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Copyright 2005 EMC Corporation. Do not Copy - All Rights Reserved.
Introduction to Fibre Channel - 1
2005 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.
Introduction to Fibre ChannelIntroduction to Fibre Channel
Welcome to Introduction to Fibre Channel.
The AUDIO portion of this course is supplemental to the material and is not a replacement forthe student notes accompanying this course. EMC recommends downloading the StudentResource Guide from the Supporting Materials tab, and reading the notes in their entirety.
Copyright 2005 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. These materials may not be copied without EMC'swritten consent. Use, copying, and distribution of any EMC software described in this publication requires anapplicable software license.
THE INFORMATION IN THIS PUBLICATION IS PROVIDED AS IS. EMC CORPORATION MAKES NOREPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND WITH RESPECT TO THE INFORMATION IN THISPUBLICATION, AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY ORFITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Celerra, CLARalert, CLARiiON, Connectrix, Dantz, Documentum, EMC, EMC2, HighRoad, Legato, Navisphere,PowerPath, ResourcePak, SnapView/IP, SRDF, Symmetrix, TimeFinder, VisualSAN, where information lives areregistered trademarks.
Access Logix, AutoAdvice, Automated Resource Manager, AutoSwap, AVALONidm, C-Clip, Celerra Replicator,Centera, CentraStar, CLARevent, CopyCross, CopyPoint, DatabaseXtender, Direct Matrix, Direct MatrixArchitecture, EDM, E-Lab, EMC Automated Networked Storage, EMC ControlCenter, EMC Developers Program,EMC OnCourse, EMC Proven, EMC Snap, Enginuity, FarPoint, FLARE, GeoSpan, InfoMover, MirrorView,NetWin, OnAlert, OpenScale, Powerlink, PowerVolume, RepliCare, SafeLine, SAN Architect, SAN Copy, SANManager, SDMS, SnapSure, SnapView, StorageScope, SupportMate, SymmAPI, SymmEnabler, Symmetrix DMX,Universal Data Tone, VisualSRM are trademarks of EMC Corporation. All other trademarks used herein are theproperty of their respective owners.
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Introduction to Fibre Channel - 2
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Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
yUnderstand the Fibre Channel Architecture
y Identify the different Fibre Channel layers
y Learn Fibre Channel Topologies
y Know SAN concepts
The objectives for this course are shown here. Please take a moment to read them.
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Introduction to Fibre Channel - 3
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Lesson 1 Fibre Channel Overview
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
yKnow the Fibre Channel characteristics and utilities
y Learn different Network Storage Technologies usingFibre Channel
y Identify management tools in a SAN environment
The objectives for this lesson are shown here. Please take a moment to read them.
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Fibre Channel
y Fibre Channel is a serial data transfer interface intendedfor connecting high-speed storage devices to computers
yThe high-speed is obtained through of the processfollowing: Networking and I/O protocols (such as SCSI commands) are
mapped to Fibre Channel constructs
And encapsulated and transported withinFibre Channel frames
With this is possible high-speed transfer of
multiple protocols over the same physicalinterface
Fibre Channel is a serial data transfer interface that operates over copper wire and/or optical
fiber at data rates up to 200 MB/s (megabytes per second).
Networking and I/O protocols (such as SCSI commands) are mapped to Fibre Channel
constructs, and then encapsulated and transported within Fibre Channel frames. This process
allows high-speed transfer of multiple protocols over the same physical interface.
Fibre Channel systems are assembled from familiar types of components: adapters, hubs,
switches and storage devices.
Host bus adapters are installed in computers and servers in the same manner as a SCSI host bus
adapter or a network interface card (NIC).
Hubs link individual elements together to form a shared bandwidth loop.
Fibre Channel switches provide full bandwidth connections for highly scalable systems without
a practical limit to the number of connections supported (16 million addresses are possible).
The word fiber indicates the physical media. The word fibre indicates the Fibre Channel
protocol and standards.
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Channels
yThe channel connections, such as parallel bus and tag,ESCON, and SCSI provide fixed connections betweenhost systems and their peripheral devices
y Some characteristics of channel technologies are:
High performance
Low protocol overhead
Static configuration
Short distance (although ESCON is somewhat of an exception)
Connectivity within a single system
Traditionally, host computer operating systems have communicated with storage devices over
channel connections, such as parallel bus and tag,
ESCON, and SCSI. These channel technologies provide fixed connections between host systems
and their peripheral devices.
The static connections are defined to the operating system in advance. Tight integration between
the transmission protocol and the physical interface minimizes the overhead required to
establish communication and transport large amounts of data to the statically defined devices.
Some characteristics of channel technologies are:
y High performance
y Low protocol overheady Static configuration
y Short distance (although ESCON is somewhat of an exception)
y Connectivity within a single system
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Network
yThe network technologies offer more flexibility anddistance capabilities than channel technologies
y Some characteristics of network technologies are:
Low performance
High protocol overhead
Dynamic configuration
Long distance
Connectivity among different systems
Network technologies are more flexible than channel technologies, and provide greater distance
capabilities. Most networks provide connectivity between client or host systems, and carry a
variety of data between the devices. A simple example is a network of desktop PCs within a
company.
This type of setup can provide each PC with connectivity to file and print services, server-based
applications, and corporate intranets.
The networks these PCs are connected to provide shared bandwidth and the ability to
communicate with many different systems. This flexibility results in greater protocol overhead
and reduced performance.
Some characteristics of network technologies are:
y Low performance
y High protocol overhead
y Dynamic configuration
y Long distance
y Connectivity among different systems
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y Fibre Channel capturessome of the benefits ofboth channels andnetworks
y Fibre Channel standardsdefine layeredcommunicationsarchitecture similar to
other networkingenvironments
Fibre Channel: Channels with NetworkCharacteristics
Channels
(benefits)
Networks
(benefits)
Fibre Channel
Fibre Channel captures some of the benefits of both channels and networks. A Fibre Channel
Fabric is a switched network, providing a set of generic, low-level services onto which host
channel architectures and network architectures can be mapped.
Fibre Channel standards define a layered communications architecture similar to other
networking environments. Each level of the Fibre Channel protocol stack provides a specific set
of functions.
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Network Storage Technologies
Typical
applications
Type of data
Key requirement
Type of transport
OLTP, datawarehousing, ERP
Fibre Channel(FCP, FICON)IP (iSCSI, FCIP,iFCP)
Block
Deterministic
performance
NASNetwork-AttachedStorage
Software and productdevelopment, fileserver consolidation
File
Multi-protocol
sharing
IP, Fibre Channel(*MPFS)
CASContent AddressedStorage
Contentmanagement
Longevity,
integrity assurance
IP
Object,fixed content
SANStorage AreaNetworks
Fibre Channel integrates the SAN (Storage Area Networks) and NAS (Network-Attached
Storage) solutions.
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Lesson 2 - Fibre Channel Concepts
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
yUnderstand how the Fibre Channel standards are defined
y Know attributes of FC-0, FC-1, and FC-2
y Identify the roles of FC-3 and FC-4 in Fibre Channelprotocol
The objectives for this lesson are shown here. Please take a moment to read them.
