applying anexternal force to aflexibleelement or a diaphragm (typically an elastomer).Diaphragm valves may be used for slurries (where other valve designsmight clog) or in hygienic applications.Differential pressure. The pressure difference between the upstream andthe downstream ports of a valve. Also called the delta P.Direct-acting actuator. A diaphragm actuator that allows the actuatorstem to extend.Disc. The closure component in a butterfly valve (rotary) or a globe valve(linear).Diverter valve. A valve that can change the direction of the flow of amedium to two or more different directions.D N. The ISO standard abbreviation for the nominal diameter of the linepipe size in metric units. 4" = 100 DN.Double-acting positioner. A positioner that has the facility to supplyand exhaust air on both sides of the actuator piston or diaphragm at thesame time.Double block and bleed. A valve configuration in which positive shut-off is achieved at both the inlet and outlet sides. A small port is fitted todischarge fluid in the intermed iate space. Fitting a gas detector to the portprovides assurance of the integrity of the upstream seal. This configurationis often required to isolate high-pressure sections of a system to facilitatesafe maintenance, etc.Double disc check valve. A check valve with two sem icircular discs thatare hinged together and that fold together when the flow is in the correctdirection and swing closed w hen the flow is reversed. Also know n as a splitdisc check valve.Downstream. The process stream after it has passed through the valve.Drop tight. A bubble-tight test that involves a water-under-air test.Ductility. The characteristic of a metal to deform when placed under force.Ductility is measured by the percentage increase of a stretched test piece,just prior to fracture.

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Dye penetront. A bright red or fluorescent dye that is used to detectsurface cracks, pitting, or porosity. It is applied by spray and the excessdye is wiped away to expose surface flaws that can be detected by na turalor fluorescent light.Eccentric butterfly valve. A butterfly valve where the shaft that carriesthe closure disc is slightly offset and creates an elliptical m otion as it leavesthe sealing surface. This effect reduces friction and wear to the closure disc.Elastomer. A polymer that is both flexible and resilient when used asa seal.Electric actuator. An actuator that uses an electric motor to operate thevalve stem.Electrohydraulic actuator. An actuator that supplies hydraulic powerto control the valve, but has an electric power source.End connection. The part of the valve that joins to the piping system.This could be screwed, socket weld, flanged, butt weld, clamped,soldered.End to end. The extremities of the valve. One connection to the otherend connection.Erosion. Material weight loss inside a piping system, caused by the pro-cess flow. This is not a consideration in process flows that have beenadequately filtered and where entrained solids are not presen t.Examination. The review of a complete valve or its individual com-ponents to confirm that it complies with the use r's requirem ents.Explosion proof. An assurance that an electrical device can be used inan area that is potentially explosive. This device must be detached fromany electrical source that might arc.Extended bonnet. Used when the medium is at high or low temperatures,to avoid damage to the sealing elements.Fail closed. An actuator facility such that in the event of power failurethe valve will move to the fully closed position.Fail open. An actuator facility such that in the event of pow er failure thevalve will move to the fully open position.Failsafe. An actuator facility such that in the event of power failure thevalve will move to a predetermined position, which could be open, c losed,or an intermediate position.

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Fire resistant The ability of a valve to withstand a fire and maintain thefailure position. Such a valve will be equipped with devices to achieve thisstatus.Firesore. The ability of a valve to minimize the amount of process lostdownstream or to the atmosphere after a fire test.Flashing. Caused when the pressure at the vena contracta falls below thevapor pressure, followed by a pressure recovery that is maintained. Thiscreates vapor bubbles that continue downstream. The liquid/gas mixtureincreases the velocity of the process stream, which can result in excessivenoise.Flat face. A flange that has no raised face or a ring groove surface. Theseflanges are generally used in lower piping pressure classes such as ASM E1251b or 1501b in cast iron and carbon steel. The mating gasket will beflat and extend to the circumference with holes to accom modate the flangebolting.Flat gasket A circular, flat sheet with an inside and outside diameter. Anannulus.Floating ball. A ball valve where the closure ball is not attached to thebody of the valve.Floating seat. A seat ring that is not attached to the valve body and canmove to suit the closure element and improve the shut-off.Float valve. A valve that automatically opens or closes as the level of aliquid changes . The valve is operated mechanically by a float that rests onthe top of the liquid.Fluid. A material that can flow; includes gases, liquids, slurries, pellets,and powders.Full bor e. Term used for example of a ball valve, to indicate that theinternal diameter of the valve opening is the same as that of the piping towhich it is fitted.Full-bore valve. Any valve where the closure element has the same insidediameter as the inlet and outlet of the valve. Also called a full-port valveand has a lower pressure drop than a reduced bore.Fu// closed. The position of the valve when the closure element is fullyseated.Full lift. W hen a pressure relief valve is fully open upon overpressurizationof the piping system.

