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Subject Index
Author Index is available for downloading at www.cambridge.org/9780521845670.
abortiondomestic terrorism and, 596politically-based violence over,
596–597abuse. See adolescent dating abuse;
adult female abuse; alcohol,drug abuse; child abuse; elderabuse; physical abuse
acquaintance violence, 11active genotype-environmental
correlations, 267Actor-Partner Interdependence
Model (APIM), 734Add Health. See National
Longitudinal Study ofAdolescent Health
Additive-Causal model, of peerrejection, 364–365
ADHD. See attention deficithyperactivity disorder
Adjective Checklist, 77adolescence
antisocial behavior and, 50physical abuse prevention during,
163resting heart rate during, 112violence impact on, 306
adolescent aggression, 619. See alsoadolescent violence;adolescents
attraction theory and, 455–456dominance theory and, 455–456
adolescent dating abuse, 431,436–442
alcohol and, 438competencies, skills and, 437corporal punishment and,
440–441date rape and, 442demographic characteristics,
434–436family environment and, 439family structure and, 441family violence and, 439–441gender stereotyping of, 439measurement of, 432methodological issues, 432–433norms perceptions and, 438–439other family factors, 441other problem behaviors and,
437–438over time perpetuation of,
433–434parental supervision and, 441peer environment and, 439perpetration, 434–436prevalence estimates, 432–433prevention programs, 438problem extent, 432–434program evaluation, 442–444psychological attributes, 437reactive aggression and, 442research directions, 444–445self-esteem and, 440
sex-stratified prevalenceestimates of, 435
social ecological models of,436–437
adolescent intimate partnerviolence exposure, 676
neighborhood socio-economicstatus and, 677–678
adolescent violencecontagion models of, 703–704patterns of, 13–15trauma symptoms, 310
adolescent-limited antisocialbehavior, 50, 57–59
adolescent-limited delinquency, 59adolescents
autonomy and, 58conflict management by, 437in juvenile courts, 505social networks of, 693socialization of, 538television impact on, 559–561
Adolescents Training Program,773–774
adoption, 228adult courts, violent adolescents in,
201adult female abuse, 673adult intimate partner violence,
children’s exposure to, 672adult psychopaths, SC response of,
117
793
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-84567-0 - The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and AggressionEdited by Daniel J. Flannery, Alexander T. Vazsonyi and Irwin D. WaldmanIndexMore information
794 subject index
adult violencechildhood predictors of, 21–22,
27, 29, 62life-course persistent
development and, 60–62adult-onset antisocial behavior,
55–56adults, autonomic reactivity, trait
aggression in, 118–121affect regulation, 291–292, 297affective aggression, 619African Union, 767African-Americans, 28
homicide victimization rates,706–707
agehomicide and, 697violence, 525
aggression. See also adolescentaggression; aggressive behavior;childhood aggression;early-onset persistentaggression; effectiveaggression; homophobicaggression; impulsiveaggression; indirect aggression;justified aggression; overtaggression; parent aggression;parent to child physicalaggression; physical aggression;proactive aggression; reactiveaggression; relationalaggression; sexual aggression;social aggression;social-relational aggression;trait aggression; verbalaggression; workplaceaggression; youth aggression
5HTT polymorphism and, 86adult normative beliefs about,
560in animals, 91arousal reduction and, 123autonomic activity and, 113–114behavioral indices of, 121–122candidate genes for, 85–87CBT approaches to, 607–610comparative genetics of, 105cortical abnormalities associated
with, 194as criminal behavior, 555description, 619as dysfunctionaleffective, 329electrocortical activation and,
126emotional arousal and, 123–124emotional priming of, 1245HTT-LPR and, 865-hydroxyindoleatic acid and, 86gender and, 85, 245–246, 790
group differences in, 731–732indices of, 292indirect forms of, 246justified, 329MHPG and, 177multiple intervention points formulti-trait multi-method study
of, 732–734neurobiology of, 112, 620operationalization of, 77–78peer influence theories, 454–457as peer rejection consequence,
363–365predatory vs. non-predatory, 619predictors of, 564proactive vs. reactive, 363as problem-solving strategy, 328psychopharmacological agents
enhancing, 624–628reactive vs. proactive, 85relational vs. overt, 85self-control techniques forsocial networks and, 457in sports, 540televised violence and, 642threat and, 296video games and, 331–332, 561violence vs., 361–362women and, 558in workplace, 296
Aggression: A Social LearningApproach (Bandura), 638
aggression interdependency,modeling, 734–737
aggression, laboratory-induced,autonomic reactivity during,121–125
aggression medication, FDAapproval of, 618–619
Aggression Questionnaire (AQ),120
aggression studiesconstruct validity, 78–82CT, 128diffusion tensor imaging, 135fMRI, 136innovations in, 254MRI, 134–135PET, 128, 130–134SPECT, 128–130
aggressive behavior. See alsopersistent aggressive behavior
autonomic nervous system and,112–125
cognitive neo-associationistmodel of, 121
dementia and, 129dopaminergic mechanisms in,
129–130, 177genetic predisposition to, 62,
324
HR and, 122likelihood of, 14non-linear development trends,
329operant approaches to, 603peer rejection and, 362–363,
365–366priming, 296proximal causes of, 329simple imitation of, 549–550subtypes of, 361, 378
aggressive boys, mothers and, 335aggressive children. See also
aggressive-antisocial children;childhood aggression
childhood-limited, 53–55Confluence model, 368
aggressive patients, reduced graymatter volume in, 135
aggressive peers, Confluencemodel, 368
aggressive-antisocial behavior, peerrejection and, 366–367
aggressive-antisocial childrenclinical approaches to, 375–376nondeviant peers and, 375–376
aggressive-antisocial peersaffiliation with, 368–370gangs, 368
aggressogenic experience, 322, 324,329
Agnew’s general stain theory, 519Akers, Ronald, 638alcohol, alcohol consumption. See
also hazardous drinkers; nonhazardous drinkers
brain systems and, 655disinhibition hypothesis,
655–656dopamine impact by, 655ECF impact by, 655GABA impact by, 625, 654homicide and, 650inhibition conflict and, 656IPV and, 652neurotransmitter impact by,
654–655pharmacological effects,
654–655serotonin impact by, 655substance abuse, violent behavior
and, 649–650alcohol, drug abuse, 31, 189, 204,
534, 624–625, 649–650. Seealso substance abuse
adolescent dating abuse and,438
by ethnicity, 648GABA and, 625, 654prescription drug dependence,
657
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subject index 795
SAMHSA report, 648violence and, 536youth violence and, 14, 31
alcohol-homicide link, 650ALF. See Animal Liberation Frontalienation, 295–297
NEM and, 296alpha agonists, 622altruistic fear, 576–577. See also
fear; fear of crimemen vs. women, 576–577personal fear vs., 576women and, 576–577
American Association for theAdvancement of Science,505
American culture, crime, violencein, 579
American PsychologicalAssociation, 5, 606
amphetamines, 626, 649substance abuse, violent behavior
and, 652amygdala, 171, 178
dysfunction in, 134research on, 200
analyseseffect size determination, 82–83model-fitting, 83
analytical methods,semi-parametric vs.clinical-cutoffs, 63
androgens, anabolic steroids, 627angel dust. See phencyclidineanger, violence and, 521Anger Control Training, 352–353anger management, CBT forAnimal Liberation Front (ALF),
596animals. See also mice, mice studies;
rhesus macaques studiesaggression in, 91
anterior cingulate cortex,dysfunction in, 133–134
anterior EEG symmetry, 126anti-convulsants, 622–623anti-depressants, 620–623anti-hypertensive agents, 622
beta-blockers, 622antisocial behavior, 52
adolescent-limited, 50, 57–59adult, 112adult onset, 55–56ASPD, 203–204autonomic nervous system and,
112–125candidate genes for, 85–87CD, 202–203childhood ADHD and, 86childhood predictors of, 51childhood to adulthood, 64
childhood vs. adolescent onset,50
of criminals, delinquents,200–201
across development, 191developmental delay and, 331developmental taxonomy of, 49dispositional/biological factors,
life experience and, 324early vs. late onset of, 62family history of, 192family influences on, 78genetics of, 53historical research on, 190IED, 201–202intergenerational transmission of,
27life-course persistent vs.
adolescence-limited, 49male abstainers from, 59mid-life, 62nature vs. nurture and, 215,
218–221onset age of, 262P-E interaction and, 231–233persistence of, 62–67physiological hyperarousal and,
113prototypes, 50–51psychopathy, 198–200puberty and, 50research needed, 53resting autonomic activity and,
112–113SES and, 269short-term, 37SIP and, 323social processes origins of, 49twin, adoption studies of, 77youth violence and, 361
antisocial behavior development,social cognitive processes and,322–337
antisocial disordersneuropsychological studies of,
197–205with violence potential, 204–205
antisocial models, social mimicry of,57–59
antisocial personality, psychopathyvs., 116
Antisocial Personality Disorder(APD), 290
antisocial personality disorder(ASP), 189
cocaine and, 626neuropsychological studies on,
203–204psychopathy and, 190
antisocial personality disorder(ASPD)
antisocial behavior and, 203–204neuropsychological studies on,
203–204psychopathy and, 190
antisocial potential (AP), 35–38long-term, 35–37
antisocial propensity, 261cognitive ability and, 261,
265–266, 271components, 263–266, 271–272disposition dimensions, 263–264genetic, environmental influences
on, 266–269mediation hypothesis and,
268–269antisocial-aggressive individuals,
cognitive functioning in, 127anxiety
conduct problems and, 273–274youth violence and, 27
AP. See antisocial potentialAPD. See Antisocial Personality
DisorderAPIM. See Actor-Partner
Interdependence ModelAQ. See Aggression Questionnaireargenine vasopressin (AVP), mice
studies, 95armed struggle, 8arousal. See also low arousal
as aggression predictor, 564excitation transfer and, 550–551individual difference perspective,
553poor conditioning theories of,
553psychopathy and, 553sensation-seeking theory, 553short-term effects of, 553social-cognitive information
process model and, 553–554by violent film, 551
arousal reduction, aggression and,123
arousal-transfer effects, 551ASP. See antisocial personality
disorderASPD. See antisocial personality
disorderassessment, 188–190, 419–420
additional methods, 248clinical syndromes, 189–190neuropsychological, 188–189observations, 247of peer networks, 454peer reports, 248of physical aggression, 246–248of relational aggression, 246–248teacher reports, 247–248of working memory, 195
asymmetrical threat, 597
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796 subject index
attachment theory, 535family violence and, 413
attention deficit hyperactivitydisorder (ADHD), 272, 307
antisocial behavior and, 86bullying and, 308CD and, 202–203CD/ODD and, 203dopamine genes and, 86HR and, 114risky behavior and, 272–273stimulants and, 622substance abuse and, 272–273
attenuated culture, 641attraction theory, adolescent
aggression and, 455–456Aum Shrikio, 593Australians Dispositions Project,
273autonomic activity
aggression/violence and,113–114
history of violence and, 118–119autonomic arousal, 25autonomic nervous system
in adults with psychopathy,116–118
antisocial/aggressive behaviorsand, 112–125
child/adolescent conduct and,112–116
autonomic reactivityin adults, 118–121aggression-relevant trait measures
and, 119–121child abuse and, 118–119during laboratory-induced
aggression, 121–125autonomic underarousal, 152–153autonomy, adolescent-onset
offending and, 58AVP. See argenine vasopressin
Baader-Meinhoff, 590Bandura, Albert, 638barbiturates, 625batterers. See also domestic violence
Type 1 vs. Type 2, 118behavior. See also norm breaking
behaviordevelopmental patterns of,
190–191functionally equivalent, 604health-risk, 295
behavior genetic studies, 78alternate models, 83
behavior modification, 353Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS),
SNS and, 115behavioral intervention, 603–607
ERP, 605
operant (functional analytic)approaches, 603–605
parent training, 605–606positive, negative reinforcement
in, 603relaxation training, 606–607SST, 605
behavioral scienceself-control theory vs., 533violence theory of, 539
beliefs, 639benzodiazepines, 622–623, 625beta-blockers, 622Better Beginnings, Better Futures
Project, 774betweenness centrality, 452Bi-Directional Causal model, of
peer rejection, 364biological characteristics, 218–219
by environment, 221–225biological criminology, 151