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FC-0
yThe FC-0 level of FC-
PH describes the FibreChannel link
Physical Interface
Optical and ElectricalInterfaces
Cables, Connectors, etc
y Each fiber is attached
to a transmitter of aPort at one end and areceiver of anotherPort at the other end
FC-1FC-1
FC-3FC-3
FC-2FC-2
Fibre Channel Level 0 (FC0)Fibre Channel Level 0 (FC0)
ULPULP
FC-4FC-4
The FC-0 level describes the Fibre Channel link. It covers a variety of media and the associated
drivers and receivers capable of operating at a wide range of speeds. It is designed for maximum
flexibility and allows the use of a large number of technologies to meet the widest range of
system requirements.
Each fiber is attached to a transmitter of a Port at one end and a receiver of another Port at the
other end. When a Fabric is present in the configuration, a fiber may attach to an N_Port and an
F_Port. Patch panels or portions of the active Fabric may function as repeaters, concentrators or
fibre converters.
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Connectors
yThe LC assembly designincorporates an RJ -style latchin a connector body with halfthe footprint of a conventionalSC
yThe SC connector is thestandard connector for fiber
optic cables. It is a push-pullconnector
The LC assembly design incorporates an RJ-style latch in a connector body with half the
footprint of a conventional SC. High-precision, 1.25 mm ceramic ferrules and engineered
composites provide a durable package with consistent, repeatable performance.
The SC connector is the standard connector for fiber optic cables. It is a push-pull connector and
is favored over the ST connector (commonly used in patch panels). If the cable is pulled, the tip
of the cable in the connector does not move out, which would result in loss of signal quality.
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Multi-Mode Cable
y Multi-mode transmitters send multiple short-wavelengthsignals through the same fiber
yThe angle of entry is high and the signals tend to canceleach other out
y Multimode fiber has a larger diameter (62.5 or 50microns) core than single-mode fiber
Multimode cable is dominant for short distances of 500 meters or less. Multimode has an inner
diameter of 62.5 or 50 microns, allowing light to enter the cable in multiple modes, including
straight and at different angles. The many light beams tend to lose shape as they move down the
cable. This loss of shape is called modal dispersion and limits the distance.
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Single-Mode Cable
y Single-mode transmitters send one longer-wavelengthsignal down a much thinner-cored fiber
yThe angle of entry is low (less bouncing) and there is littleto muddy the signal, hence the much greater distances
y Single mode cable has an inner diameter of 9 microns
Single mode cable is used for long distance cable runs, only limited by the power of the laser at
the transmitter and by the sensitivity of the receiver. Single mode cable has an inner diameter of
9 microns and is always used with a long wave laser, which limits the effects of modal
dispersion. Therefore, with single mode cables the distance is greatly increased.
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HBA (Host Bus Adapter)
y An HBA is any adapter that allows a computer bus toattach to another bus or channel
y A Host Bus Adapter performs many low-level interfacefunctions automatically to minimize the impact on hostprocessor performance
yThe HBA enables a range of high-availability and storage managementcapabilities
Load balance
Fail-over
SAN administration
Storage management
An HBA is an I/O adapter that sits between the host computer's bus and the Fibre Channel loop,
and manages the transfer of information between the two channels. In order to minimize the
impact on host processor performance, the host bus adapter performs many low-level interface
functions automatically or with minimal processor involvement.
In simple terms, a host bus adapter (HBA) provides I/O processing and physical connectivity
between a server and storage. The storage may be attached using a variety of direct attached or
storage networking technologies, including Fibre Channel, iSCSI, VI/IP, FICON, or SCSI. Host
bus adapters provide critical server CPU off-load, freeing servers to perform application
processing. As the only part of a storage area network that resides in a server, HBAs also
provide a critical link between the SAN and the operating system and application software. In
this role, the HBA enables a range of high-availability and storage management capabilities,
including load balancing, fail-over, SAN administration, and storage management.
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FC-1
y Defines the method
used to Encode dataprior to transmissionand decode the dataupon reception
y A benefit of using8b/10b encoding is thatit defines a number of
Special Characters Fibre Channel Level 1 (FC1)Fibre Channel Level 1 (FC1)
Fibre Channel Level 0 (FC0)Fibre Channel Level 0 (FC0)
Whenever the encoder creates a character with more ones than zeros, it remembers this by
setting a single-bit variable called the Current Running Disparity (CRD) to positive. Whenever
the encoder creates a character with more zeros than ones, it sets the CRD to negative.
The CRD is fed back to the encoder to select the appropriate encoding in order to balance the
number of ones and zero bits transmitted.
As a series of characters are processed, the output alternates between positive and negative
disparity.
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Encoding Process
yThe encoding process transforms 8-bit input charactersinto 10-bit transmission characters having the desiredattributes
The encoding process transforms 8-bit input characters into 10-bit transmission characters
having the desired attributes. Not all of the possible 10-bit patterns are used. 10 bits allow 1024
different combinations.
To prevent excessive DC (direct current) components and run length problems, only characters
containing 6 ones and 4 zeros, 5 ones and 5 zeros, or 4 ones and 6 zeros are used. Any other
weighting of bits is invalid.
y 5 ones and 5 zeros are considered to have neutral disparity
y 6 ones and 4 zeros are considered to have positive disparity
y 4 ones and 6 zeros are considered to have negative disparity
y All possible 8-bit characters have 2 possible 10-bit encodings
This is the same method used to transmit a data stream in ESCON. The purpose of this is to
break up the data stream in the serial environment and at the same time allow control characters
to be embedded into the stream to speed up communications.
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Ordered Sets
yTwo types of Transmission Characters (Data andSpecial) are defined
Data Field
Header
OptionalHeader
OptionalHeader
Payload(information being
Transported
FillBytes
IDLE
Two types of Transmission Characters (Data and Special) are defined. Certain combinations of
Transmission Characters, referred to as Ordered Sets, are designated to have special meaning.
Ordered Sets are used to identify frame boundaries, transmit primitive function requests, and
maintain proper link transmission characteristics during periods of inactivity.
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FC-2
y Defines the structure ofthe Fibre Channelframe
yThe transported data istransparent to FC-2and visible to FC-3 andabove
Fibre Channel Level 1 (FC1)Fibre Channel Level 1 (FC1)
Fibre Channel Level 2 (FC2)Fibre Channel Level 2 (FC2)
Fibre Channel Level 0 (FC0)Fibre Channel Level 0 (FC0)
The FC-2 level serves as the transport mechanism of the Fibre Channel. The transported data is
transparent to FC-2 and visible to FC-3 and above.
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Frames
y Frames are the basic building blocks of a Fibre Channelconnection
y All information in Fibre Channel is passed in frames
Data Field
Header
OptionalHeader
OptionalHeader
Payload (informationbeing Transported
Fill BytesStart-of-Frame
CRC
End-of-Frame
Frames are the basic building blocks of a Fibre Channel connection. The frames contain the
information to be transmitted, the addresses of the source and destination ports, and link control
information.
All information in Fibre Channel is passed in frames. The maximum amount of data carried in a
frame is 2112 bytes, with a total frame size of 2148 bytes. The general structure of a Frame is
specific.