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Fu ll open. The position of the valve when the closure element is fullyopen allowing m aximum flow through the valve.Full trim. The area of the valve 's seat that can pass the maxim um flow forthat particular size.Galling. The damage of two mating parts when microscopic portionsimpact and make a temporary bond . W hen effort is made to separate thesetwo surfaces, tearing of the two components can occur. This usually hap-pens when the two materials are the same or possess several very similarmechanical characteristics.Gasket. A soft or a hard sealing material used in conjunction with flanges.Gate valve. A multi-turn valve that has a gate-like disc and two seats toclose the valve. The gate moves linearly, perpendicular to the direction offlow. This type of valve is norm ally used in the fully opened or fully closedposition; it is not suited to throttling applications. Gate valves providerobust sealing, and are used extensively in the petrochemicals industries.This class of valve also includes knife gate valves, conduit gate valves , andwedge gate valves. Knife gate valves have much thinner gates with a knife-like edge, making them suited to use w ith floating solids, for exam ple as inthe pulp and paper industries. Conduit gate valves have a rectangular discas the closing element. One half of the disc is solid, to close the valve, theother half has a circular port, which can be used to open the valve. Wedgegate valves have a wedge-shaped gate, which "wedge s" between floatingseats to close the valve tightly.Gearboxes. Used to ensure easier operation of larger valves, particularlyball valves.Gland bushing. Or the packing follower. Located at the top of the pack-ing box, it acts as a barrier, protects the packing from the atmosphere, andtransfers a force from the gland flange bolting to the packing.Gland flange. Part of the valve used to com press and retain the internalsin the packing box.Globe valve. A multi-turn valve with a closing element that moves per-pendicularly to the valve body seat and generally seals in a plane parallelto the direction of flow. This type of valve is suited to both throttling andgeneral flow control.Graphite. A carbon-based gasket or packing material, suitable forambient and high temperatures.

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Hardfacing. The welding of a harder alloy over a softer base metal tocreate a more resistant surface.Hardness, A material's ability to resist indentation.Hardness Rockwell test. Method of testing and registering a material'shardness based on the depth of indentation. The higher the number thegreater the hardness. This hardness is identified as HRB or HRC dependingon the scale used.Heat treating. The metal-producing process that involves heating andcooling to predetermined temperatures in a particular order and withspecific holding times.High-performance valves. A valve specifically designed for accuratethrottling applications.Hydraulic actuator. A device fitted to the valve stem which useshydraulic energy to open, close, or regulate the valve . The hydraulic fluidmay, according to the configuration, both open and close the valve, or jus topen the valve. In the latter case, a spring will typically be fitted inside theactuator to return it (and the valve) to the closed position.Hydrostatic test. A test using water under pressure to detect any leaksthrough the body, sealing joints, or closure element. Generally this testpressure is 1.5 times the design pressure at ambient temperature.Impact. A test that will determine the toughness of a particular materialby m easuring the force necessary to fracture the test piece.Inclusion. A foreign object or particles found in a weld, forging, or castingthat will have a detrimental effect on the component and cause failure orcreate a leak path.Inlet. The port where the fluid enters the valve.Inspection. The examination of a valve or a component by the end useror an authorized third party inspector. This is to confirm that the valve orcomponent meets the user's requirements.Integral flange. A flanged connection that is either fabricated or cast tothe body of the valve.Integral seat. A seat that is actually a machined part of the valve bodyand not one that is inserted into the valve .Intrinsically safe. An electrical device that is not able to producesufficient heat to cause ignition in the atmosphere.