early works in, 162biological risk factors, 25–26
environmental manipulation of,162
biopsychosocial model, 13biosocial interactions, 163–164biosocial protective influences,
161–162biosocial research, on protective
factors, 162biosocial theories of violence
autonomic underarousal and,152–153
biological vs. environmental,151–152
biosocial protective influences,161–162
early health-related factors,153–156
prefrontal functioning deficits,153–156
prevention, intervention and,162–163
bipolar disorder, 205birth complications, 155–156, 158,
226BIS. See Behavioral Inhibition
SystemBJS. See Bureau of Justice StatisticsBlock Design subtest, of Wechsler
Adult Intelligence Scale, 198blood pressure, hostility and, 119Borderline Personality Disorder
(BPD), 290Bourdieu, Pierre, 751, 757, 759Bourgois, Philippe, 750–751, 755,
761boys
aggressive vs. nonaggressive,335–336
peer rejection for, 365BPD. See Borderline Personality
Disorderbrain development
risk factors affecting, 191–192social experiences and, 788
brain dopamine (DA) systems, 620brain functioning, 27, 153–156brain imaging studies, future
directions for, 138–140brain lesions, 153–154, 192
causes of, 188emotional regulation and, 193Iowa Gambling Task and, 199risk for violence and, 193–194
brain mapping, 788brain regions, dysfunction in, 134brain wave activity, slow wave, 126brainstem auditory evoked
potentials, 128breastfeeding, IQ and, 192British National Survey of Health
and Development, 25Broken Windows theory, 716bullying, 308, 474
norms regarding, 349–350physical aggression vs., 363suicide ideation and, 308
Bullying Prevention Program,349–350, 773
Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS),652
Burgess, Robert, 638Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory,
292
CADS model. See Child andAdolescent Dispositions Scale
California Youth Authority, 62, 512Cambridge Neuropsychological
Test Automated Battery(CANTAB), 199
Cambridge Study in DelinquentDevelopment, 20, 39
Cambridge-Somerville YouthStudy, 27–28, 40
Canada, juvenile homicide rates,503
candidate gene studies, genomescans vs., 85–86
cannabis, marijuana, 627–628. Seealso tetrahydrocannabinol
substance abuse, violent behaviorand, 650–651
usage, 648withdrawal from, 627
CANTAB. See CambridgeNeuropsychological TestAutomated Battery
carbamazepine, 619, 623cardiovascular functioning, 790
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subject index 797
parasympathetic vs. sympatheticmediation of, 116
trait hostility and, 119Cardoso, Filomeno Cerron, 588catecholamines, 177causal influences, developmental
trajectories and, 269–272causal model, of peer rejection, 364causal pie model, 476CBCL. See Child Behavior
ChecklistCBT. See cognitive,
cognitive-behavioral therapyCCDF. See Comparative Crime
Data FileCD. See conduct disorderCDC. See Centers for Disease
ControlCenters for Disease Control
(CDC), 5, 344youth violence, 418
central nervous system (CNS),environmental experiencesimpact on, 155
Chicago, gang homicide in,390–391
Chicago Youth DevelopmentStudy, 28, 41
child abuse, 11, 28, 154–155, 539autonomic reactivity and,
118–119DBP and, 118Office of Child Abuse and
Neglect, 405parent training and, 606
Child and Adolescent DispositionsScale
evaluating, testing of, 263–264,276–277
practical utility of, 277strengths, weaknesses of,
276–277Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL),
190, 225, 619child development
exosystem and, 667microsystem and, 667social learning and, 261–262violence impact on, 306
child homicide, 406child maltreatment, 404–405
ecological-transactionalperspectives, 667, 681–682
in U.S., 668child mortality, homicide and, 307child protective services (CPS), 220child/adolescent conduct,
autonomic activity in, 112–116child/adolescent social status,
deviant friends/cliques and,371–372
childhoodintervention, 538physical abuse prevention during,
163resting heart rate during, 112risk factors, 21SIP across, 327–328violence impact on, 306
childhood aggression, 619CBT forcognitive behavioral treatment ofenvironmental impact on, 62gender imbalance in, 245later violence and, 22
Childhood and Adolescent ViolenceResearch (2000), 50
childhood behavior problems,crime and, 534
childhood conduct disorder, 112recovery from, 54
childhood conduct problemsresting autonomic activity and,
113SC and, 113
childhood predictorsof adult violence, 21–22, 27, 29,
62of antisocial behavior, 51
childhood victimization, 28–29. Seealso children’s exposure toviolence
childhood-onset antisocial behavior,adult adjustment and, 55
children. See also childhoodaggression
affection for, 538cognitive ability of, 262domestic violence and, 61early care giving of, 537–538emotional abuse of, 404–405emotional neglect of,
404–405genetic screening of, 235physical abuse of, 404–405physical neglect of, 404–405physical punishment of, 474sexual abuse of, 404–406,
473–474television impact on, 642–643violence against, 468
children’s exposure to violence,307, 678
adult intimate partner, 672community, 307, 678estimates of, 668SES and, 679
cholesterol/fatty acids, 177–178Christian Patriot movement, in
U.S., 595Christian white supremacists,
593
chronic strains, gangs and, 522class differences, in violence,
525–526Clinical Child Psychology Task
Force, 606clinical practice, environmental
effects and, 216clinical syndromes, with violence,
189–190clique members, 452. See also
deviant friends/cliquesclozapine, 621–622CNS. See central nervous systemcocaine, 626, 653–654
ASP and, 626crack epidemic, 503domestic abuse and, 653–654dopamine impact by, 655gender differences, 648–649juvenile homicide and, 503neurotransmitter pathways and,
654–655serotonin impact by, 655substance abuse, violent behavior
and, 651use rates, 648–649
cocaine-alcohol-violence, 654codeine, 626coercion, low quality friendships
and, 374cognitive ability, 271
antisocial propensity and, 261,265–266, 271
of children, 262genetic influences on, 262language development and,
265–266, 271SES and, 266
cognitive appraisal, 607cognitive capacity, 328cognitive, cognitive-behavioral
therapy (CBT), 607–610anger management, 607for child aggression, 607cognitive appraisal, 607for parent-child aggression,
607problem solving training, 609psychoeducation, 609Self Control Training, 608social support approaches, 609
cognitive decision-makingprocess, long-term AP and,37
cognitive deficits,neuropsychological approachto, 187
cognitive desensitization, toviolence, 552
cognitive development, hypoxia atbirth and, 192
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798 subject index
cognitive functioningin antisocial-aggressive
individuals, 127frontal lobes and, 154P300 response amplitude and,
127cognitive process, of imitation, 550cognitive social learning theory, 351cognitive-behavioral interventions,
353cognitive-behavioral social
competency instruction,351–353
collective violence, 468Columbia County Study, 28, 39Columbine High School shootings,
344, 545–546commercial advertising, fear in, 573community cohesion, victimization
and, 494community contexts, in ecological
model, 477community differences, in violence,
526community ETV, SES and,
678–679community interventions, 479
residential mobility programs,480
for youth violence, 774community service, 354community violence, 11, 152, 468
children’s exposure to, 307,678
exposure to, 306family socio-economic status
and, 678–679large-scale studies of, 309
comorbidity, 291, 747–748Comparative Crime Data File
(CCDF), 497Comprehensive Gang Prevention,
Intervention, and SuppressionModel, 512
Comprehensive Strategy (CS) forSerious, Violent, and ChronicJuvenile Offenders, 509–512
empirical support for, 510–512framework, 509theoretical support for, 509–510
computerized tomography (CT),aggression studies, 128–129
CON. See Constraintconduct disorder (CD), 203, 307
ADHD and, 202–203bullying and, 308children with, 115diagnosis of, 260early- vs. late-onset, 52, 191formal diagnosis of, 63methylphenidate for, 622
neuropsychological studies on,202–203
ODD and, 203conduct problems
anxiety, depression and, 273–274causal mechanisms, 270–272demographic differences,
274–276developmental trajectories of,
262–263developmental types of, 262developmental-early vs. -late,
262disorder co-occurrence with,
272–274dispositions to, 270language development and,
265–266, 271mental health and, 261minor, 261nonaggressive, 262parasympathetic, vagal
influences, 114–116race/ethnicity and, 275–276SES and, 275–276sex differences, 274–275social learning of, 270varying, 263
conflict management, byadolescents, 437
Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS), 407,432, 673, 675, 677
Confluence model, aggressivechildren, peers and, 368
constraining method, in SEM,729–730
Constraint (CON), 294construct validity
aggression studies, 78–82criminality, delinquency studies,
78contagion models
data for, 704–706Poisson form, 704using fixed, random effects, 704
contagious epidemics, 690–691contextual effects, homicide and,
699–701contingency management, 604–605Continuous Performance Task, 195control theory
terrorism and, 539violence definition, 539–540
convictions, developmentaltrajectories of, 744–745
Cook-Medley Hostility Inventory,292
Copenhagen perinatal study, 25Copenhagen Project Metropolitan,
41coping, coping strategies, 519
maladaptive, 310skills, resources for, 523social control and, 523social support for, 523strain and, 520–521of students, 310violent others and, 523
Coping Power Program, 773coping theory, family violence and,
410–411copycat crimes, 555–557, 643. See
also imitation, priming;observational learning
corporal punishment, 13adolescent dating abuse and,
440–441cortical abnormalities, 194cost studies, 475Coumate, mice studies, 97counseling, 353–354CPS. See child protective servicescrack. See cocainecrime. See also property crime;
violent crimein American culture, 579childhood behavior problems
and, 534cross-national studies of, 486data collected on, 589fear of, 573–579fear vs. victimization and,
573–574gender difference in, 642opportunity cause of, 540public perception of, 577–578social learning of, 521
crime data, 486cross-national, 486from International Labour
Organization, 495macro-level availability of, 495official, 486–490sources of, 486–490from World Bank, 495
crime, delinquency studies,self-control theory and,533–534
Crime Prevention throughEnvironmental Design, 351
crime rates, cross-cultural,cross-national methods, 418
crimes against children, publicreaction to, 576
Crimetime Saturday line-up, 572criminal behavior, 14
of aggression, 555biological basis of, 151career duration, 63impulsivity and, 588learned, 637–638normative learning and, 641
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subject index 799
of parents, 227–228personality disorders and, 53social learning and, 637–638violence and, 535
criminal justice system, juvenilestransfer to, 507–508
criminal population studies, massmedia and, 556
criminal violence, key facts,534–536
criminal warfare, 597criminality, aggression, 83–87, 188
behavior genetic studies, 78environmental influences, 77violent vs. nonviolent, 84
criminality, delinquency studies,construct validity, 78
criminals, delinquentsantisocial behavior of, 200–201neuropsychological studies of,
200–201cross-national crime research, 497
data flaws, 487direct effects models, 488
CS. See Comprehensive Strategyfor Serious, Violent, andChronic Juvenile Offenders
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, 572CSI: Miami, 572CT. See computerized tomographyCTS. See Conflict Tactics ScaleCultural Deviance model. See Peer
Influence modelcultural deviance theory, 641cultural norms, 467, 489
about victimization, 492violence and, 9
cultural, social variations, violenceand, 8
culture(s). See also attenuatedculture; oppositionalcontracultures; subcultures
relational aggression and,251–253
social-cognitive process across,252
violence impact of, 641–642
DA. See brain dopamine systemsdanger
ecology of, 692situational cues to, 575
Dangerous Offender Project, 39Danish Birth Cohort Studies, 40daring, 264–265, 268, 270–271date rape, 442Dating Violence Intervention and
Prevention Program forTeenagers, 442
dating/courtship violence, 406, 433DBP. See diastolic blood pressure
death, school associated, 344Death without Weeping
(Schepper-Hughes), 753degree centrality, 452delayed motor development, 51delinquency, 188
abstainers from, 59–60development theories of, 509developmental interaction
theory, 510evidence-based programs for, 510gender difference in, 642late-onset, 58overlapping pathways in,
509–510sibling resemblance in, 29–30violent behavior and, 505, 535
delinquent peers, 58, 60, 267, 641delinquent subtypes, research on,