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Header Contents
yThe header contains the Source and DestinationAddresses which allows the frame to be routed to thecorrect port
Data Field
Header
OptionalHeader
OptionalHeader
Payload (informationbeing Transported
Fill BytesStart-of-Frame
CRC
End-of-Frame
Parameter Field (PARM)
OX_IDOX.ID
DF_CTLDF_CTLSEQ_ID
Frame Control (F_CNT)TYPE
Source Address (S-ID)CS_CTL
Destination Address (D-1D)R_CTL
The Header contains the Source and Destination Addresses, which allows the frame to be routed
to the correct port. The Type field interpretation is dependent on whether the frame is a link
control frame or a Fibre Channel data frame. For example, if the frame is a data frame, a 08 in
the type field would indicate SCSI FCP information in the Data field.
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Exchange and Sequences
y An Exchange is a unidirectional or bi-directional set ofnon-concurrent Sequences
y FC-2 manages Exchanges that map directly to operations
y A Sequence is contained within an Exchange and iscomprised of one or more Frames
yThe purpose of the Sequence is to reorder data when it isreceived at the other end
An Exchange is a unidirectional or bi-directional set of non-concurrent Sequences. An Exchange
is the largest construct understood by FC-2. FC-2 manages Exchanges that map directly to
operations.
FC-2 manages Sequences as unidirectional transfers of one or more frames. A Sequence is
contained within an Exchange and is comprised of one or more Frames. FC-2 names each
Sequence and tracks each Sequence to completion. The purpose of the Sequence is to reorder
data when it is received at the other end.
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Buffer to Buffer Credit
y R_RDY is sent to a transmitting node as buffers arecleared.
y An FC switch also performs buffering and flow controlinternally and externally
Data Frame
R_RDY
Data Frame
R_RDY
N_Port N_PortSwitch
The FC-2 provides flow control for buffer management. When nodes initialize on the Fabric
they agree on operational parameters such as the number of buffers available (Buffer Credits).
Transmitting nodes can continue to transmit as long as there are buffer credits. An R_RDY is
sent to a transmitting node as buffers are cleared. An FC switch also performs buffering and
flow control internally and externally.
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Classes of Service
Classes of Service
Functions Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5
Fabric discards Frames
Communications type between ports 1:1 1 to Many 1:1
Initial roundtrip delay 3Hunt group support Optional
Multicast support Optional
Broadcast support Optional
Stacked connect Request Optional Optional
Dedicated Simplex Optional Optional
Camp-on Optional Optional
Buffered Class Optional Optional
Unidirectional Connection Optional 3End-to-End flow con trol 3 3 3 3Buffer-to-Buffer flow control 3 3 3Fabric can reject frames 3 3Fabric busies frames 3Delivery Order Guaranteed 3 3 3Nx_Port supports Class of service Optional
Fabric support Class of service Optional
Classes of Service are different types of topology independent services provided by the Fabric
and used by the communicating N_Ports destination. The allocation and retention method
between the N_Ports and the level of delivery integrity required for an application distinguish
classes of service. If the Fabric is not present, the service is provided as a special case of point-
to-point. Fabrics and N_Ports are not required to support all Classes of service.
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Fibre Channel addressing
y Fibre Channel Addresses are required to route theframes from source to target
y 24 bits (3 bytes) physical addresses are assigned whena Fibre Channel node is connected to the switch (or loopin the case of FC-AL)
Source
Target
FC Initiator:
HBA
FC Responder:
Symmetrix FA
Or
CLARiiON SP Ports
FC Switch
Fibre Channel addresses are used to designate the source and destination of frames in the Fibre
Channel network. The Fibre Channel address field is 24 bits /3 bytes in length. Unlike Ethernet,
these addresses are not burned in, but are assigned when the node either enters the loop or is
connected to the switch. There are reserved addresses, which are used for services rather than
interface addresses.
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Addressing layout
yThe Physical Address is switch specific and dynamicallygenerated in the Fabric Login (FLOGI)
y Each N_Port has a Fabric-unique identifier, with thefollowing layout
Switch Port in Switch AL_PA
02 1F 00
FC-SW FC-AL
The actual physical address is vendor and switch specific. Refer to the switch manufacturers
documentation to determine how port addressing is configured.
FLOGI will be discussed later in this lesson.
Address identifiers are three bytes in length. The Frame Header contains two three-byte fields
for address identifiers, the (D_ID) field and the (S_ID) field. Each N_Port has a Fabric-unique
identifier, the N_Port Identifier, by which it is known. The source and destination N_Port
Identifiers and alias address identifiers are used to route frames within the Fabric.
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Addressing layout
1. Domain ID - Identifies the source or target switch insidethe Fabric
2. Switch Port - Identifies the source or target port in theswitch3. AL_PA - Used in Private Loop environment, identifying
the NL_Port (node loop port)
FC-SW FC-AL
Switch
02
Switch
1F
Port in Switch
1F
AL_PA
12
AL_PA
12
Switch
021 2 3
The most significant 8 bits of the Fibre Channel address contain the Domain ID, which basically
identifies the switch. In the Fabric environment, this allows frames to be routed between
switches.
The middle 8 bits contain the area address, which has been implemented as the port address
within the switch. In the Fabric environment, this allows frames to be routed between switches.
In the Private Loop environment, the Domain and Area fields contain zeros, and the Port field
contains the AL_PA (Arbitrated Loop Physical Address) for the NL_Port.
NOTE: With a McDATA switch, the third byte will always be 13.
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World Wide Name
y A World Wide Name, or WWN, is a 64-bit address used inFibre Channel networks to uniquely identify each elementin the network
y Assigned to a host bus adapter (HBA) or switch port bythe vendor at the time of manufacture, it is similar to theMAC address in an Ethernet network
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C 9 2 0 D C 4 0Example: Emulex HBAs World Wide Name
Reserved
12 bits
Company OUI
23 bits
Vendor Assigned
24 bits
A World Wide Name, or WWN, is a 64-bit address used in Fibre Channel networks to uniquely
identify each element in the network.
Assigned to a host bus adapter (HBA) or switch port by the vendor at the time of manufacture, it
is similar to the MAC address in an Ethernet network.
There are two designations of WWN; World Wide Port Name and World Wide Node Name.
Both are globally unique 64-bit identifiers. The difference lies in where each value is
physically assigned. For example, a server may have dual HBAs installed, thus having
multiple ports or connections to a SAN. A WWPN is assigned to each physical port.
The WWNN represents the entire server, which can be referred to as the node or node process,
and is derived from one of the WWPNs. EMC uses the WWPN for all configurations
Fibre Channel specifications allow for multiple formats of the World Wide Name. The example
shown is that of the IEEE Registered Name Format.
NAA is the Name Assignment Authority, which assigns the 24 bits (IEEE Company ID) to the
specific vendor (i.e. EMC).
Values for World Wide Name formats are based on the IEEE company_id. More information on
these formats can be found at www.standards.ieee.org.