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Jacketed volve. Valve designed to incorporate a so-called jack et aroundthe valve body. Steam is introduced into the jacket to keep the fluids beingcontrolled at the required tem perature.Leakage. Process fluid that passes through a valve when it is fully closed.Lever operator. A manual method of operating a valve that comprises apivot handle.Lift check valve. A non-return valve that prevents back flow by having afree floating element, either a ball or a poppet. The design incorporates apiston to damp the disc during operation.Limit stop. A device in an actuator that limits the linear or rotary m otionof an actuator; can be adjusted.Limit switch. An electromechanical accessory that is attached to anactuator and used to identify the position of a valve's closure element.Linear valve. A valve that has a sliding stem that pushes the throttlingelement up and down. See multi-turn.Line blind. A pipeline shut-off device, whereby a flat disc is forcedbetween two flanges. Line blinds are less expensive than valves, butrequire much more time to operate.Locking device. A device that can be attached to a valve or an actuatorand that will enable it to be locked closed or locked open. Preventsaccidental operation as only au thorized personnel can operate the valve.Lug body. A body of a flangeless wafer butterfly valve that requires boltsto pass through the body to flanges on either side of the valve. These holescan be tapped to allow the line to be dismantled without "dropping" thevalve. Tapped lugged valves are sometimes called "end of line" valves.Magnetic particle inspection . Ironfilingsare spread over the area underexam ination. On passing an electric current through the examination piece,the filings will collect where there are imperfections.Manual handwheel. A handwheel to open, close, or position a closingelement, which does not require an actuator to make it function.Manual valve. A valve that is worked by manual operation, such as ahandwheel or a lever. These valves are generally used for on-off service.

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Maximum allowable operating pressure. The maximum pressurethat can be safely held in a piping system, expressed in bar (kilopascal)or psi. Determined by the material of construction, the maximum operat-ing temperature, and the piping class. Also called the Maximum al lowablew orking pressure.Metal seat A seat design where the fixed mating surface with movableclosure component is made of metal. Metal-to-metal seats have greaterleakage rates than soft seated valves, but they can be used at highertemperatures and pressures.Mill test report. Report of the chemical testing and physical testing per-formed on a base material. This docum entation is normally produced by themanufacturer and is often requested by the purchaser to confirm com plianceto the specification.Multiported. Multiported valves include additional inlet/outlet ports, toallow fluids to be directed. The ball and plug valve types are ideally suitedto multiport designs.Multi-turn. Category of valves (such as gate, globe, needle), whichrequire multiple turns of the stem to move the valve from the fullyopen to the fully closed position. Also known as linear valves. See alsoQuarter-turn.National pipe thread. A tapered thread that is used for pressureconnections for piping.Needle valve. Multi-turn valve that derives its name from the needle-shaped closing element. The design resembles that of the globe valve.Typically available in smaller sizes, they are often used on secondarysystems for on/off applications, sampling, etc.Non-destructive examination. A test to determine a characteristic of apiece of material or its reliability in use, without causing any damage ordestruction to the material.Non-return valve. A valve that allows the flow of a process fluid in onlyone direction. It will not allow any flow reversal.Non-rising stem. A valve where the stem is threaded and the turning ofa stationary operator will result in the closure element rising to open andlowering to close.Normally closed. A valve that is normally closed during operation. Inmany cases these valves are locked closed by using a mechanical device.