67delta brain wave activity, 126dementia, aggressive behavior and,
129demographic differences
conduct problems and, 274–276violence and, 274–276
Denver Youth Survey, 39, 503depression, conduct problems and,
273–274desensitization, 636development, 173, 190–192
antisocial behavior across, 191behavior patterns, 190–191hierarchical modeling of,
740–741latent curve analysis of, 740–741
developmental interaction theory,of delinquency, 510
developmental manifestations, ofrelational aggression, 248–249
developmental models,group-based, statistical,743–748
developmental processesmediating, 62, 643transactional models of, 163
developmental risk factors, foryouth violence, 479
developmental trajectoriescausal influences and, 269–272construct categories, taxonomies
of, 743of convictions, 744–745of gang membership, 740–741group-based method analysis of,
740of physical aggressionsemi-parametric, group-based
approach, 741–742Developmental Victimization
Survey (DVS), 668
deviant friends/cliques, 368–373affiliation predictors, 368–369child/adolescent social status
and, 371–372childhood exposure to, 369coercion, low quality friendships
and, 373deviancy training, 373deviant peer network and, 373differential reinforcement, 373externalizing problems and, 369friendship features and, 373Individual Characteristics model
and, 370–371low SES, socio-family adversity
and, 372modeling, 374moderating variables, 371–373parenting impact on, 369Peer Influence model and,
369–371peer rejection and, 376peers’ social status and, 372–373personality characteristics and,
371prevention, intervention for,
375–376proximal processes, 373–375Social Interactional model and,
370social learning theory and, 369socio-family factors and,
371–372theoretical models, 369–370
deviant peer network, 373Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders (DSM),personality disorders in, 288
diastolic blood pressure (DBP),child abuse and, 118
diazepam (Valium), 625Differential Association model. See
Peer Influence modeldifferential association theory, peer
group relationships and, 641differential persistence prediction,
62differential reinforcement,
603–604social learning through, 640
diffusion tensor imaging, 135dihydroepiandrosterone-sulfate
(DHEAS), mice studies, 97discipline, 220
externalizing problems and,224–225
management process, procedures,349
in schools, 349disinhibition hypothesis, alcohol
consumption and, 655–656
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800 subject index
disposition dimensions, 265of antisocial propensity, 263–264daring, 264–265, 268, 270–271negative emotionality, 265, 268,
270prosociality, 264, 270–271, 274psychopathy and, 272
dispositional risk, 225distortion models, 187DMHDS. See Dunedin
Multidisciplinary Health andDevelopment Study
DOH. See NYC Department ofHealth
Dollard, John, 637domestic abuse, cocaine link to,
653–654domestic terrorism
abortion and, 596in U.S., 583–584
domestic violence, 9, 11, 118,219–220. See also batterers
children and, 61literature, 118national surveys of, 406NCVD definition, 652studying, 751women and, 61
dominance theory, adolescentaggression and, 455–456
dopamineADHD and, 86alcohol impact on, 655antagonists, 620cocaine impact on, 655regulation of, 229–230
dopaminergic mechanisms,aggressive behavior and,129–130, 177
Dragnet, 572drive-by shootings, 391, 396The Drowned and the Saved (Levi),
750, 752drug trafficking, 755
ethnographic studies, 392gang homicide and, 392–393homicide victimization and,
699–700youth gangs and, 504–505
Drug Use Forecasting System(DUF), 718
DSM. See Diagnostic and StatisticalManual of Mental Disorders
DUF, Drug Use ForecastingSystem, 718
Dunedin Multidisciplinary Healthand Development Study(DMHDS), 29, 40, 51, 56, 59,229, 294, 665
Durand, Oscar Alberto Ramirez,588
DVS. See DevelopmentalVictimization Survey
E. See environmental riskearly health-related factors,
153–156birth complications, 155–156fetal neural maldevelopment,
158–159prenatal nicotine exposure,
159–160early positive (P100) potentials, in
ERPs, 128early-onset persistent aggression,
biological, social risk factorsfor, 225–226
Earth Liberation Front (ELF), 596ECF. See executive control functionecological intervention, 628–629ecological model, 476–477
community contexts in, 477individual factors in, 477proximal social relationships and,
477societal factors, 477
ecological terrorism, 596ecological theory, family violence
and, 411ecological-transactional model,
child maltreatment and, 667,681–682
economic stress. See alsosocioeconomic status
homicide and, 488–489economic violence, 468, 656Ecstasy (MDMA), 649educational attainment, mental
health and, 665educational neglect, of children,
404–405EEG studies. See
electroencephalographicstudies
effect size determination, 82–83effective aggression, 329effects-coded method. See
constraining methodelder abuse, 11, 407elderly, crime fear among, 576electrocortical activation,
aggression and, 126electrocortical studies, 125–128electroencephalographic (EEG)
studies, 125–126delta activity, 126
ELF. See Earth Liberation Frontemotion, impulsivity, OFC role in,
171–172emotional abuse, of children,
404–405emotional arousal, 545
aggression and, 123–124emotional attachment, self-control
theory and, 538emotional changes, from violence,
provocation, 552–555emotional desensitization, 545,
563–564cross-sectional surveys, 558–559experiments on, 557–558longitudinal studies of, 559–561to violence, 554–555
emotional dysregulation, vagalinfluences in, 116
emotional neglect, of children,404–405
emotional predisposition, 547–548violence propensity and, 548
emotional regulation, brain lesionsand, 193
emotional responsebrain structures of, 112empirical data on, 562–564
emotional states, emotional traitsvs., 522
endophenotypes, 790–791enrichment, 354environmental influences, 221–222
antisocial propensity and,266–269
biological, 221–225clinical practice, public policy
and, 216CNS impact by, 155criminality, aggression and, 77genetics, heredity, 227–229,
266–268manipulation of, 230–231temperament and, 221–225
environmental interventions,348–351
police, SROs, 349security, surveillance procedures,
349environmental (E) risk, 50, 62,
216–217, 221–222Environmental Risk (E-Risk)
Longitudinal Twin Study, 219environmental susceptibility,
within-species diversity in, 217environmentalist position, on
violence, 151epidemics, 689, 755–756
contagious, 690–691ethnography and, 754–755
epilepsy, 194E-Risk. See Environmental Risk
Longitudinal Twin StudyERP. See event-related studies;
exposure and responseprevention
ethnicity/culture, 164
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subject index 801
alcohol, drug abuse, 648violence across, 788
ethnography, epidemics and,754–755
ethno-nationalism, terrorism and,593–595
ETV. See exposure to violenceEurope
gangs in, 397–398right wing violence in, 595
European Sourcebook of Crime andCriminal Justice Statistics, 487
event-related (ERP) studies,126–128
P100 in, 128evocative genotype-environmental
correlations, 267excitation transfer, arousal and,
550–551executive brain functioning, 27executive control function (ECF),
alcohol impact on, 655exosystem, child development and,
667exposure and response prevention
(ERP), 605exposure to violence (ETV), 306,
788–789. See also children’sexposure to violence
age and, 311–312data on, 309–317elementary, middle school
students, 311empirical evidence, 555evidence on, 315–317future research, 564–565gender, age, ethnicity and,
311–312learning processes, 551long term effects moderators,
561–562long term socializing effects,
551–555males vs. females, 563–564mass media and, 556–557observational learning from,
551–552parental monitoring and,
310–311prevention, intervention for,
314–315recent, 310–311, 313–314research, 315–317risk for violence and, 546–547SES and, 664short term effects, 549–551trends, 312
externalizing behaviors, proximalprocesses, 373–375
externalizing problemsdeviant peers and, 369
harsh discipline and, 224–225psychopathy vs., 116vagal control and, 115
externalizing syndromes,quantitative model of, 111
extinction, 603–604
family, 217, 224, 267. See alsofamily violence
antisocial behavior impact by, 78relational aggression and, 254risk factors, 27–29, 51–53, 62,
192U.S. Census Bureau definition,
404violence in, 308
family adversity, 154risk factors, 51–53
family background, 20, 29–30. Seealso socioeconomic status
Family Checkup, 773–774family environment, 790
adolescent dating abuse and, 439family experiences, 332Family Intervention, 773–774family processes, violence and,
420–421Family Resource Center, 773–774family socio-economic
status/poverty, 670–674,676–677
family structure, adolescent datingabuse and, 441
family therapy, 610–611FFT. See Functional Family
Therapy, 610–611MST. See Multisystemic Therapy,
611family violence, 11, 468
adolescent dating abuse and,439–441
attachment theory and, 413categories of, 11–13coping theory and, 410–411defining, 403–405ecological theory and, 411extent of, 405–407factors associated with, 408–410general strain theory and, 412income and, 408intergenerational transmission of,
409–410mental illness model of, 408National Academy of Sciences
definition, 404National Family Violence
Surveys, 405against parents, 407prevention, intervention, 413by race, 409research, practice, 413
resource theory and, 411scope of, 403–408sex, gender differences and, 408sexual child abuse and, 410social characteristics of, 408–409social class and, 408social isolation and, 409social learning theory and, 410social situational stress and,
410–411sociobiology theory and,
411–412substance abuse and, 652–654theoretical perspectives, 410–413witnessing, 407–408
family-based intervention, 479for youth violence, 773–774
Farmer, Paul, 750–751, 755–756Fast Track, 772FBI. See Federal Bureau of
InvestigationFBI Supplemental Homicide
Reports, 700FDA. See U.S. Food and Drug
Administrationfear. See also fear of crime; personal
fearin commercial advertising, 573consequences of, 578–579contagion of, 692Gallup Organization
measurement of, 574gender and, 575–576incivility signs and, 575mass media and, 577–578nature of, 574NORC measurement of, 574personal vs. altruistic, 576population distribution of,
575–576of rape, 576of residential burglary, 575situational danger cues and, 575survival mechanism of, 574victimization vs., 573–574
fear of crimeAmerican city ecology and, 579among elderly, 576scientific foundation for, 580social commentators on, 579spatial avoidance and, 579survey research on, 574–575in U.S., 573–579
Fearless Dominance, 298Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI)gang crime definition, 389juvenile crime statistics of, 418SHR of, 589
felony drug arrest rates, homicideand, 700–701
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802 subject index
female to male partner violence(FMPV), 674
fetal neural maldevelopment,158–159
FFT. See Functional Family Therapyfirearms, 671. See also guns
gang homicide and, 391–392gang violence and, 398gun, non-gun homicide, 695juvenile homicide rate and, 503
fluoxetine, 623fluvoxamine treatment, for
impulsive aggression, 176FMPV. See female to male partner
violencefMRI. See functional MRIfocal child approach, 247Fragile X Mental Retardation
Syndrome, 103freedom fighters, 584–585friendships
deviant friends/cliques and, 373gang membership and, 461reciprocated vs. common, 452
frontal dysfunctional lobehypothesis, murderers and,194
frontal limbic brain mechanism,serotonergic augmentation,175–176
frontal lobescognitive functioning and, 154nomenclatures of, 193
frustration-aggression hypothesis,122
Functional Family Therapy (FFT),610, 611
functional MRI (fMRI), 136
GABA. See gamma amino butyricacid
Gallup Organization, fearmeasurement by, 574
gamma amino butyric acid(GABA), 178, 623
alcohol impact on, 625, 654gang(s), 368, 371, 511. See also
youth gangschronic strains and, 522in Europe, 397–398guns and, 504–505research on, 638social networks research on,
460–461structure of, 392
gang crimedefinition of, 389ethnographic studies of, 392FBI definition of, 389local law enforcement definition,
389
motive-based definition of, 389prevention, 511
gang homicidecharacteristics of, 390collective behavior and, 395drug trafficking and, 392–393firearms and, 391–392instrumentalities of, 391–393levels of, 390Los Angeles, Chicago, 390–391patterns of, 390spatial concentration of, 393–394studies of, 390threat role in, 394
gang membershipdevelopment trajectory, 740–741empirical measures, 459–460friends and, 461social networks and, 457–459time spent in, 460types of, 460–461women and, 458
gang violencecollective behavior processes in,
394definitions of, 388–389drive-by shootings, 391, 396firearms and, 398group vs. individual aspects of,