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World Wide Name Target (FA and SP ports)
y Symmetrix and CLARiiON ports are soft-assigned basedon slot number, processor, port and array serial number
5 0 0 6 0 4 8 2 E 8 9 1 2 B 9 0Example: Symmetrix FA World Wide Name
5 0 0 6 0 1 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 B 2Example: CLARiiON SP World Wide Name
The WWNs for Symmetrix FA and CLARiiON SP ports are soft-assigned, so they will remain
unchanged after a component replacement.
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World Wide Name Symmetrix Target
y Symmetrix 8000 and previous
5 0 0 6 0 4 8 2 E 8 9 1 2 B 9 00101 0000 0000 0110 0000 0100 1000 0010 1110 1000 1001 0001 0010 1011 10 0 1
EMC Company ID 24 bits Symmetrix Serial Number 30 bits Port Side FA 4 bits
001011101000100100010010101110 011110
195183790 15bA
1110
y Symmetrix DMX
Symmetrix Serial Number 29 bits010
2CB187900106
10000101011001100110010000011001010
Half FA 4 bitsSidePortEMC Company ID 24 bits01 00011000100011100011001100110011000010000000110000000000101
5 0 0 6 0 4 8 A C C C 8 3 2 A 1
Because the WWN of the FA is dependent on the Symmetrix Serial Number and the Slot rather
than being burned in, the WWN stays constant if the FA fails and has to be replaced. To
determine the WWN of an FA depends on the version of the Symmetrix being used. The
original calculation was that the last 6 bits of the WWN were used. Bit position 6 specified the
port (0 or 1), Bit position 5 the processor ( 0-A/1-B ) and Bit position 1-4 the slot (add 1 to get
the adapter).
On the DMX series, the ports are laid out as follows, from the top down:
DB - processor 4, port 1
DA - processor 4, port 0
CB - processor 3, port 1
CA - processor 3, port 0
BB - processor 2, port 1
BA - processor 2, port 0
AB - processor 1, port 1
AA - processor 1, port 0
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The new calculation had to be both backward compatible with previous Symmetrix versions,
and at the same time allow for more addresses. The new calculation borrows a bit from the
serial number. It was determined that we do not need 30 bits for a serial number, 29 gives us all
the range we need. So, bit position 30 is now dubbed a "half bit" The half bit determines which
pair of processor we are working with. It is set to 0 for processors A & B, and 1 for C & D.
Then, as above, we make use of the processor" bit. This is used along with the half bit todetermine exactly what processor. It breaks down like this:
Half bit 0 / Processor bit 0 A
Half bit 0 / Processor bit 1 B
Half bit 1 / Processor bit 0 C
Half bit 1 / Processor bit 1 - D
Then, like the original calculation, we use the Port bit to determine the 0/A port or the 1/B port.
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World Wide Name CLARiiON Target
y CX600 example:
5 0 0 6 0 1 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 B 2 50101 0000 0000 0110 0000 0001 0110 0000 0000
00000 0110 0000 0000 0001 1011 0010 0101
EMC Company ID 24 bits Port CLARiiON seed 32 bits
0000
CLARiiON - CX600
WWN seed - 00:60:01:b2
Resulting WWNN therefore is 50:06:01:60:80:60:01:b2
Resulting WWPNs therefore are:
Storage Processor A
Port 0 - 50:06:01:60:00:60:01:b2
Port 1 - 50:06:01:61:00:60:01:b2
Port 2 - 50:06:01:62:00:60:01:b2
Port 3 - 50:06:01:63:00:60:01:b2
Note : On the FC4500, we have the only real exception as the FC ports are in fact connected to a
hub and share their WWPN. To get around this, only one port from each SP would be connected
to the Fabric. Two ports existed per SP to allow for a dual cluster direct attach.
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Frames routing
Source
TargetFabric
Physical cable connected
HBA WWN:
10000000C920DC40
FA WWN:
50060482E8912B90
Physical cable connected
ISL
Sw 01
Sw 02
Port 07
Port 05
y When N_Ports areconnected to F_Ports,the Fabric Loginbegins, associatingphysical address andWorld Wide Name
When N_Ports are connected to F_Ports, the Fabric Login begins, associating physical addresses
and World Wide Names.
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Frames routing (contd)
Source
TargetFabric
Physical cable connected
HBA WWN:
10000000C920DC40
FA WWN:
50060482E8912B90
Physical cable connected
ISL
Sw 01
Sw 02
Port 07
Port 05
yThe WWN andPhysical Address
association is done bythe switch and isstored using internaltables
y So the frames arerouted using theirPhysical Address
WWN ->Switch/Port/AL_PA
10000000C920DC40 ->020500
50060482E8912B90 ->010700
The WWN and Physical Address association is done by the switch and is stored using internal
tables.
The frames are routed using their Physical Address, same as happens in an FC-AL environment,
using just the AL_PA.
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Frames routing (contd)
Source
TargetFabric
Physical cable connected
HBA WWN:
10000000C920DC40
FA WWN:
50060482E8912B90
Physical cable connected
ISL
Sw 01
Sw 02
Port 07
Port 05
y Any changes in theswitchs ports willnot impact futureframe routing, oncethe internal tablesare updated
WWN ->Switch/Port/AL_PA
10000000C920DC40 ->02060050060482E8912B90 ->010700
Port 06
When nodes generate frames, they are routed by their addresses, not their WWNs. However,
tables can be built which can associate WWNs to the destination addresses. A World Wide
Name is a 64 bit value (16 characters).
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Fibre Channel Logins
N_Port
1
N_Port
1F_PortF_Port F_PortF_Port N_Port
2
N_Port
2
Fabric
Process aProcess a
Process bProcess b
Process cProcess c
Process xProcess x
Process yProcess y
Process zProcess z
Fabric Login Fabric Login
Accept AcceptPort Login
Accept
Process Login
Accept
There are three types of login supported in Fibre Channel: Fabric, Port and Process. All nodeports must attempt to log in with the Fabric. This is typically done right after the link or the
Loop has been initialized. It consists of the node port transmitting a Fabric Login (FLOGI)frame to the well-known Fabric address hex'FFFFFE'. The normal response is an Accept (ACC)frame from the Fabric back to the node port. Fabric Login accomplishes the following things:
y It determines the presence or absence of a Fabric.
y If a Fabric is present, it provides a specific set of operating characteristics associated withthe entire Fabric, including which Classes of service are supported.
y If a Fabric is present, it will optionally assign or will confirm the native N_Port Identifier ofthe N_Port that initiated the Login.
y If a Fabric is present, it initializes the buffer-to-buffer credit.
Before a node port can communicate with another node port, it must first perform N_Port Loginwith that node port. Similar to Fabric Login, the N_Port transmits a PLOGI frame to thedestination node port. Again, the normal response is an ACC frame. Port Login accomplishesthe following things:
y It provides a specific set of operating characteristics associated with the destination N_Port,including Class of service.
y With Class 3 services, buffer-to-buffer credit is initialized.
PRLI is an acronym for Process login. Process logins establish sessions between relatedprocesses on a source and target N_Port. The processes are typically FC-4 layer applications.
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Fabric Login
yThe Fabric Login (FLOGI) is used by an N_Port todetermine the presence of a Fabric, then exchangeservice parameters.
yThe N_Port performs a login to address FFFFFE (F_PortServer) using a source address of 000000.
yThe Fabric Login service returns a frame which assignsan address to the port (24 bits)
When a Fibre Channel device is attached to a Fabric, it will begin a Fabric login (FLOGI).