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Normally open. A valve that is normally open during operation. In manycases these valves are locked open by using a mechanical device.On-off valve. Basic operation for a manual valve used to start or stop theflow of a process fluid.Operating medium. The pow er supply used to operate an actuator: canbe pneumatic, hydraulic, or electric.Operating pressure. The pressure at which a valve usually operatesunder normal conditions. This is lower than the design pressure.Operating temperature. The temperature at which a valve usually oper-ates under normal conditions. This is lower than the design tem perature.Operator. A device, handw heel, lever, or wrench used to open , close, orposition the closing element of a valve.O-ring. An elastomer ring that forms a sealing m aterial for the internalsof a valve.Packing. A soft sealing material that is used to prevent leakage of processfluid from around the stem. It is located in the packing box.Packing box. A chamber through which the stem passes. This cham-ber houses the packing material, packing spacers, lantern rings, guides,and other seal accessories necessary to prevent leakage of processfluid.Parallel gate valve. A gate valve that has a flat disc gate that slidesbetween two parallel free floating seats.PEEK. The abbreviation for polyether ether ketone. A robust soft seatingmaterial.Penstock valve. A type of simple gate valve, used to contain fluids inopen channels. Often found in waste water treatment plants.Pilot valve. Small valve requiring little power that is used to operate alarger valve. See also Solenoid valve.Pinch valve. A valve in which a flexible hose is pinched between oneor two moving external elements to stop the flow. This valve is oftenused in slurry and mining applications, as its operation is not affectedby solid matter in the medium. It is also used with certain gases, as theabsence of possible leak paths to the atmosphere ensures good emissioncontrol.

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Piping and instrument diagram. A schematic that indicates the pro-cess system, and includes items of equipment, valves, and associatedinstrumentation. Not to scale.Piping schedule. A method of noting the wall thickness of a pipe, forexample Sch 40, Sch 80, Sch 160. The larger the number the thicker thewall thickness of the pipe at a given nominal diameter.Pitting corrosion. Surface corrosion that appears as small holes orcavities. Over time these cavities will increase in size and join to createlarger cavities.Plug. In globe valves the closure element can be a tapered plug thatextends into the seat.Plug valve. This multi-turn valve derives its name from the rotating plugthat forms the closing element. The plug may be cylindrical or truncated.In the open position, the fluid flows through a hole in the plug. Lubricatedplug valves rely on a sealing compound injected between the plug andthe valve body, whilst sleeved plug valves are fitted with a "soft" insertbetween the plug and the body.Pneumatic actuator. A device fitted to the valve stem which uses pneu-matic energy to open/close or regulate the valve. The com pressed air may,according to the configuration, both open and close the valve, or jus t openthe valve. In the latter case, a spring will typically be fitted inside theactuator to return the valve to the closed position.Polyethylene. A flexible thermoplastic that is used for valve seats.Polypropylene. A thermoplastic that is not as flexible as polyethylene.Poppet. A closure element in a check valve that is held in place by aspring.Porosity. Small air bubbles that were created in the casting when themetal was molten. When the metal has cooled, these trapped bubblesweaken the structure and can cause failure in the component.Positioner. A device that receives a signal pneum atic or electric froma controller and compares it to the actual position of the valve. If the signalis not correct then the positioner sends pressure to, or bleeds pressurefrom, the valve so that the correct position is achieved.Positive material identification. A testing process that will identify thematerial specimen. It is possible to determine the approximate chemicalcomposition.

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Pressure drop. The difference between the upstream pressure and thedownstream pressure of a valve.Pressure reducing valve. A self-operating valve used to reduce anyexcess pressure in a system, for example steam. Also known as a PRV.The valve opens if the internal pressure exceeds that holding the closingelement onto the seat.Process flow diagram. A schematic that ou tlines the process in a plant,and which will include major in-line instrumentation and equipment. Pipesizing and utility piping might not be show n.Proximity switch. A limit switch that indicates the valve position withoutmaking mechanical contact. The switch will use a magnetic or an electronicsensor to determine the valve position.psi. The abbreviation for pounds per square inch.psia. The abbreviation for pounds per square inch absolute. The psia unitis used when the pressure is expressed without taking into account am bientpressure.psig. The abbreviation for pounds per square inch gauge. The psig unitis used when the pressure is expressed to standard atmospheric pressure(noted 14.7 psia).PT. The abbreviation for penetrant test.PTFE. The abbreviation used for polytetrafluoroethylene.Quarter- turn. The 90 angle through which a valve's closing elementmust move from the fully open position to the fully closed position.Exam ples are ball, plug, and butterfly valves.Rack and pinion actuator . An actuator used in conjunction withquarter-turn valves. This actuator will supply either a pneumatic or ahydraulic force to move a flat-toothed rack that turns a gear to open andclose the closure elem ent.Radiography. A method of examination that uses X-rays to produce aninternal image of a test piece. The radiographic results on a film will revealporosity, inclusions, and cracks w ithin the m aterial.Raised face flange. A flange face that has a raised section on the m atingsurface. This raised section can come with various types of serrated finish.This allows greater loadings to be applied to the gasket and creates a moreefficient seal than a flat face flange.