394gunshot wounds from, 396homicide and, 388–391from medical perspective, 396medical settings and, 396–397non-gang violence vs., 388patterns of, 396–397in prison, 395–396social processes, 394–395, 398structural explanations, 393–394structural variables, 398theories of, 393–395victims of, 396–397violence escalation hypothesis,
394GBG. See Good Behavior Gamegemfibrozil, 625gender, 164, 642, 756–757
adolescent dating abuse and, 439aggression and, 85, 245–246, 790altruistic fear and, 576–577childhood aggression and, 245cocaine, crack use and, 648–649conduct problems and, 274–275crime and, 642delinquency and, 642family violence and, 408fear and, 575–576homicide and, 697IPV and, 677peer rejection and, 365prosociality and, 274
psychopathy across, 299relational aggression and, 245,
249–251self-control and, 541serotonin transporter genotype
and, 124symbolic violence and, 758violence and, 8–9, 12, 408,
524–525, 642, 756–757, 790violence exposure and, 311–312
gender differences, 122–125serotonin transporter genotype
and, 124in violence, 524–525
gender domination, symbolicviolence and, 758
gene X environment, 789–790general strain theory (GST). See
also strain theoryAgnew’s, 519family violence and, 412group differences in violence
and, 524–527genes, environments, adaptations
and offense, mice studies,103–104
genes, gonadal steroids and offense,mice studies, 94–96
genes, hippocampus and offense,mice studies, 102–103
genes, monoamines and offense,mice studies, 100–102
genes, nitric oxide and offense,mice studies, 98–100
genetic background effects, micestudies, 93
genetic predisposition, to aggressivebehavior, 62, 324
genetic screening, of children, 235genetics, heredity, 53, 62, 85–87,
219, 640, 790–791. See alsometabolite genes; precursorgenes; receptor genes;transporter genes
additive impact of, 87alternate models, 83antisocial propensity and,
266–269childhood cognitive ability and,
262comparative, 105criminality, aggression, 78environmental influences,
227–229, 266–268lifespan influence of, 266molecular, 86precursor, 87social rearing-environment and,
215studies, 77violence and, 77
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subject index 803
genome scans, 85candidate gene studies vs., 85–86
genotype-environment interactions,267–268
girls. See also womenaggression in, 245peer rejection for, 365
Global Terrorism Reports, 589glucose metabolism, in orbital
prefrontal cortex, 130Goldstein’s tripartite model, of
substance abuse, 656–657Good Behavior Game (GBG),
230–231, 353gray matter volume, in aggressive
patients, 135group intervention, 253
for high-risk adolescentsgroups, measurement invariance
across, 731–732GST. See general strain theoryguanfacine, 622guns, 690. See also weapons-related
violencesocial contagion of, 692–693,
708–710violence and, 690youth gangs and, 504–505youth violence and, 14
Hall, Clark Leonard, 637haloperidol, 621–623handguns. See gunsHarris, Eric, 545–546harsh discipline, 220
externalizing problems and,224–225
Hashshashin, 591hazardous drinkers (HD), 653head injuries, 153–154, 192,
194health-risk behavior, 295heart rate (HR), 25, 51, 152
ADHD and, 114aggressive behavior and, 122hostility and, 119low resting, 112, 218psychopathy and, 117
heart rate variability (HRV),increased, 116
heritability, 219heroin, opioids, 626
SAMHSA data, 649substance abuse, violent behavior
and, 651–652heterotypic continuity, 747–748Hezbollah, 5915-HIAA. See serotonin metabolite
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acidhierarchical linear modeling
(HLM), of peer groups, 455
hierarchical modeling, of growthprocesses, 740–741
High School and Beyond study, 346high-risk adolescents, group
intervention forhippocampal mossy fibers (IIMF),
mice studies, 102, 104hippocampus, dysfunction in, 134HLM. See hierarchical linear
modelingHollingshead index, SES and, 673Home Run Multidisciplinary Team
(MDT), 511–512homicide. See also gang homicide;
infant homicideage and, 697age-specific felony drug arrest
rates and, 700–701among young U.S. males, 470child, 406cross-national comparative
research, 488drugs and, 699–700economic stress and, 488–489gang violence and, 388–391gender and, 697global rates of, 487income inequality and, 495inequality and, 488–489of intimates, 407modernization theory and, 488national cross-sectional
differences, 487national statistics on, 486–487NYGC and, 390predictors of, 488productivity losses from, 474race and, 697social integration and, 489social security expenditure and,
488–489social structure of, 697–701strain theory and, 488–489structural correlates, 488–490terrorism levels vs., 598trends, 487–488U.S. rates, 497victim-offender homogeneity,
698–699warfare and, 489worldwide rates, 470youth gang rates, 504youth violence and, 418
homicide rateschildren, youth, 307in Japan, 497in NYC, 688–690
homicide victimizationof African Americans, 706–707cross-national differences,
487–488
homogenous set test, mice studies,92
homophily hypothesis, 455homophobic aggression, 456–457hostage taking, 589hostile attributions, 335–336, 548hostility. See also trait hostility
blood pressure and, 119HR and, 119
HR. See heart rateHRV. See heart rate variability5-HT. See 5-hydroxytryptamine;
serotonin5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT),
172–173, 219. See alsoserotonin
chronic inhibition of, 619impulsive aggression and,
173–174prefrontal, limbic cortex and,
174–1755HTT-linked polymorphic region
(5HTT-LPR), aggression,violence and, 86
Human Rights Commission, 767hyperactivity, 51–52, 196hyperarousal. See physiological
hyperarousal
ICAP. See Integrated CognitiveAntisocial Potential theory
ICPS. See InterpersonalProblem-Solving Skills
ICVS. See International CrimeVictimization Survey
IED. See improved explosivedevice; Intermittent ExplosiveDisorder
IIMF. See hippocampal mossy fibersIIPMF. See intra- and infrapyramidal
mossy fiber fieldsimitation, priming, 555–557, 643
aggressive behavior and, 296cognitive process of, 550experiments on, 557mass media and, 557neurophysiological findings, 550observational learning and, 552of scripts, schemas, 549short-term influences of, 549social learning through, 639–640
improved explosive device (IED),597
impulse control, 291–292, 297P300 response amplitude and,
127impulsive aggression, 170–171, 588
5-HT and, 173–174brains structures of, 112decreasing, 175–176fluvoxamine treatment for, 176
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804 subject index
impulsive aggression (cont.)IED and, 170neurobiological factors, 175–176pathophysiological mechanism
of, 174–175SSRI for, 175
impulsive antisociality, 298impulsiveness, 111
violence and, 26In Search of Respect (Bourgois),
750–751, 755, 761Incidental model, of peer rejection,
363–364income status, 493
homicide, 495victimization and, 495violence and, 470
Incredible Years, 773indirect aggression, relational
aggression vs., 246indirect victimization, 573Individual Characteristics model
deviant friends/cliques and,370
gang membership and, 371Peer Influence model vs., 371
individual interventions, 348,351–354
at schools, 351individual risk factors, 26–27Infant Health and Development
intervention experiment, 231infant homicide, maternal
education and, 671infant nervous-system
maldevelopment, 52inhibition conflict, alcohol
consumption and, 656Injury Surveillance System, 695,
705inner cities, race-specific economic
deficits in, 688insight/psychoanalytical treatment,
610Institute of Medicine, 5institutional violence, 11Integrated Cognitive Antisocial
Potential (ICAP) theory,35–38, 510
intelligence, 27intelligence quotient (IQ), 34
breastfeeding and, 192violence and, 26–27
intentionality, 467violence and, 6
intermittency, 54Intermittent Explosive Disorder
(IED), 170, 201–202International Crime Statistics, 486International Crime Victimization
Survey (ICVS), 420, 486, 490
country participation, 491, 496cross-cultural similarity in, 492data advantages, 490–491data limitations, 491–492, 496data-collection procedures, 491linked macro-,
micro-perspectives, 494–495macro-level findings, 493–494measurement error, 491methodological studies, 496micro-level findings, 494research problems, 492–495response rates, 491sample sizes, 491–492
International Homicide Index, 492International Labor Organization,
crime data from, 495International Study of Adolescent
Development (ISAD), 422measures, 422–423method, 422–423results, 423–427sample, 422
International Violence AgainstWomen Survey (IVAWS), 492
internet, violence exposurethrough, 307
Interpersonal Problem-SolvingSkills (ICPS), 351–352
interpersonal violence, 11, 468Interpol, 486intervention, 6. See also behavioral
intervention; cognitive,cognitive-behavioral therapy;prevention, intervention
Anger Control Training, 352–353cognitive-behavioral, 351–353community service, 354community-level, 479–480Crime Prevention through
Environmental Design, 351early childhood, 538enrichment, 354environmental vs. individual, 348evaluation of, 355family-based approaches, 479GBG, 353group based, 253ICPS, 351–352leisure activities, 354mentoring, tutoring, work-study,
354multiple points of, 511, 612other instructional, 353in parenting, 538–539pharmacological/ecological,
628–629preventative, 314–315Project PATHE, 349Project STATUS, 350–351recreation, 354
for relationally aggressivechildren, 253
relationship-level, 479research on, 347Safe Dates Program, 350school based, 253for school bullying, 349–350social competency instruction,
351–353societal, 479–480therapeutic, 179, 353–354universal vs. indicated, 351for violence exposure, 314–315
intervention research evidence, onschool violence, 347–354
intimate partner violence (IPV),468, 473–474, 675
alcohol consumption and, 652gender-contingent patterns of,
677across social classes, 673
intimidation, physical aggressionand, 7
intra- and infrapyramidal mossyfiber fields (IIPMF), micestudies, 102
Intradimensional/ExtradimensionalShift Task, 199–200
Iowa Gambling Task, 200brain lesions and, 199
IPV. See intimate partner violenceIQ. See intelligence quotientIrish Republican Army (IRA),
590–591ISAD. See International Study of
Adolescent DevelopmentIslamic fundamentalist groups, 593
terrorism by, 583–585isolates, 452Italian Red Brigades, 590IVAWS. See International Violence
Against Women Survey
Japan, homicide rates, 497Jewish terrorists, 593Justice Depart Agency, violence
prevention sponsored by,349
justice system, neuropsychologicalresearch and, 201
justified aggression, 329juvenile delinquency
competing theories of, 510risk factors, 511
juvenile homicideCanadian rates, 503crack cocaine epidemic and, 503firearm use and, 503increase explanation, 503–505
juvenile justice system, 49–50adolescents referred to, 505
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subject index 805
juvenile transfers in, 507–508minority youth and, 506–507property offense cases in, 507reforms, 506–507
juvenile offendersexecution of, 508LWOP for, 508
juvenile victimizations, in NCVS,502
juvenile violence. See also violentdelinquency
arrest rates, 501developmental model of,
260–261distortion of, 502inflammatory rhetoric, 506–507moral panic over, 506–507myths, doomsday forecasts,
505–506prevention, intervention
implications, 508–513self-reported studies of, 503super-predator myth, 505–506trends, 503–505tyranny of small numbers and,
501UCR data on, 502
Jyvaskyla Longitudinal Study, 40
Katz, Jack, 750, 752–753Kauai Longitudinal Study, 41Klebold, Dillon, 545–546knowledge structure, notion of, 324
LAL. See long attack latencylanguage development, 269
cognitive ability and, 265–266,271
conduct problems and, 265–266late adulthood, adolescent
personality disorders and, 291latent curve analysis, of
development, 740–741latent variables, modeling, 729late-onset delinquency, alternative
accounts of, 58Law and Order, 572left frontal brain activation, 126legal system. See also juvenile
justice systempredatory aggression for, 619violent behavior control through,
537leisure activities, 354lesions. See brain lesionsLevi, Primo, 750, 752liaisons, 452life course
self-control over, 540–541violence over, 20–25violence patterns over, 527
violent behavior distributionover, 534–535
life event risk factors, 32–33life without parole (LWOP), for
juveniles, 508life-course persistent antisocial
development, 65–67adolescent-limited vs., 49adulthood offending, violence
and, 60–62domestic violence and, 61neurodevelopmental,
family-adversity risk factors,51–53
research needed, 53Lifeskills ’95 program, 512literature, violent crime genre, 572lithium, 622–623
serotonergic function and, 623London subway bombings,
583–584lone gunmen, 595long attack latency (LAL), mice