FLOGI is an extended link service command that sets up a session between two participants.
With FLOGI, a session is created between an N_Port or NL_Port and a F_Port or FL_Port. An
N_Port will send a FLOGI frame that contains its Node Name, its N_Port Name, and service
parameters to address 0xFFFFFE.
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FLOGI
Port Address RequestPort Address Request
Registration Request Registration Request
Directory Server
(NameServer)
(xFF FF FC)
Port Identifier (SID)
Port Name (WWN)
Classes of Service (Class 3)
FC-4 Types Supported (SCSI)
Port Type (N_Port)
Zoning Information
HBA
N_Port
HBA
N_Port
FA
N_Port
FA
N_Port
Fabric Server
(xFF FF FE)
Query Request Query Request
When the N_Port logs in, it uses a 24-bit port address of 0x000000. Because of this, the Fabric is
allowed to assign the appropriate port address to that device, based on the Domain-Area-Port
address format. The newly assigned address is contained in the ACC response frame.
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Fabric Login in Loop Environment
y A public loop port first opens the destination AL_PA 0x00before issuing the FLOGI
y NL_Port logs in a similar process, except that the last 8bits of the Physical Address is used
y Before an NL_Port logs in it will go through the LIP, thisensures that the switch assigned AL_PA does not conflictwith any previously selected AL_PAs on the loop
An N_Port first opens the destination AL_PA 0x00 before issuing the FLOGI request. The
switch accepts the login and returns an accept (ACC) frame to the sender. If some of the service
parameters requested by the N_Port are not supported, the switch will set the appropriate bits in
the ACC frame to indicate this.
When the NL_Port logs in a similar process starts, except that the least significant byte is used to
assign the AL_PA and the upper two bytes constitute a Fabric loop identifier. Before an
NL_Port logs in, it will go through the LIP on the loop, which is started by the FL_Port, and
from this process it has already derived an AL_PA. The switch then decides if it will accept this
AL_PA for this device or not. If not, a new AL_PA is assigned to the NL_Port, which then
causes the start of another LIP. This ensures that the switch assigned AL_PA does not conflict
with any previously selected AL_PAs on the loop.
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Fabric Login Name and Directory Service
y Information is then registered with the Directory Service(FFFFFC) such as :
Port Identifier (ID) = S_ID
Port Name(PN) = WWN of the N_Port
Classes of Service (CS) = Class 3 currently
FC-4 Types Supported (FT) = SCSI-3
Port Type (PT) = N_Port
y Once a port has logged in, it can query the Name Servicedatabase for information about all other logged in ports
After the node gets its Fabric address from FLOGI, it needs to register with the SNS with port
login (PLOGI) on address 0xFFFFFC. The device may register values for all or just some
database objects, but the most useful are:
y Port Identifier (ID) = S_ID
y Port Name(PN) = WWN of the N_Port
y Classes of Service (CS) = Class 3 currently
y FC-4 Types Supported (FT) = SCSI-3
y Port Type (PT) = N_Port
Once a port has logged in, it can query the Name Service database for information about all
other logged in ports.
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Port Login (PLOGI)
y Happens when an N_Port logs in to another N_Port (HBAlogs in to an FA for instance). At this moment, a table iscreated speeding up data transfer between the nodes
y Port logins exchange information such as:
host address (SID)
frame size (receive buffer size)
flow control & version information (TOVs)
port name (WWPN)
y Some platforms require re-login when there is a long idleperiod (HP-UX for instance)
y Service parameters are exchanged between nodesbefore any upper level commands can be issued
When an N_Port logs in to another N_Port, a table can be built which will keep track of the
WWN of the logged in port along with its Fibre Channel address. For example, when the NT
and SUNs login to the Symmetrix, a table is created. This speeds data transfers and node-to-
node communications.
Some Host types (for example, HP-UX) may not maintain a connection while idle and would
need to re-login.
Port login is used to establish a session between two nodes, swapping service parameters and
making themselves known to each other.
Port logins exchange information such as:
y
host address (SID)y frame size (receive buffer size)
y flow control & version information (TOVs)
yport name (WWPN)
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Process Login (PRLI)
y Process Login sets up the environment between nodeports and is done by the FC-4 layer
y At this level, each Fibre Exchange is composed of SCSItasks (individual or grouped commands)
y Some SCSI commands:
FCP_CMND
FCP_XFER_RDY
FCP_DATA
FCP_RSP
Process login is used to set up the environment between related processes on node ports.
The Fibre Channel Protocol for SCSI-3 standard specifies that each SCSI task corresponds toFibre Channel exchange. A Fibre Channel exchange consists of a single SCSI command or a
group of linked SCSI commands. The FCP mapping of SCSI-3 to Fibre Channel defines four
information sets that are transferred between SCSI initiator and target. The information sets are
modeled after the SCSI-3 architecture defined protocols services.
y FCP_CMND - Corresponds to Send SCSI Command protocol service
y FCP_XFER_RDY Transports the offset and request byte count objects of the Send Data-In
and Receive Data-Out protocol services
y FCP_DATA - Transports the data object of the Send Data-In and Receive Data-Out protocol
services
y FCP_RSP corresponds to the Send Command Complete protocol service
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FC-3
y FC-3 was put into FibreChannel as aplaceholder
y In concept FC-4 wouldpass requests to FC-3that would perform thedesired service andthen pass onto FC-2
Fibre Channel Level 1 (FC1)Fibre Channel Level 1 (FC1)
Fibre Channel Level 3 (FC3)Fibre Channel Level 3 (FC3)
Fibre Channel Level 2 (FC2)Fibre Channel Level 2 (FC2)
Fibre Channel Level 0 (FC0)Fibre Channel Level 0 (FC0)
FC-3 was put into Fibre Channel as a placeholder. In concept, FC-4 would pass requests to FC-3
that would perform the desired service and then pass onto FC-2.
Some of the things that have been identified as probably fitting into FC-3 are:
y Data Striping
y Multipathing
y Mirroring
y RAID
y Data encryption
y Data compression
y Data Translation
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FC-4
yThe FC-4 level of FibreChannel is designed tohand off to anotherprotocol such as SCSI
y Fundamentally, thecommands at FC-4 forSCSI allow SCSIinitiator and target to
communicate overFibre ChannelFibre Channel Level 1 (FC1)Fibre Channel Level 1 (FC1)
Fibre Channel Level 3 (FC3)Fibre Channel Level 3 (FC3)
Fibre Channel Level 2 (FC2)Fibre Channel Level 2 (FC2)
Fibre Channel Level 0 (FC0)Fibre Channel Level 0 (FC0)
Fibre Channel Level 4 (FC4)Fibre Channel Level 4 (FC4)
The FC-4 level consists of several standards documents describing how different upper-level
protocols (ULPs) use the transport services provided by levels FC-2, FC-1 and FC-0. The
purpose of an FC-4 protocol mapping is to make a logical connection between the ULPs and
Fibre Channel's transport facilities.