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Reduced bore. Indicates that the internal diameter of the valve is lowerthan that of the piping to which the valve is fitted.Reduced-port valve. A valve that has a smaller internal bore than thoseof the inlet and the outlet. A reduced-port (bore) ball valve will have agreater pressure drop than a full-port (bore) ball valve.Regulating valve. Valve type used to regulate flows to provide a constantpressure output.Ring type joint. A flanged end connection with a circular groove on themating face, where a softer metal ring is placed before mating up to a similarflange face and bolting up. The softer ring, usually oval or hexagonal,will deform when the flanges are bolted up and create a tight seal. Ringtype join t connections are used on higher-pressure piping systems, ASM E9001b and above. The abbreviation is RTJ.Safety valve. A pressure relief valve that is designed to reduce overpres-surization in a gas or steam service.Sampling valve. A valve that is fitted to a reactor or pipeline to allowsmall samples of afluid o be withdrawn for further testing. In simple cases astandard gate or needle valve, for example, may be used. The disadvantageis that inappropriate use may result in spillage. As an alternative, valvesare available which "t rap" a small quantity of fluid in a chamber and onlythis small amount of fluid is released when the valve is operated.Screwed bonnet. A valve bonnet with male threads to join a valve bodywith female threads.Scr ewed end connec tions. End connections that have female nationalpipe thread (NPT), which mates w ith m ale NPT on a pipe.Seal load. For linear valves, the force that must be generated by anactuator on a stem to overcom e the various forces acting on the shaft duringthe opening , closing, or positioning of the closure element.Seal weld. Thefillet ype weld required for socket weld fittings to preventleakage.Seat. A circular ring into which the closure element of a globe valveenters. This element is a plug, need le, or disc. The p lug/needle/disc entersthe circular ring (seat).Seat pressure differential. The difference between the operating pres-sure and the set pressure for the system; the set pressure is the higher.

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Seating torque. The torque value produced by a rotary actuator to openor close the valve.Shaft. The rod that connects the closure element and the closure operator(handwheel or actuator).Shut-off. When the valve is in a closed position and flow ceases.Shut-off valve. The valve to achieve shut-off.Single-acting actuator. An actuator in which air is applied to onechamber. This air pressure acts against and pushes a plate.Sliding gate valve. A gate valve that has a flat rectangular plate as aclosure element. Sometimes called a sluice valve and used for large boreirrigation and waterworks systems.Slurry. A process fluid that contains undissolved solids.Soft seat plug. An elastomer that is placed within a metal ring at theseating area of a globe valve. This will provide a bubble-tight shut-off.Solenoid. An accessory to an actuator that acts as a control device. It canregulate the air supply to an actuator for on-off or throttling of the valve.Solenoid valve. Valve, typically of the needle globe type, that is operatedby an electrical solenoid. Such valves are often deployed as pilot valves,that is, fitted to actuators that in turn control larger valves.Speed of r esponse. The speed provided by an actuator to operate avalve. Sometimes called the stroking speed.Spiral wound gasket. A gasket that contains hard and soft elements tocreate a seal. A stainless-steel strip is coiled to create a circular disc withsmall spaces that are then filled with graphite or another soft non-metallicmaterial. A spiral wound gasket is held between two flanges and bolted up.Split body. Usually refers to a ball valve that comprises more than onepiece and houses the closure element.Spring. In diaphragm actuators, this is the component that applies theforce to act against the piston in the chamber. It provides the forcenecessary to move the closure element to the correct failure position.Spring rate. The amount of force generated by a spring when it iscompressed to a certain measurement.Spring return. See Pneumatic actuator.