studies, 102longitudinal studies, 19, 559–561,
789Abused Children Study, 41Add Health, 668, 676–677Cambridge Study in Delinquent
Development, 20, 39Cambridge-Somerville Youth
Study, 27–28, 40Chicago Youth Development
Study, 28, 41Columbia County Study, 28, 39Copenhagen Project
Metropolitan, 41Dangerous Offender Project,
39Danish Birth Cohort Studies,
40Denver Youth Survey, 39, 503of desensitization, 559–561DMHDS, 40, 51, 56, 59, 229,
665E-Risk Twin Study, 219Jyvaskyla Study, 40Kauai Study, 41Mauritius Joint Child Health
Project, 41Montreal
Longitudinal-ExperimentalStudy, 41
Montreal Two-SamplesLongitudinal study, 40
National Collaborative PerinatalProject, 39
National Survey of Health andDevelopment, 41
Northern Finland Birth CohortStudy, 41
NYS, 39, 59–60, 503, 538of observational learning,
559–561Orebro Project, 40Oregon Youth Study, 26, 29–30,
40, 56, 65, 444of peer experiences, 377–378Philadelphia Birth Cohort
Studies, 41Philadelphia Collaborative
Perinatal Project, 157Pittsburgh Youth Study, 28, 30,
34, 40, 221Rochester Youth Development
Study, 28–30, 41Seattle Social Development
Project, 29, 39statistical objective of, 740–741Stockholm Project Metropolitan,
39use of, 740of violence justification, 559–561Woodlawn project, 40Young Law Breakers as Adults,
40loose group member, 452lorazepam, 623Los Angeles, gang homicide in,
390–391low arousal, as aggression predictor,
564LSD. See lysergic acid diethylamideLWOP. See life without parolelysergic acid diethylamide (LSD),
NSDUH data, 649
macro-system interventions, foryouth violence, 774–775
Madrid train bombings, 583–584,591
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)aggression studies, 128, 134–135conflicting results, 135
maladaptive behaviors, 112males
exposure to violence, 563–564self-control, 541terrorism and, 589–590
malnutrition, 160–161maltreatment, 220Manson, Charles, 545–546, 597MAO. See monoamine oxidasemarriage, married couples, 33
psychological reactivity among,120
trait hostility among, 120violence among, 9
masculine domination, disguiseddynamics of, 758–759
Masculine Domination (Bourdieu),751, 757, 759
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806 subject index
mass communication, of violence,571–572
mass media, 642–644. See alsomedia violence
crime, violence preoccupation of,579–580
criminal population studies and,556
fear and, 577–578police reports and, 571priming and, 557violence exposure and, 556–557violent behavior and, 546violent crime, 577–578
maternal environment, 224mice, mice studies, 93–94
maturity gap, 50, 57–59research needed, 59
Mauritius Joint Child HealthProject, 41
maximum likelihood estimation(ML), model-fitting and, 83
MDMA. See EcstasyMDT. See Home Run
Multidisciplinary Teammedia violence, 307, 546, 558–559,
573, 642–644exposure to, 643
mediation hypothesis, antisocialpropensity and, 268–269
Mediation-Causal model, of peerrejection, 364
medical settings, gang violence and,396–397
memetics, memes, 691memory. See also working memory
neuropsychological tests of, 51men
altruistic fear and, 576–577dangerously violent, 310fear in, 575
mental healthchild, adolescent, 306conduct problems and, 261educational attainment and,
665internalizing symptoms, 307SES and, 269, 665–668
mentoring, tutoring, work-studyinterventions, 354, 479
meta-analysis studiesinclusion criteria for, 78–82non-independent samples, 82tetrachoric, intraclass
correlations, 82metabolite genes, 87methadone, 626methamphetamine use
SAMSHA data, 649substance abuse, violent behavior
and, 651–652
methylenedioxymethamphetamine.See Ecstasy
methylphenidate, for CD, 622Metropolitan Area Child Research
Group, 778–779MHPG. See 3-methoxy-5-
hydroxyphenylglycolmice, 104–106, 217
aggression types, 91AVP and, 95context dependent sex
differences, 93Coumate and, 97DHEAS and, 97female specific aggression, 91genes, environments, adaptations
and offense in, 103–104genes, gonadal steroids and
offense, 94–96genes, hippocampus and offense
in, 102–103genes, monoamines and offense
in, 100–102genes, nitric oxide and offense in,
98–100genetic background effects, 93homogenous set test, 92humans and, 104–106IIMF and, 102, 104IIPMF and, 102LAL and, 102life history, test conditions, 92male specific, Y chromosome,
92–94maternal environment, 93–94neutral cage test, 92offense, defense in, 91–92PAR and, 92, 96–98resident intruder test, 92, 95SAL and, 102standard opponent test, 92STS and, 97–98testosterone, 99
microsystem, child developmentand, 667
militant animal rights activists, 596Miller, Neal E., 637minor physical anomalies (MPAs),
158–159, 227minority youth, juvenile justice
reforms and, 506–507ML. See maximum likelihood
estimationMOA-A. See monoamine oxidase
genemodel-fitting, 83
ML estimation in, 83WLS estimation in, 83
modernization theory, homicideand, 488
molecular genetic studies, 86
Monitoring the Future (MTF), 503monoamine oxidase (MAO), 268
chronic inhibition of, 619monoamine oxidase gene
(MAO-A), 219, 229–230, 232Montreal
Longitudinal-ExperimentalStudy, 41
Montreal Preventative TreatmentProgram, 511
Montreal Two-SamplesLongitudinal study, 40
mood disorders, omega-3 fattyacids and, 177
morbidity, mortality, violence and,6
morphine, 626mothers, aggressive boys and, 335MPAs. See minor physical anomaliesMPQ. See Multidimensionality
Personality QuestionnaireMRI. See magnetic resonance
imagingMST. See Multisystemic TherapyMTF. See Monitoring the FutureMultidimensionality Personality
Questionnaire (MPQ), 77, 294Alienation scale of, 292
Multisystemic Therapy (MST), 611murder, fear of, 575murderers, 194–195
frontal dysfunctional lobehypothesis and, 194
Mussawi, Hussein, 591
nadalol, 622National Academy of Science, 643
family violence definition, 404National Center for Victims of
Crime (NCVD), domesticviolence definition, 652
National Child Abuse and NeglectData System (NCANDS),405
National Collaborative PerinatalProject, 39
National Counterterrorism Center,589
National Crime VictimizationSurvey (NCVS), 311, 677
juvenile victimizations, 502National Drug Intelligence Center,
652National Electronic Injury
Surveillance System, 473National Family Violence Surveys,
405National Institute of Education,
Safe School Study (1978),345
National Institute of Health, 50
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subject index 807
National Institute of Justice, 406National Institute of Mental
Health, 613National Longitudinal Study of
Adolescent Health (AddHealth), 668, 676–677
National Opinion Research Center(NORC), fear measurementby, 574
National Research Council Report(2003), 354
National Survey of Families andHouseholds, 675
National Survey of Health andDevelopment, 41
National Survey on Drug Use andHealth (NSDUH), 648
National Violence Against WomenSurvey (NVAW), 406–407
National Youth Gang Center(NYGC), 390
National Youth Survey (NYS), 39,59–60, 503
on parenting, 538National Youth Survey Self-Report
Delinquency Instrument, 221nature vs. nurture, 215, 218–219
interaction effect, 219–221NCANDS. See National Child
Abuse and Neglect DataSystem
NC-PRAMS. See Pregnancy RiskAssessment MonitoringSystem, North Carolina
NCVD. See National Center forVictims of Crime
NCVS. See National CrimeVictimization Survey
NE. See norepinephrine functionNEAD. See Nonshared
Environment and AdolescentProject
negative emotionality (NEM), 265,268, 271, 294–297
alienation and, 296parent-child relationships and,
270in toddlers, 270
neglect, 11physical abuse vs., 12
neighborhood effects, on socialcontagion, 701–710
neighborhood risk, 702–703neighborhood socio-economic
status/poverty, 671–672,675–678
adolescent ETV and, 679–680adolescent IPV and, 677–678
NEM. See Negative Emotionalityneurobiological mechanisms, 620neurobiological model, 111–112
neurodevelopment, 62life-course persistent antisocial
behavior and, 51–53neurodevelopment processes, 49neuroimaging studies, 128–138. See
also aggression studies ofpsychopathic individuals,136–137
neuroleptics, 620–622neurological abnormalities, 51neuropeptides, 178neurophysiology, of imitation,
priming, 550neuropsychological assessment,
188–189neuropsychological studies
of antisocial disorders, 197–205on ASPD, 203–204on CD, 202–203of criminals, delinquents,
200–201IED, 201–202justice system and, 201of physical violence, 197–205of physically violent behavior,
194of psychopathy, 197–205
neuropsychology, 50, 187cognitive deficits and, 187
neurotransmitter pathways, 86alcohol consumption impact on,
654–655cocaine impact on, 654–655
neutral cage test, mice studies, 92New York City (NYC)
current, historical homicidetrends, 694–701
gun, non-gun homicides,694–695
homicide rates in, 688–690Injury Surveillance System, 695,
705New York State Longitudinal
Study, 39NHD. See nonhazardous drinkers
9–11, 583–584terrorism since, 598
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA),627
non-criminal violent behavior, 540nonhazardous drinkers (NHD), 653Nonshared Environment and
Adolescent Project (NEAD),219
NORC. See National OpinionResearch Center
norepinephrine function (NE), 177norm breaking behavior, peer
pressure and, 374Normative Beliefs, 547–548, 551
about aggression, 560
normative development, SIP and,327
normative learningcriminal behavior and, 641social learning theory and, 644
norms, 479, 639. See also culturalnorms; social norms
Northern Finland Birth CohortStudy, 41
NSDUH. See National Survey onDrug Use and Health
Nurse Home Visitations, 773nutrition, 160–162NVAW. See National Violence
Against Women SurveyNYC. See New York CityNYC Department of Health
(DOH), 705NYC Department of Health and
Mental Hygiene, 689–690NYGC. See National Youth Gang
CenterNYS. See National Youth Survey
observational learningcross-sectional surveys, 558–559imitation and, 552longitudinal studies, 559–561from violence exposure,
551–552observational learning theory, 551ODD. See oppositional defiant
disorderOFC. See orbitofrontal cortexoffenders
life-course persistent vs.adolescence-limited, 49
typologies of, 37offending, situational influences on,
272Office of Child Abuse and Neglect,
405Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention(OJJDP), 390
official crime data, 486–490Ogburn, William Fielding, 637OJJDP. See Office of Juvenile
Justice and DelinquencyPrevention
Oklahoma City bombing, 595omega-3 fatty acids, suicide and,
177omission, 603operant (functional analytic)
therapybackground, 603defined, 603evidence, 603–605
opportunity, self-control and, 540oppositional contracultures, 641
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oppositional defiant disorder(ODD), 272
CD and, 203substance abuse and, 272–273
orbital prefrontal cortex, glucosemetabolism in, 130
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), 171emotion, impulsivity role of,
171–172Orebro Project, 40Oregon Youth Study, 26, 29–30,
40, 56, 65, 444overt aggression, 85
modeling, 728relational vs., 333
oxycontin, 657oxytocin, 178
P. See person riskP100. See early positive potentialsP300 response amplitude
cognitive functioning and, 127impulse control problems and,
127Palestinian Liberation Organization
(PLO), 591, 594PAR. See pseudoautosomal regionparanoid cognitive personality, 292,
297parasympathetic nervous system
(PSN), 114, 153parent aggression, CBT forparent to child physical aggression
(PCPA), 668cognitive behavioral treatment of
parent trainingbackground, 605–606child abuse and, 606cost effectiveness of, 606evidence, 606
parental influences, 153, 267, 325,535
criminal background, 227–228mental illness, 156
parental rejection, 220parental supervision, adolescent
dating abuse and, 441parental violence, 640parent-child maltreatment, 670parent-child relationships, negative
emotionality and, 270parenting, 11, 27, 50, 52, 58, 770
coercive, 78deviant peer affiliation and, 369harsh, 53NYS on, 538planned interventions in,
538–539self-control and, 538–539, 541substance abuse and, 29unskilled, 52
violence exposure and, 310–311partner abuse, 406–407passive genotype-environmental
correlations, 267passive-aggressive personality
disorder, validity of, 291pathological violence, 14–15Pathologies of Power (Farmer),
750–751, 755–756Patterson’s mediation model, of
peer rejection, 376PCL-R. See Psychopathy-Checklist
RevisedPCL-SV. See
Psychopathy-Checklist,screening version
PCP. See phencyclidinePCPA. See parent to child physical
aggressionP-E. See person-environment
interactionPeaceBuilders program, 772peer(s). See also delinquent peers
affiliation trajectories, 58entropy among, 374future research directions,
376–378intervention and, 479nondeviant, 375–376SCM and, 454social behavior impact by,
453–454victimization by, 361
peer acceptancepositive effects of, 367–368self-perceptions of, 372
peer contagion, 373peer environment, adolescent