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ULP - Upper Layer Protocol
y ULP not actually partof Fibre Channel
y Some examples ofULPs are:
Small Computer SystemInterface (SCSI)
Intelligent PeripheralInterface (IPI)
High PerformanceParallel Interface (HiPPI)
Bus and Tag (FIPS) orESCON
IEEE 802.2 Logical LinkControl (LLC)
Fibre Channel Level 1 (FC1)Fibre Channel Level 1 (FC1)
Fibre Channel Level 3 (FC3)Fibre Channel Level 3 (FC3)
Fibre Channel Level 2 (FC2)Fibre Channel Level 2 (FC2)
Fibre Channel Level 0 (FC0)Fibre Channel Level 0 (FC0)
ULPULP
Fibre Channel Level 4 (FC4)Fibre Channel Level 4 (FC4)
ULP (Upper level Protocol) is not actually part of Fibre Channel.
Some examples of ULPs are:y Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
y Intelligent Peripheral Interface (IPI)
y High Performance Parallel Interface (HiPPI)
y Bus and Tag (FIPS) or ESCON
y IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC)
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Lesson 3 SAN Concepts
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
yDescribe Direct Connect, Arbitrated Loop and SwitchedFabric topology
y Understand the differences between Hub and Switch
y Know Fibre Channel Port types
y Identify Departmental Switches and Enterprise Directorsmodels and features
y Explain different SAN usages (VSAN, Routed andVirtualization)
The objectives for this lesson are shown here. Please take a moment to read them.
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Physical and Logical Topologies
yThe Fibre Channel environment consists of physicaltopology and logical topology
Fibre Channel
Switch
Windows
Server
Sun
Server
Storage
Physical
Topology
Logical
Topology
Physical
Topology
The Fibre Channel environment consists of a physical topology and a logical topology. The
physical topology describes the physical interconnects among devices (servers, storage, and
switch in the EMC-specific environment). The logical topology describes the logical paths
established between the operating system device names and their associated storage ports and
volumes.
Logical topologies in the EMC/Fibre Channel switch environment can generally be described in
terms offan-in(into the EMC storage array) and fan-out (out ofthe EMC storage array).
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Direct Connect Topology
yThe ANSI Fibre Channel Standards define threetopologies
Direct Connect
Arbitrated loop (FC-AL)
Switched Fabric (FC-SW)
y Direct Connect is the simplest topology, where twodevices are directly connected to each other
The ANSI Fibre Channel Standards define three topologies: Direct Connect, Arbitrated loop
(FC-AL), and Switched Fabric (FC-SW).
This slide shows a Fibre Channel topology where two devices are directly connected to each
other.
EMC specifies a 2 node FC-AL connection called Direct Connect. This Topology is the same as
the standard Arbitrated Loop except that there are two nodes in the Loop and the FC-AL Hub is
not used.
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Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL) Topology
y All devices are in a loop or ring over attachment pointscalled L_Ports (loop ports)
y FC-AL is a low-cost connectivity solution because it doesnot require switches
Fibre Channel
Hub
y Efficiency andconnectivity isenhanced byincorporating oneor more hubs intothe loop
Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL) is a daisy-chainconnecting up to 126 devices in a loop configurationover attachment points called L_Ports(loop ports). FC-AL is a low-cost connectivity solutionbecause it does not require switches.
FC-AL is a good choice for small to medium-sized configurations, and provides a growth path
by allowing connection of a loop to a switched Fabric.
Efficiency and connectivity is enhanced by incorporating one or more hubs into the loop.
Routing traffic through a hub on each leg of a loop eliminates the loss of the entire loop, as
happens in a hubless loop.
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Switched Fabric (FC-SW) Topology
y Switched Fabric is a Fibre Channel topology where manydevices connect with each other via Fibre Channel
switches
y Frames are routed between source and destination bythe Fabric
Fibre Channel
Switch
yThis topologyallow the mostnumber of
connectivity witha theoretical 16million devicesper Fabric
Switched Fabric (FC-SW) is one or more dynamic Fibre Channel switches connecting multiple
devices. FC-SW involves a switching device (the Fabric) interconnecting two or more nodes.
Rather than traveling around an entire loop, frames are routed between source and destination by
the Fabric.
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Arbitrated Loop Switches
y Fibre Channel hubs are used with Fibre ChannelArbitrated Loop (FC-AL) to increase server and storageconnectivity
y Using a hub, multiple servers can access multiple storagedevices
y EMC Symmetrix storage systems are qualified with hubsin limited configurations with:HP-UX
Sun Solaris
Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows2003
Siemens servers
Fibre Channel hubs are used with Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL) to increase server
and storage connectivity. Using a hub, multiple servers can access multiple storage devices.
A Hub can only have one Full Duplex connection between port pairs at any one time. Although
every port is capable of full speed operation, only one pair of ports can be active at any one
time. This is due to the fact that only two nodes in an FC-AL environment can be active at any
one time, and they must be communicating with each other (pair).
EMC Symmetrix storage systems are qualified with hubs in limited configurations with HP-UX,
Sun Solaris, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows 2003, and Siemens servers.
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Switches
y A Fibre Channel switch is a device that routes databetween host bus adapters and fibre adapters on storagesystems
y A Fabric is a single switch or multiple switches thatinterconnect various N_Ports, and is capable of routingframes by using only the D_ID information in a FibreChannel frame header
y Larger Fabric will be built by connecting
multiple switches through E_Ports
Switched Fabrics offer strong advantages over hubs, in both performance and manageability.
For example, a hub can have only one full-duplex connection between port pairs at one time.
Although every port in a 10-port hub is capable of full-speed operation, only one pair of ports
can be active at any one time. A switched Fabric, however, can have every port pair running full
duplex simultaneously at 200 MB/s. In a switched topology, aggregate bandwidth of 200 MB/s
times the Fabric port count is possible.
The aggregate bandwidth of a hub is fixed, but the aggregate bandwidth of a Fabric scales as
additional port pairs are added. This scaling capability is an important management feature,
because it allows the administrator of the enterprise storage network to reallocate the bandwidth
of the network among N_Ports without moving cables and reconfiguring the environment.
A second management benefit of switched Fabrics over hubs is a Fabric-based service called thename server, which maintains a table of all logged-in devices.
Used by the N_Ports for device discovery, the table is maintained by the Name Server during
Fabric reconfigurations.
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Fibre Channel SAN Switches and Directors
y Directors are considered to be more highly available thanswitches
Switches are Directors are
y Lower number of ports
y Availability features
y High performance
y Web-based managementfeatures
y Highest port count
y Highest availability
y Highest performance
y Web-based and/orconsole-basedmanagement features
In a SAN, implementation is necessary to select the director, switch or hybrid technology
solution.
The switch/director decision is often financial. Technically, directors are preferable to switches.
If we consider the differences between them:
y Directors are easier to manage because the relationship between ports is equal and, therefore,
it does not need to be considered in performance planning. A single high-availability Fabric
is possible using directors, though switches require two Fabrics.
y Directors have scaled failure localization. This means the GBIC, power supply, etc. can each
be replaced without bringing down the entire device, limiting risk of catastrophic failure.
y Switches offer some localization, at the GBIC or power supply, but in general, a physical
failure results in whole device replacement.