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Stroke, The travel required by a valve, either linear type or rotary type,generally from fully open to fully closed.Sub sea valve. A valve that is designed for use in seawater. For example,installed in a pipeline on the seabed.Swing check. Non-return valve that has a hinged disc as the closingelement.Swing check valve. A check valve with a single plate pivoted at the topand secured to the body of the valve. The flow of the process fluid pushesthe plate open and in the event of flow reversal the plate swings to theclosed position.T ank valve. A valve arranged for fitting at the bottom of a tank or processvessel.Tensile strength. The maximum amount of force that can be applied toa piece of material, before failure occurs. Also called the ultimate tensilestrength, UTS .Thermoplastic. A common term for plastic used for piping that losesstrength as the temperature rises. Such plastic is used for utilities andfluids of a corrosive na ture, usually operating at am bient tem peratures.Three-way valve. A diverter type valve that has three ports andallows the flow path of the process fluid to be switched, or two differentflow paths to be combined.Throttling. The regulation of the process fluid by positioning the closureelement of the valve between open and closed to create the desire flowregime.Through-conduit gate valve. A full-bore gate valve that has a very low -pressure drop and allows for the passage of pipeline pigs or scrapers forcleaning, de-watering, batching, etc.Thrus t . The force generated by any type of actuator to open, close, orposition the closure element of a valve.T op mou nted handwheel. An accessory handwheel that is mounted ontop of the actuator and used if there is a power failure.Top works . Any number of parts that are located above the bonnet of thevalve . They could be the yoke, the handwheel, the positioner, the actuator.Torque . The rotational force applied to the shaft of a valve.

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Toughness. A material's ability to remain undamaged when a force isapplied. A tough material will deform first, before failure occurs.Tr im. The trim of the valve is the parts of the closure element that areexposed to the process flow, sometimes called the w etted parts.T r unn ion mo unted ball valve. A robust ball valve, where the closureelement ball is supported at the base by a shaft. This design is more comm onon larger valves and higher ratings, because of the weight of the ball.Tubing. Small bore piping used to supply air or hydraulic fluid to anactuator.Turbulence. A flow characteristic that is created when higher velocitiesand obstructions are experienced in a valve or a process system.Ultrasonic testing. A testing method that requires the material to bebombarded with high frequencies to detect inclusions, pits, and crackswithin the material. These reflected sound waves will find the depth atwhich the flaws occur.Upstream. The process fluid before it reaches the valve.Velocity. The speed at which the process fluid passes through the valve.Vent. An opening in a piping system that can be exposed to the atmosphereand allows fluid to be released.Viscosity. The resistance of a process fluid to flow. The "thickness" or"thinness." Highly viscous fluids (thicker) require more energy to movethrough a piping system.Visual examination. Surface exam ination of a specimen that is carriedout with the human eye without any supplementary test.V-ring packing. A stem packing that is V shaped in cross section. Radialforces that are applied will force out the packing radially and create a tightseal against the wall of the packing box and the stem/shaft.Wafer design. The construction of wafer design valves allows themto be "sandwiched" between flanged sections of pipeline. The benefit islower bolting requirem ents. Typically used with certain butterfly and checkvalves.Wall thickness. The thickness of the pressure-retaining shell of a valve.It must be designed to satisfy all the necessary tests that the valve will besubjected to during examination.

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Waterhammer effect The reaction when a valve is suddenly closed anda shock wave is transmitted through the piping system. This is generallycaused by under sizing of the piping system. It is not only noise, but itcan also cause mechanical damage to the piping system and associatedequipment.Weir. An obstruction in a diaphragm valve, against which the elastomerliner is compressed to prevent the flow of the process fluid.Wellhead valve. Used to isolate the flow of oil or gas at the takeoff froman oil or gas well. The design is usually a plug or ga te valve.Yield strength. The force at which a material will begin to deform orstretch.