dating abuse and, 439peer experience, 328, 361
age, group norms and, 363categories of, 376–377empirical evidence, 364–365longitudinal studies of, 377–378
peer groupsassessment methods, 454differential association theory
and, 641HLM, 455homophily hypothesis, 455SNA of, 455social integration within, 362youth violence and, 771
peer influence, 332aggression and, 454–457process, contextual factors, 378of siblings, 377theories of, 454–457
Peer Influence modeldeviant peers and, 369evidence against, 370
evidence for, 369–370Individual Characteristics model
vs., 371Social Interactional model vs.,
371versions of, 369
peer pressure, norm breakingbehavior and, 374
peer rejection, 26, 51, 220–224,325, 362–368
Additive-Causal model of,364–365
aggressive behavior and,362–363, 365–366
aggressive-antisocial behaviorand, 366–367
Bi-Directional Causal model of,364
Causal model of, 364degree, severity of, 366deviant friends and, 376gender and, 365Incidental model of, 363–364Mediation-Causal model, 364Patterson’s mediation model of,
376physical aggression and, 58reducing, 367self-perceptions and, 367stability of, 366temporal proximity of, 366theoretical models, 363–364
peer reports, 248peer, socioeconomic, neighborhood
risk factors, 29–31peers’ social status
deviant friends/cliques and,372–373
social learning theory and, 372PEM. See Positive Emotionalityperceived threat, 7perinatal complications, risks, 25,
155Perry Mason, 572persistent aggressive behavior,
serotonin transporter densityand, 130
person (P) risk, 216–217, 221–222personal fear, altruistic fear vs., 576personality
deviant friends/cliques and, 371dimensional models of, 288five-factor model of, 264paranoid cognitive, 292psychopathic, 297–299research on, 288, 300structural models of, 288, 297
personality and violence, 299–300alienation and, 295–297externalizing spectrum and,
294–295
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subject index 809
negative emotionality and,295–297
research criticism, 290–291within structural framework,
294–295structural models, 293
personality disorders. See alsopassive-aggressive personalitydisorder
adolescent to later adulthood,291
comorbidity, 291criminal offenders with, 53DSM definition of, 288violence and, 289–292
personality traits, 293distributed dimensions of, 293hierarchical organization of, 293structural models of, 292–294,
300systematic covariation and, 293
person-environment (P-E)interaction, 216–218
antisocial behavior and, 231–233caveats, 235–236practice, policy implications of,
234–235research implications of, 233–234
PET. See positron emissiontomography
pharmacological intervention,628–629
PHDCN. See Project for HumanDevelopment in ChicagoNeighborhoods
phencyclidine (PCP), 624, 626–627phenytoin, 623Philadelphia Birth Cohort Studies,
41Philadelphia Collaborative Perinatal
Project, 157physical abuse
of children, 404–405neglect vs., 12prevention, 163
physical aggression, 195–197assessment of, 246–248defined, 195development trajectories of,
743–744frequency of, 378group profiles, 746intimidation and, 7normative, 191peer rejection and, 58
physical fights, 474motives for, 31
physical neglect, of children,404–405
physical punishment, 28physical stressors, 122
physical violencecomorbidity, 190neuropsychological studies of,
197–205physically violent behavior,
neuropsychology studies of,194
physiological hyperarousal,antisocial behavior and, 113
pindolol, 622Pittsburgh Youth Study, 28, 30, 34,
40, 221planned ignoring, 604PLO. See Palestinian Liberation
Organizationpolice intervention, in schools,
349–350police reports, mass media and, 571political violence, 468, 596–597poor conditioning theories, of
arousal, 553Positive Emotionality (PEM), 294positron emission tomography
(PET), 176aggression studies, 128, 130–134prefrontal dysfunction, 130–133temporal lobe dysfunction, 133
poverty, 14, 50, 219, 752–753. Seealso family socio-economicstatus/poverty; neighborhoodsocio-economic status/poverty;socio-economic status/poverty
family violence and, 408Powell, Colin, 589PPI. See Psychopathic Personality
InventoryPREA. See Prison Rape Elimination
Act of 2003precursor genes, 87predatory violence, 14prefrontal cortex, cognitive
functions of, 193prefrontal dysfunction, 153–156
PET of, 130–133prefrontal, limbic cortex, 5-HT
function in, 172–175pregnancy
maternal smoking during, 192stress-management during, 163
Pregnancy Risk AssessmentMonitoring System, NorthCarolina (NC-PRAMS),673–674
Pregnancy Risk AssessmentMonitoring System, SouthCarolina (SC-PRAMS),673–674
prenatal malnutrition, 52prenatal nicotine exposure,
159–160prescription drug dependence, 657
President’s Commission on LawEnforcement andAdministration of Justice, 573
prevention, intervention, 162–163,477–481, 603, 775–777. Seealso exposure and responseprevention; family therapy;science of prevention; selectiveinterventions; universalinterventions
adolescent dating abuse, 438,442–444
by age groups, 770approaches, 478–480beyond current, 775–781community-based, 774Comprehensive Gang
Prevention, Intervention, andSuppression Model, 512
CS for, 510–512cultural context, 770–771Dating Violence Intervention and
Prevention Program forTeenagers, 442
effective response determination,480–481
effective strategy development,768–771
evidence-base for, 477family violence, 413family-based, 773–774focus of, 768–769of gang crime, 511intended effects production,
778–780intended population, 769–771for juvenile violence, 508–513Lifeskills’95 program, 512macro-system, 774–775MDT, 511–512middle-school, 770Montreal Preventative Treatment
Program, 511nondeviant peers for, 375–376parenting, 770research, 477, 777–778risk, protective factors and, 771San Diego County Breaking
Cycles program, 511science of, 478, 789youth violence, 771–775
priming. See imitation, primingPrinciples of Criminology
(Sutherland), 638prison gangs, 395–396
organization of, 395street gangs and, 398–399
Prison Rape Elimination Act of2003 (PREA), 757
legal terminology, definitions in,757–758
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810 subject index
proactive aggression, 363reactive vs., 334
processing bias, across situations,contexts, 332–337
processing overload hypothesis, 154Project for Human Development in
Chicago Neighborhoods(PHDCN), 668–669, 675,681–682
Project Metropolitan, 27Project PATHE, 349Project SafecareProject STATUS, 350–351property crime, ICVS data on,
490–492propranolol, 622prosociality, 264, 270–271
gender and, 274protective factors, 33–34, 54,
771biosocial research on, 162SES, 677
provocation, emotional changesfrom, 552–555
pseudoautosmal region (PAR), 92mice studies, 96–98
pseudo-maturity, 57PSN. See parasympathetic nervous
systempsychoeducation, 609, 610psychological reactivity, among
married couples, 120psychopathic individuals,
neuroimaging studies of,136–137
psychopathic personality, violenceand, 297–299
Psychopathic Personality Inventory(PPI), 298
psychopathy, 297–299adult, 116–118amygdala and, 200antisocial personality vs., 116arousal and, 553ASPD and, 190autonomic nervous system and,
116–118diagnosis of, 116dispositions and, 272externalizing problems vs., 116across genders, 299HR and, 117neuropsychological studies of,
197–205violence and, 299violent recidivism and, 116
Psychopathy Checklist, 117Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-SV),
screening version, 298Psychopathy Checklist-Revised
(PCL-R), 136, 190, 297
psychopharmacological agents,191–192
aggression decreasing, 620–623amphetamines, 626, 649, 652androgens, anabolic steroids, 627anti-convulsants, 622–623anti-depressants, 620–623anti-hypertensive agents, 622barbiturates, 625benzodiazepines, 622–623, 625cannabis, 627–628, 648,
650–651cholesterol lowering agents,
625–626cocaine, 503, 626, 648–649, 651,
653–655lithium, 622–623neuroleptics, 620–622opiates, 626, 651–652PCP, 624, 626–627psychostimulants, 626stimulants, 622
psychopharmacology, 618–619psychosocial risk factors, 152psychostimulants, 626
amphetamines, 626, 649,652
puberty, adolescent-limitedantisocial behavior and, 50
public health approachclassic model used in, 475collective vs. individual action in,
466health, economic consequences
and, 474prevention emphasis of, 466scientific method requirements
of, 466to violence, 466–470to youth violence, 768
public information campaigns, 479public opinion, on violent youth,
216public policy
environmental effects and, 216on genetic screening, 235
punishment, 603
al Qaeda, 591, 593
race/ethnicity. See alsoethnicity/culture
conduct problems and, 275–276homicide and, 697in inner cities, 688in violence, 526violence across, 788violence exposure and, 311–312
rapefear of, 576social learning processes and, 640
reactive aggression, 363adolescent dating abuse and, 442proactive vs., 334
recent exposure to, 313–314,317–318
Recent Exposure to Violence Scale(REVS), 313–314
receptor genes, 87recreation, 354relational aggression, 85, 245
assessment of, 246–248in collectivist/interdependent-
oriented cultures, 252consequences of, 250cross-cultural research on,
252–253culture and, 251–253defined, 245–246developmental manifestations,
248–249developmental risk, harm,
250–251family and, 254focal child approach, 247future research directions, 254gender differences and, 249–250gender normative, 251indirect aggression vs., 246intervention for, 253observations, 247during older developmental
periods, 249overt vs., 333peer reports, 248in preschool years, 246romantic partners and, 249, 251teacher reports, 247–248verbal aggression vs., 246in western cultures, 252
relationship violence, 14relationship-level intervention, 479relaxation training, 606–607religious extremism, 591–593religious terrorism, 591. See also
terrorism, terroristsresident intruder test, 95
mice studies, 92residential burglary, fear of, 575residential mobility programs, 480resource theory, family violence
and, 411respiratory-sinus arrhythmia
(RSA), 115Responding in Peace and Positive
Ways (RIPP), 772response cost, 604resting autonomic activity
antisocial behavior and, 112–113child conduct problems and, 113
REVS. See Recent Exposure toViolence Scale
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subject index 811
Reynoso, Abimael Guzman, 588rhesus macaques studies, 217right wing terrorism, 593–595. See
also terrorist group typologiesin U.S., 594–595
right wing violence, in Europe, 595RIPP. See Responding in Peace and
Positive Waysrisk behavior, 27
ADHD and, 272–273ODD and, 272–273
risk communication, 580risk factors, 9, 19, 25–34, 38,
61–62, 771additive, sequential, 34adverse social environments, 152biological, 25–26, 162brain development, 191–192brain lesions, 193–194childhood, 21combined, 163–164developmental, 479dispositional, 225for early-onset persistent
aggression, 225–226environmental, 227–229family, 27–29, 51–53, 62, 192health, 295individual, 26–27for juvenile delinquency, 511life events, 32–33maternal smoking during
pregnancy, 192mechanisms, 32media violence, 546–547neighborhood, 702–703neurodevelopmental, 51–53P-E, 221–222peer, socioeconomic,
neighborhood, 29–31perinatal, 25, 155protective, 33–34psychosocial, 152situational, 31–32, 272technological, 580for victimization, 493violence reduction programs and,
38for youth violence, 479, 771
risperidone, 620–622Rochester Youth Development
study, 28–30, 41routine activities theory, 31RSA. See respiratory-sinus
arrhythmiaRussia, youth gangs in, 397Rutgers Health and Human
Development Project, 64
Safe Dates Program, 350Safe Dates Study, 434, 440, 444
Safe School Study (1978), 345Safer Bars Programme, 628SAL. See short attack latencySAMHSA. See Substance Abuse
and Mental Services HealthAdministration
San Diego County Breaking Cyclesprogram, 511
SARP. See Spousal AssaultReplication Program
SBP. See systolic blood pressureSC. See skin conductancescale setting, in SEM, 729Schepper-Hughes, N., 753schizophrenia, 204–205, 292school(s)
architectural arrangements at,351
behavior modification,cognitive-behavioralinterventions at, 353
bullying in, 349–350classroom, instructional
management in, 350Crime Prevention through
Environmental Design and,351
discipline management at, 346,349
failure of, 746–747individual interventions at, 351normative beliefs in, 347police intervention in, 349–350psycho-social climate of, 347racial heterogeneity of, 347scheduling, classes, grades
reorganizing in, 350–351security, surveillance procedures
in, 349SROs in, 349survey research evidence,
345–347victimization in, 344–345weapon-carrying in, 347
school based interventionprograms, 253
school disorderhierarchical modeling of, 346predicted, 347
school resource officers (SRO), 349school violence, 308–309
future research directions, 355intervention research evidence,