Directors are considered to be more highly available than switches. To be fully redundant, there
is a requirement for multiple connections to more than one network, with complete routes to all
devices throughout those networks. This improves resiliency of the Fabric, allowing the SAN to
maintain its functionality in the even of failures. Because fault isolation in a director is at a more
granular component level and the components are already dual redundant, directors have the
least adverse impact on availability.
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EMC Connectrix Products
SERVICE LEVEL
COST
ED-140M
DS-24M2
MDS-9120
MDS-9140
DS-8B3
DS-16B3
ED-24000B
MDS-9509
Connectrix Directors
y Redundant everythingprovides optimal
serviceability and highest availabilityy Data-center deployment
y Maximum scalability
y Large Fabrics
Connectrix Switchesy Redundant fans and power supplies
y High availability through redundantdeployment
y Departmental and data-centerdeployment
DS-32M2
ED-64M
MP-1620M
MDS-9506MDS-9216i/A
AP-7420B
MP-2640M
DS-4100B
Only EMC offers a complete range of SAN productsfrom Connectrix directors for data-center
deployments to Connectrix switches for data-center and departmental deployment.
The Connectrix Family gives customers:
y The widest range of SAN service levels
y More choice
y Additional Fibre Channel functionality
y A pathway to IP SANs
y An additional platform for future network-hosted applications
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Types of Fibre Channel Port
TYPE DESCRIPTION
N_Port Node port, a port at the end of a point-to-point link
NL_PortNode Loop port, a port which supports the arbitrated looptopology
F_PortFabric port, the access point of the Fabric which connectsto a N_Port
FL_PortFabric Loop port, a Fabric port which connects to aNL_Port
E_Port Expansion port on a switch. Links multiple switches
G_PortGeneral port, a Connectix McDATA switch port with theability to function as either an F_Port or an E_port
U_Port Universal port, Connectrix B series equivalent to a G_Port
In an environment using Host Bus Adapters and Symmetrix FC Directors, ports are configured
as either N-Ports or NL-Ports:
yN_Port - Node port, a port at the end of a point-to-point link
yNL_Port - Node Loop port, a port which supports the arbitrated loop topology
Fibre Channel Switch ports are also configured for specific applications:
y F_Port - Fabric port, the access point of the Fabric which connects to a N_Port
y FL_Port - Fabric Loop port, a Fabric port which connects to a NL_Port
y E_Port - Expansion port on a switch. Links multiple switches
yG_Port - General port, a Connectix McDATA switch port with the ability to function aseither an F_Port or an E_port
y U_Port - Universal port, Connectrix B series equivalent to a G_Port
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Fabric
N_PortN_Port
N_PortN_Port
N_PortN_Port
N_PortN_Port
F_PortF_Port
F_PortF_Port
F_PortF_Port
G_PortG_Port
E_PortE_Port
F_PortF_Port
E_PortE_Port
Fabric
ISL
A Fabric is a switch or a group of switches linked together.
When looking at the graphic above you will notice that the cloud of the Fabric is actually twoseparate switches attached together via an ISL (Interswitch Link). Attached to the Fabric are
several N ports which represent end port devices such as HBAs and Storage ports.
The term Enterprise Director indicates a switch that has all major components redundant at the
hardware level. If any major part fails, the switch will automatically fail over, maintaining
operation during the failure. The Enterprise directors are commonly used as core switches in a
core edge topology.
A Departmental switch has less redundancy and is meant for smaller workgroups. With the lack
of redundancy, the departmental switches are commonly used as edge switches for core edge
designs with PowerPath in place for redundancy in case of a switch failure.
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Zoning
y Partitions a Fibre Channel switched Fabric into subsetsof logical devices
y Zones contain a set of members that are permitted toaccess each other
y A member can be identified by its Source ID (SID), itsWorld Wide Name (WWN), or a combination of both
Zoning is used to partition a Fibre Channel switched Fabric into subsets of logical devices. Each
zone contains a set of members that are permitted to access each other. Members can be switch
ports, HBAs, or storage ports. When zoning is enabled, members in the same zone can see and
communicate with each other, but members in separate zones cannot. Ports and devices
distributed across multiple switches in a Fabric may be grouped into the same zone.
A zone member can be identified by its Source ID (SID), its World Wide Name (WWN), or a
combination of both. Zones can be created using each of these forms of member identification.
Thus, there are essentially three types of zoning: hard zoning, soft zoning, and mixed zoning.
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What is Zoning?
10000000C920C4E4
10000000C920C321
200000E069000CFE
200000E0690014B8
200000E06900156D
50060482B8912B9E
50060482B8912B8E
50060482B8912B8F
50060482B8912B9F
500601684003491C
A Switched Fabric can be subdivided into a number of zones:
y
A single zone typically includes two or more portsy Zones can be created by
Switch Port Number (Static)
HBA WWN (Flexible)
Custom Nickname/Alias
EMC recommends that zones include only one HBA (Single HBA zoning), however an HBA
may belong to multiple zones. Zones may include one or more EMC Symmetrix FA ports. FAs
may belong to multiple zones.
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Single Init iator Zoning
y Always put ONLY one HBA in a zone with Storage ports
yEach HBA port can only talkto Storage ports in thesame zone
y HBAs & Storage Ports may be members of more thanone zone
y HBA ports are isolated from each other to avoid potentialproblems associated with the SCSI discovery process
y Decreases the impact of a Registered State Change in aFabric by reducing the amount of nodes that must loginagain
Under single-HBA zoning, each HBA is configured with its own zone. The members of the zoneconsist of the HBA and one or more storage ports, such as a Symmetrix Fibre Adapter (FA) port,
with the volumes that the HBA will use.
This zoning practice provides a fast, efficient, and reliable means of controlling the HBAdiscovery/login process. Without zoning, the HBA will attempt to log in to all ports on theFabric during discovery and during the HBAs response to a state change notification. Withsingle-HBA zoning, the time and Fibre Channel bandwidth required to process discovery andthe state change notification are minimized.
Two VERY good reasons for Single HBA Zoning:
y Cuts down on the reset time for any change made in the state of the Fabric.
y Only the nodes within the same zone will be forced to log back into the Fabric after a RSCN(Registered State Change Notification)
When a nodes state has changed in a Fabric (i.e. cable moved to another port), it will have toperform the Fabric Login process again before resuming normal communication with the othernodes it is zoned with. If there is only one SCSI Initiator in the zone (HBA), then the amount ofdisrupted communication is reduced.
If you had a zone with two HBAs and one of them had a state change, then BOTH would beforced to log in again, causing disruption to the other HBA that did not have any change in itsFabric state. Performance can be severely impacted by this.
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Hard and Soft Zoning
Host
WWPN = 10:00:00:00:C9:20:DC:40
WWPN = 10:00:00:60:69:40:8E:41
Domain ID = 21
Port = 1
FC
Switch
FC
SwitchStorage
Fabric
WWPN = 50:06:04:82:E8:91:2B:9E
WWPN = 10:00:00:60:69:40:DD:A1
Domain ID = 25
Port = 3
In general, zoning can be divided into two categories:
y
Port zoningy WWN zoning
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WWN Zoning
Host
WWPN = 10:00:00:00:C9:20:DC:40
WWPN = 10:00:00:60:69:40:8E:41
Domain ID = 21
Port = 1
FC
Switch
FC
SwitchStorage
Fabric
WWPN = 50:06:04:82:E8:91:2B:9E
WWPN = 10:00:00:60:69:40:DD:A1
Domain ID = 25
Port = 3
WWN Zone 1 =10:00:00:00:C9:20:DC:40; 50:06:04:82:E8:91:2B:9E
WWN zoning creates zone sets using the WWNs of the attached nodes. This allows you to move
nodes from one switch port to another without having to change the zone configuration. The
zone set becomes independent of individual switch ports.
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Port Zoning
Host
WWPN = 10:00:00:00:C9:20:DC:40
WWPN = 10:00:00:60:69:40:8E:41
Domain ID = 21
Port = 1
FC
Switch
FC
SwitchStorage
Fabric
WWPN = 50:06:04:82:E8:91:2B:9E
WWPN = 10:00:00:60:69:40:DD:A1
Domain ID = 25
Port = 3
Port Zone 1 =21,1; 25,3
Port zoning, based on physical topology, uses the domain ID and port number of the switch (in
the format domainID:port number), not the port WWN of the attached device to determine the
zone set. This method allows you to change the HBA without changing any zoning information.
However, it does not give you the flexibility to physically move attached nodes between switch
ports without having to redefine the port number in the zone set.
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Zoning Components
Member #1
Member #2
Member #3
Member #4
Zone #1
Zone #2
Active Zone Set
Old Zone Set #1
Old Zone Set #2
Member #5 Zone #3
Members are attached adapters which can be included in a zone. They include HBAs and
Storage Fibre adapter ports. A Storage Fibre adapter is a front end port on a storage system.
Examples include Symmetrix FA ports, CLARiiON SP ports and Compaq adapter ports.
A zone contains a set of members that can access each other. A member can be a Storage Fibre
adapter or a Host Bus Adapter (HBA) that is logged into a switch device. Devices spread
throughout multiple switches in a multiswitch Fabric may be grouped into the same zone.
Multiple zones can be assigned membership in one zone set. Zones are built and then included
into a specific zone set based on the customers requirement to activate multiple zones
simultaneously. Zone sets are then activated to simultaneously activate the zones in the set.
Zoning a hosts HBA with a Symmetrix or CLARiiON Storage Fibre adapter port allows
communication between those members. Volumes visible on that storage port will now beavailable to the host. Members of a zone can see each other; members in different zones cannot.
A zone set is a group of zones that you can activate or deactivate as a single entity in either a
single unit or a multi-unit Fabric. Only one zone set can be active at one time per Fabric.
The active zone set is a single zone set that is currently enabled. When a zone set is active, all
zones that are members of that zone set are active.
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VSAN
y VSANs are logical SANs providing isolation amongphysically connected devices.
VSANs are logical SANs over a common physical Fabric allowing logical segments in the
network. Multiple independent SANs over a common physical infrastructure provide isolation
among devices that are physically connected.
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Distance Extension Options
y WDM
Metro region (100s km)
Shared infrastructure for many applications
High bandwidth needs
y SONET
Long-distance solutions (1000s km)
Smaller sites feeding into WDM
y IP
Native IP for simplicity
Bridged IP when WDM and SONET not available
Reuse part of existing infrastructure
WDM
y
Metro region (100s km)y Shared infrastructure for many applications
y High bandwidth needs
y Limitation: Availability of dark fiber; Can be high cost
SONET
y Long-distance solutions (1000s km)
y Smaller sites feeding into WDM
y Limitation: Cost varies (IP can be less expensive); Can be difficult to provision
IP
yNative IP for simplicity
y Bridged IP when WDM and SONET not available
y Reuse part of existing infrastructure
y Limitation: Need a well-designed network; Limited interoperability between IP bridges
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SAN Routing - Solution
y SAN Routing
yA study group dedicated for the development of thestandards
y Benefits:
Hierarchical network
Local Fabrics can be kept small
Only the shared resources can be shared (routed) between Fabrics
SAN Routing is a new technology development of the FC protocol.
A study group within T11 was formed that is dedicated for the development of the standards toaccommodate the solution.
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SAN Virtualization - Solution
y SAN Virtualization
yUses the storage network to redirect IOs on the fly
y Benefits:
Free space can be utilized from any/all arrays in the network
Data migration becomes a real time activity
SAN virtualization uses the storage network to redirect IOs on the fly.
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FCIP
yTCP/IP based tunneling/encapsulatingprotocol for connecting/extending FibreChannel SANs
y More IP content, little Fibre Channelcontent
FCIP is a TCP/IP based tunneling/encapsulating protocol for connecting/extending Fibre
Channel SANs. It contains more IP content, little Fibre Channel content.
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iFCP
y Gateway to gateway protocol for FC over IP
y Mapping natively in IP across Fibre Channeland IP
y An IP-based tunneling protocol forinterconnecting Fibre Channel devicestogether in place of Fibre Channel switches
y More Fibre Channel content; when iFCPcreates the IP packets, it inserts informationthat is readable by network devices androutable within the IP network.
y IFCP wraps Fibre Channel data in IP packetsbut maps IP addresses to individual FibreChannel devices
iFCP is a gateway to gateway protocol for FC over IP, mapping natively in IP across Fibre
Channel and IP. It is an IP-based tunneling protocol for interconnecting Fibre Channel devices
together in place of Fibre Channel switches. It has more Fibre Channel content.
When iFCP creates the IP packets, it inserts information that is readable by network devices and
routable within the IP network. IFCP wraps Fibre Channel data in IP packets but maps IP
addresses to individual Fibre Channel devices.
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Block Storage over IP Solutions - Native
y All Ethernet (No Fibre Channel)
y iSCSI Protocol
y Ethernet Switches & Routers
LAN LAN
NativeiSCSI allows for all communications using Ethernet. Initiators may be directly attachedto iSCSI Targets or may be connected using standard Ethernet routers and switches.
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Block Storage over IP Solutions - Bridging
y Servers Ethernet Attached
y Storage FC Attached (SAN or DAS)
y iSCSI Protocol
LAN SAN
iSCSI SAN Switch
iSCSI Storage Por t
Bridgingarchitectures allow for the Initiators to exist in an Ethernet environment while thestorage remains in a Fibre Channel SAN.
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Block Storage over IP Solutions - Extension
y Servers & Storage SAN Attached
y FCIP or iFCP Protocol
y SRDF
SAN SAN
WAN
FCIP Routers or iFCP Switches
Extension architectures are most often used to provide connectivity across large distances.Either FCIP or iFCP bring the long distance benefits of IP to Fibre Channel.
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Course Summary
Key points covered in this course:
yFibre Channel Architecture
y Fibre Channel Layers
y Fibre Channel Topologies
y SAN concepts
These are the key points covered in this training. Please take a moment to review them.
This concludes the training. In order to receive credit for this course, please proceed to theCourse Completion slide to update your transcript and access the Assessment.