347–354multi-victim shootings, 354–355shootings, 344
science of prevention, violentbehavior and, 767–768
Scientific Advisory Committee onTelevision and Social Behavior,642
SCM. See social cognitive mapapproach
SC-PRAMS. See Pregnancy RiskAssessment MonitoringSystem, South Carolina
script theory, social contagion and,691
scripts, schemas, priming of, 549SDP. See Social Development
ProjectSeattle Social Development
Project, 29, 39Second Step, 772security, surveillance procedures,
349in schools, 349
The Seductions of Crime (Katz),750, 752–753
seizures, 194Selection model. See Individual
Characteristics modelselective interventions, 769–770selective serotonergic reuptake
inhibitors (SSRI), impulsiveaggression and, 175
self and others, expectations of,322
Self Control Training, 610self-control, 536–539
behavioral science theory vs., 533child affection and, 538crime, delinquency studies and,
533–534emotional attachment and, 538empirical demonstrations of, 541external, social controls and, 537gender and, 541long-term costs and, 537opportunity and, 540over life course, 540–541parenting and, 538–539, 541research validity, 540–541self-regulation theory and, 533socialization and, 537–538versatility effect and, 540
self-directed violence, 468self-esteem, adolescent dating
abuse and, 440Self-Ordered Pointing (SOP) test,
of working memory, 195self-regulation theory, self-control
theory and, 533self-report studies, 419–420self-reported violence, predictive
validity of, 21SEM. See structured equation
modelingSendero Luminoso (Shining Path),
588sensation-seeking theory, of arousal,
553
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812 subject index
serious, violent, and chronicoffenders (SVC), 509
serotonergic functionlithium and, 623in prefrontal-limbic circuit,
172–173serotonergic genes, 86serotonin (5-HT). See also
5-hydroxytryptaminealcohol consumption impact on,
655cocaine impact on, 655
serotonin metabolite5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(5-HIAA), 620
aggression and, 86violent suicide and, 620
serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRI), 623–624
serotonin transporter density,persistent aggressive behaviorand, 130
serotonin transporter genotype,gender differences and, 124
serotonin transporter (5HTT)polymorphism, aggression and,86
SES. See socioeconomic statussexual abuse. See also adolescent
dating abuse; rapeof children, 404–406, 473–474
sexual aggression. See also rapesocial learning processes and, 640
sexual victimization, 311. See alsovictimization
family violence and, 410sexual violence, 11, 473–474
in American prisons, 757,761–762
Shining Path. See SenderoLuminoso
short attack latency (SAL), micestudies, 102
SHR. See Supplementary HomicideReports
siblings, 13, 407peer influence of, 377
single-photon emissioncomputerized tomography(SPECT), aggression studies,128–130
SIP. See social informationprocessing model
situational risk factors, 31–32, 272routine activities theory and, 31
situational violence, 13skin conductance (SC)
of adult psychopaths, 117child conduct problems and, 113
smoking, 192SNA. See social network analysis
SNS. See sympathetic nervoussystem
social adversity, 52social aggression, in SEM, 728social causation, 665–668, 680–682social class, IPV across, 673social cognitive map approach
(SCM), 454social cognitive processes
antisocial behavior developmentand, 322–337
cultural differences in, 252during social events, 324violence behavior and, 322–337
social consequences, 573social contagion
analytic models, 703–704data, 704–706guns and, 692–693, 708–710micro-processes of, 693–694neighborhood effects on,
701–710proximate social structures and,
691–692results, 706–710script theory and, 691social norms and, 715–717structural equivalent networks
and, 692violence as, 690–694violent events, social networks
and, 710–715social control, 702–703
chronic strains and, 522strain and, 520
Social control model. See IndividualCharacteristics model
social crowds, violent behavior and,377
social decisions, information flow,processes, 547
Social Development Project (SDP),330
social environment, 639life-course persistent antisocial
behavior and, 50social exchange theory, family
violence and, 411social experience, brain
development and, 788Social Facilitation model. See Peer
Influence modelsocial identity
dominance hierarchy andviolence and, 693–694
social information models, 187,547–549, 790
future developmental studydirections, 330–332
stability assessments, 329–330stability in, 329
social information processingantisocial behavior types and,
334–335across childhood, 327–328children and parents, 336developmental patterns in,
327–332latent knowledge and, 326–327life experiences and, 336–337multiple step, multiple indicator,
325–326normative development changes
in, 327normative development stages in,
328across problematic social
situation, 332–334situation specific, 323as social transmission
mechanism, 324–327standard measures of, 327
social information processing model(SIP), 322
antisocial behavior and, 323across childhood, 327–328
social integration, homicide and,489
social interaction, neurobiology of,178
Social Interactional modeldeviant friends/cliques and,
370Peer Influence model vs., 371
social isolation, 702–703family violence and, 409
social knowledge, 324social learning
central features, 639child characteristics and,
261–262of conduct problems, 270criminal behavior and, 637–638through differential
reinforcement, 640through imitation, 639–640rape and, 640sexual aggression, 640of violence, 522
Social Learning and Imitation(Miller, Dollard), 637
social learning and violent behavior,research on, 640–642
social learning environment, ofadoptive families, 267–268
social learning theorydevelopment of, 638deviant friend association and,
369empirical tests of, 640family violence and, 410future directions, 644
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subject index 813
normative learning mechanismsand, 644
peers’ social status and, 372properties of, 638–640psychology, sociology and,
637–638relevant research, 642
social network analysis (SNA),450–451
concepts, 450–453empirical measures, 459–460of homophobic aggression,
456–457methods, 451–453of peer groups, 455violence research improvement
with, 453youth aggression and, 453
social networksof adolescents, 693aggression and, 457gang membership and, 457–459gang research and, 460–461violent events and, 710–715
social norms, social contagion and,715–717
social power, violence and, 8social processes
antisocial behavior origins in, 49gang violence and, 394–395, 398micro, macro level transmission
of, 693–694social push hypothesis, 153, 155Social Relations Model (SRM), 736social relationships
entropy in, 374generative power of, 752
Social Scripts, 547, 551social security, homicide and,
488–489social selection, 665–668, 680–682social settings, 477, 752–753social situational stress, family
violence and, 410–411social skills training (SST)
background, 605evidence, 605for young children, 605
social supportfor coping, 523
social work, 353–354social-cognitive information process
model, 547–549arousal and, 553–554Emotional Predispositions,
547–548Normative Beliefs, 547–548, 551Social Scripts, 547, 551World Schemas, 547, 551
socialization, 639, 790self-control theory and, 537–538
of young people, 538Socialization model. See Peer
Influence modelsocialized sexualities, 757–758social-problem solving, individual
differences in, 547social-rearing environment, genes
and, 215social-relational aggression,
individual differences in, 323social-transmission process, 325societal intervention, 479–480sociobiology theory, family violence
and, 411–412socioeconomic status (SES), 51. See
also family socio-economicstatus/poverty; neighborhoodsocio-economic status/poverty
antisocial behavior and, 269between-partner, 674–675children’s ETV and, 679cognitive ability and, 266community ETV and, 678–679conduct problems and, 275–276ETV and, 664Hollingshead index and, 673mental health and, 269,
665–668protective factors, 677victimization and, 667as violence predictor, 30
socio-economic status/povertymeasurement of, 668–670violence associations exposure
and, 670–680socio-family factors, deviant
friends/cliques and, 371–372socio-structure-social-learning
theory (SSSL), 644SOP. See Self-Ordered Pointing testspatial avoidance, crime fear and,
579special interest terrorism, 596–597SPECT. See single-photon emission
computerized tomographysports, aggression, interpersonal
violence in, 540Spousal Assault Replication
Program (SARP), 673spousal violence, 408, 467SRM. See Social Relations ModelSRO. See school resource officersSSRI. See selective serotonergic
reuptake inhibitors; serotoninreuptake inhibitors
SSSL. Seesocio-structure-social-learningtheory
SST. See social skills trainingstandard opponent test, mice
studies, 92
Standardized Program EvaluationProtocol, 511
State-of-the-Science ConsensusStatement in Preventing Violence(2004), 50
State-Trait Anger Scale, 292steroid sulfatase (STS), mice
studies, 97–98stimulus control, 603–604Stockholm Project Metropolitan,
39strain
chronic, repeated exposure to,521–523
coping, coping strategies and,520–521
gangs and, 522major types of, 519–521particular acts and, 521severe, 520social control and, 520, 522unjust, 520violence likelihood and, 521–523violence predisposition and,
521–523violent coping and, 520–521violent response to, 523–524
strain theory. See also general straintheory
homicide and, 488–489versions of, 519
stranger violence, 19Strangers to Ourselves (Wilson),
759street violence, 19structural violence, 756structured equation modeling
(SEM), 727aggression forms, functions and,
733constraining method in, 729–730dyadic analysis, 734–736group differences and, 731–732latent correlations, 731latent variables and, 729,
736–737mean structure identification,
729means comparison, 730means, variances, correlations in,
728–731measured indicators, 728measurement invariance,
731–732multi-group options, 731–732overt, social aggression in, 728phantom variables, 730–731scale setting in, 729–730variable associations, 730variance comparison, 730weak factorial invariance, 731
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814 subject index
STS. See steroid sulfatasestudents
absence, dropout by, 345coping strategies of, 310self-reported violent behaviors,
310teacher relations, 347with trauma symptoms, 312violence exposure of, 311
Study Group on Serious andViolent Juvenile Offenders,506
Study Group on Very YoungOffenders, 506
subculturessubstance abuse, 260, 291, 311. See
also alcohol, drug abuseamphetamines, 652family violence and, 652–654Goldstein’s tripartite model of,
656–657heroin, opioids, 626, 651–652marijuana, 650–651methamphetamines, 649,
651–652ODD and, 272–273onset age, 658parenting and, 29prevalence rates, 648–649violent behavior and, 647,
654–657Substance Abuse and Mental
Services HealthAdministration (SAMHSA),648
sufficient/component cause model,476
suicide, 310bullying and, 308cognitive-behavioral,
multisystemic theory and, 480juvenile, 503omega-3 fatty acids and, 177SNS and, 119violence and, 119worldwide rates, 470
suicide bombers, 597female, 589
Supplementary Homicide Reports(SHR), 589
Sutherland, Ewin, 638SVC. See serious, violent, and
chronic offenderssymbolic violence, 762
gender domination and, 758terrorist events and, 588
sympathetic nervous system (SNS),114
BIS and, 115suicide and, 119
systemic violence, 656–657
systolic blood pressure (SBP), TypeA personality and, 120
teachersreports, 247–248student relations, 347theft from, 345victimization of, 346
technical knowledge, 639teenage mothers, 29, 152television, film violence, 558–561,
572aggression and, 642arousal by, 551children impact by, 642–643
temperament, personality, 218by environment, 221–225peer rejection and, 221–224
temporal lobe dysfunction, PET of,133
terrorism, terrorists. See alsoecological terrorism
adaptability of, 590Christian white supremacists,
593control-theory and, 539data collected on, 589defined leadership of, 588defining, 584–585domestic, 583–584freedom fighters and, 584–585goal-directed character of, 589government response to, 594homicide levels vs., 598as intellectual struggle, 585Islamic groups, 583–585, 593Jewish, 593large scale attacks, 583–584by lone gunmen, 595media attention on, 587models of, 585organized structures, 587–588psychological paradigm of, 585rational/strategic paradigm of,
585religious, 591resource allocation to, 598–599since 9/11, 598special interest, 596–597subject label of, 584–585symbolic violence and, 588terrorist group typologies,
590–597violence motivations of, 586–587violent behavior basis of, 583violent crime vs., 585–590war on, 598–599WMD and, 593young males and, 589–590
terrorist group typologies, 590–597ethno-nationalism, 593–595
religious extremism, 590–597right wing extremist groups,
593–595special interest terrorism,
596–597testosterone, 177, 218
mice studies, 99tetrahydrocannabinol (THC),
627–628, 650theory driven studies, 419therapeutic intervention, 179therapeutic treatment
behavioral intervention,603–607
cognitive, cognitive-behavioralintervention, 607–610
family therapy approaches,610–611
insight/psychoanalytical, 610Thrasher, Frederick, 638threatened egotism, 2923-methoxy-5-hydroxyphenylglycol
(MHPG), 177TMT-B. See Trail Making Test-Btoddlers, negative emotionality in,
270topiramate, 623Trail Making Test-B (TMT-B), 198trait aggression, in adults, 118–121trait alienation, 790trait dispositions, 112trait hostility, 790
among married couples, 120cardiovascular activity and,
119transformative environments, 752transporter genes, 87Trauma Symptom Checklist for
Children, 310, 312trauma symptoms
students with, 312of violent adolescents, 310
Twentieth Century-Fox, 572twin, adoption studies, 77–78,
228–229, 266–267method, 78search strategy, 78
Type A personality, SBP and, 120
U. N. See United NationsUCR. See Uniform Crime ReportsUN Crime Survey, 486understanding, 5–6unemployment, 32UNICRI. See United Nations
Interregional Crime andJustice Institute
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR),388, 589
on juvenile violence, 502United Nations (U. N.), 486
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subject index 815
United Nations Interregional Crimeand Justice Institute(UNICRI), 490
United States (U.S.)asymmetrical threat to, 597child maltreatment in, 668Christian Patriot movement in,
595crime fear in, 573–579domestic terrorism in, 583–584family violence in, 308homicide rates, 497National Counterterrorism
Center, 589right wing terrorism in, 594–595victimization in, 418, 420violence depictions vs. incidents
in, 571violence in, 571young male homicide rate in, 470youth violence in, 418
universal interventions, 769–770The Untouchables, 572urban youth, violence among, 30U.S. See United StatesU.S. Census Bureau, family
definition, 404U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services (USDHHS)Office of Child Abuse and
Neglect, 405violence prevention programs of,
767U.S. Food and Drug Administration
(FDA), aggression medicationapproval by, 618–619
U.S. National Youth Survey, 21,30–31
U.S. Surgeon General, 465
vagal control, 227externalizing problems and, 115tone, 153
Valium. See diazepamvalproate, 623values, 639vasopressin, 178v-chip, ratings creep, 580verbal aggression
carbamazepine for, 619relational aggression vs., 246
verbal development. See languagedevelopment
versatility effect, self-control theoryand, 540
victimization, 7, 296, 306–307,361. See also sexualvictimization
adolescent self-reported, 308age and, 494boys vs. girls, 311
community cohesion and, 494contextual vs. compositional
explanations, 494–495across countries, 497cross-national differences in, 495cultural interpretation of, 492data on, 311determinants of, 494fear vs., 573–574of females, 788income status and, 495indirect, 573international data on, 490micro-level risk factors of, 493multi-source research approach,
492national estimates, 490by normative peers, 361across offense types, 493outside school, 344rates of, 311risk factors, 493in schools, 344–345self- vs. police-reported, 493–494SES and, 667by setting, 307–309across social contexts, 494of teachers, 346in U.S., 418, 420violent behavior and, 311
victimization data, 419–420Victoria Adolescence Project, 57video games, 331–332, 561violence, 34–38, 475–477. See also
acquaintance violence;adolescent violence; adultviolence; children’s exposureto violence; collective violence;community violence; domesticviolence; economic violence;exposure to violence; familyviolence; institutional violence;interpersonal violence;intimate partner violence;juvenile violence; parentalviolence; pathological violence;personality and violence;political violence; relationshipviolence; self-directedviolence; self-reportedviolence; sexual violence;situational violence; spousalviolence; stranger violence;street violence; symbolicviolence; systemic violence;youth violence
5HTT-LPR and, 86age differences in, 525aggression vs., 361–362alcohol, drug abuse and, 536in American culture, 579
in American suburbs, 754among countries, 470among family members, 11among urban youth, 30anger and, 521APD and, 290assessment methods, 419–420autonomic activity and,
113–114behavior theory of, 539as behavioral health issue, 6beliefs favorable to, 522–523biopsychosocial model of, 13BPD and, 290candidate genes for, 85–87categories, types of, 10–11Caucasian vs. African-American,
28causal pie model of, 476certainty, agreement about, 6–8child, adolescent exposure to,
306class differences in, 525–526clinical syndromes, 188–190cognitive desensitization to, 552community differences in, 526comparative approaches to,
752–753comparative studies on, 419consensus about, 5contextual factors, 14control-theory definition of,
539–540costs of, 10, 475, 523–524across countries, 419–420criminality and, 188cultural norms and, 9, 467,
489cultural, social variations and, 8against dating partner, 433defining, 5–9, 466–467, 519,
619, 787–788delinquency and, 188demographic differences and,
274–276differentiating, 6domination, sex and, 756–757ecological model of, 476–477economic burden, 465, 474–475emotional arousal and, 545emotional changes associated
with, 552–555emotional desensitization to,
554–555emotional predisposition and,
548emotional reactions to, 562–564as entertaining, 580environmentalist position, 151escalation hypothesis, 394across ethnic/racial groups, 788
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violence (cont.)event perspective of, 710–711of everyday life, 753–760exposure impact, 546–547family background and, 20family processes and, 420–421fatal, non-fatal, 470–474gang vs. non-gang, 388gender and, 8–9, 12, 408,
524–525, 642, 756–757, 790generalizability studies, 419global context, 481–482global health problem of, 465global medical data on, 473–474group difference in, 524–527habituation to, 563–564human condition of, 465impact of, 470–475impulsiveness and, 26by income status, 470independent predictors of, 34instigated, supported, 361intent and, 6, 467internet and, 307IQ and, 26–27legal distinctions, 6legally sanctioned, 10locating, 751–752longitudinal surveys of, 19long-term risk factors for, 38,
61–62magnitude of, 470–475mass communication of, 571–572measuring, 15media and, 307, 546, 558–559,
573, 642–644modifiable risk factors for, 19morbidity, mortality and, 6normative school values
regarding, 346norms surrounding, 479obsession with, 572–573over life span, 19, 527perceived costs of, 521, 523perception of, 8personality disorders and,
289–292planning of, 536politically-based, 596–597predictability of, 535–536predisposing effects, 545predisposition toward, 521–523prevalence of, 10preventing, 477–481prevention research, 477psychopathic personality and,
297–299psychopathy and, 116, 299psychopharmacology therapy for,
618–619public attention to, 573
public health approach to,466–470
public information campaigns,479
race/ethnic differences in, 526recent exposure to, 317–318rejection, victimization and, 361research, policy differentiation
and, 9–15risk markers for, 9at school, 308–309self-report studies, 419–420SES and, 30across settings, 306shared definition of, 9sibling, 407situated notions of, 757–758situational causes of, 711situational costs of, 523–524social consequences of, 573as social contagion, 690–694social, economic development
and, 497social identity and, 693–694social learning of, 522social power and, 8in sports, 540statistics on, 10sudden acts of, 545sufficient/component cause
model of, 476suicide and, 119theory driven studies, 419theory of, 34–38types, contexts of, 467–470understanding, 5–6in U.S., 571U.S. Surgeon General on, 465victimization data, 419–420victim’s perception of, 7virtue of, 10weapon-related, 307WHO definition of, 7, 467
violence associations exposure,socio-economic status/povertyand, 670–680
violence, group differences, GSTexplanation of, 524–527
Violence Intervention Program(VIP) for Children andFamilies, 774
violence over life span, 20–25changes with age, 24–25continuity in, 21–23measurement, prevalence, 20–21specialization, versatility, 23–24
violence reduction programs, riskfactors and, 38
violence research, SNA and, 453violent adolescents, trauma
symptoms of, 310
violent behavior. See also physicallyviolent behavior
alcohol and, 649–650among mentally disordered
individuals, 290amphetamines and, 652controls for, 537correlates of, 534–536deficit models of, 187delinquency, criminal behavior
and, 535delinquency involvement and,
505habituation to, 489heroin, opioids and, 651–652as life-long, developmental
phenomenon, 788marijuana and, 650–651mass media and, 546methamphetamines and, 652non-criminal, 540public attention on, 545–546public interest in, 571recent violence exposure and,
310–311science of prevention and,
767–768situational influences on, 32social crowds and, 377social study of, 750social-cognitive processes and,
322–337substance abuse and, 647,
654–657terrorism and, 583victimization and, 311youth gangs and, 388, 398
violent crimeICVS data on, 490–492media and, 577–578terrorism vs., 585–590
Violent Crime Index offenses,juvenile arrests for, 506
violent death, male vs. female,470
violent delinquency, measures of,501
violent events, 710–711social networks, social contagion
and, 710–715third parties in, 712–715
violent history, autonomic activityand, 118–119
violent identities, contagion of, 693violent individuals, EEG
abnormalities in, 126violent offenders, life-course
persistent vs. adolescentlimited, 21–22
violent offenses, 19by youth gangs, 505
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subject index 817
violent recidivism, psychopathyand, 116
violent scenes, simple imitation of,549–550
violent youth, public opinion on,216
VIP. See Violence InterventionProgram for Children andFamilies
Volstead Act, 717voyeurism, 573
War on Terrorism, 598–599warfare, 468
criminal, 597homicide and, 489
Warner Brothers, 572WCST. See Wisconsin Card Sorting
Taskweapon carrying, 474
in schools, 347weapons of mass destruction
(WMD), 593, 597weapons-related violence, 307,
354, 396. See also firearms;gang violence
at schools, 347Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale,
Block Design subtest of, 198weighted least squares (WLS),
model-fitting and, 83WHO. See World Health
OrganizationWilson, T., 759Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
(WCST), 198Without a Trace, 572WLS. See weighted least squaresWMD. See weapons of mass
destruction
womenaggression towards, 558altruistic fear and, 576–577domestic violence against, 61exposure to violence, 563–564fear in, 575gang membership by, 458risk sensitivity of, 575self-control for, 541suicide bombers, 589violence perpetration,
victimization of, 788violent, 310
Woodlawn project, 40working memory, 193
assessment of, 195SOP test of, 195
workplace aggression, 296World Bank, crime data from, 495World Health Assembly, 465, 767World Health Organization
(WHO), 5, 50, 470, 486, 767violence cost estimates of, 10violence definition of, 7, 467
World Health Statistics Annual, 486World Report on Violence and
Health, 50, 465, 468, 767World Schemas, 547, 551
young children, social skills trainingfor, 605
Young Law Breakers as Adults, 40youth aggression
reasons for, 453SNA and, 453
youth gangsdrug trafficking and, 504–505embeddedness in, 458–459European vs. American, 398gun use in, 504–505
homicide rate in, 504proliferation of, 504–505research on, 458–459in Russia, 397violent behavior and, 388violent offenses by, 505
youth homicide, spatial, socialtrends in, 690
youth homicide, NYCepidemiology of, 694–701neighborhood effects, 701–710
Youth Relationship Project, 443youth violence, 13, 767–768
antisocial behavior and, 361anxiety, nervousness and, 27CDC data on, 418childhood predictors of, 27community interventions for, 774developmental risk factors, 479drugs, alcohol and, 14, 31family size and, 29family-focused interventions for,
773–774guns and, 14homicide and, 418macro-system interventions,
774–775parenting and, 27pathological, 13–15peer relations and, 771predatory, 13–14prevention programs, 771–775public health approach to, 768relationship, 13–14risk factors associated with, 771situational, 13in U.S., 418
Youth Violence (2001), 50youth violence programs, school
based, 772–773
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