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Learning Theories & Technology Learning Theories & Technology IntegrationIntegration

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A “Process”A “Process”

Educational Technology is a combination of Educational Technology is a combination of the processes and tools involved in the processes and tools involved in addressing educational needs and addressing educational needs and problems, with an emphasis on applying problems, with an emphasis on applying the most current tools: Computers and the most current tools: Computers and their related technologies.their related technologies.

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Directed InstructionDirected Instruction

DirectedDirected– BehaviorismBehaviorism– Information ProcessingInformation Processing

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BehaviorismBehaviorism

Skinner - Behaviors and Skinner - Behaviors and ConsequencesConsequences– Stimulus – ResponseStimulus – Response– Reinforcement/PunishmentReinforcement/Punishment

Outcome orientedOutcome orientedBelieved strongly in Believed strongly in “learning machines” “learning machines” (computers) that could (computers) that could monitor behavior and monitor behavior and deliver reinforcementsdeliver reinforcements

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Contribution of BehaviorismContribution of Behaviorism

Classroom managementClassroom management– Behavior ModificationBehavior Modification

Programmed instructionProgrammed instruction– Drill & Practice with reinforcementDrill & Practice with reinforcement

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Information ProcessingInformation Processing

Memory & StorageMemory & Storage

Sensory>STM>LTMSensory>STM>LTM

Biological basis of learningBiological basis of learning

Dual ProcessingDual Processing

Practice, practice, practicePractice, practice, practice– Distributed rather than massedDistributed rather than massed– Elaborative rather than roteElaborative rather than rote

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Directed ModelsDirected Models

Focus on teaching sequences of skills Focus on teaching sequences of skills from lowest – highestfrom lowest – highest

Clear objectives and matching testsClear objectives and matching tests

Individual more than group workIndividual more than group work

Lectures, Skill worksheets, activities and Lectures, Skill worksheets, activities and texts with specific expected responsestexts with specific expected responses

Based on Skinnerian modelBased on Skinnerian model

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Theory into the ClassroomTheory into the Classroom

Directed Instructional StrategiesDirected Instructional Strategieswork well when...work well when...Students are motivated to learnStudents are motivated to learn

Instruction well designed and routineInstruction well designed and routine

Special needs childrenSpecial needs children

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Problems with Directed InstructionProblems with Directed Instruction

Can students problem solve?Can students problem solve?

Can students apply skills?Can students apply skills?

What’s this got to do with my life?What’s this got to do with my life?– IsolationIsolation– Not authenticNot authentic

Can students cooperate with others?Can students cooperate with others?– Cultural differencesCultural differences

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Constructivist TheoristsConstructivist TheoristsJohn DeweyJohn Dewey 1859-1952 1859-1952

Political liberal - PhilosopherPolitical liberal - PhilosopherCurriculum should arise from Curriculum should arise from student’s interestsstudent’s interestsCurriculum should be integratedCurriculum should be integratedEducation is growth not an end in Education is growth not an end in itselfitselfEducation occurs though it’s Education occurs though it’s connection to real lifeconnection to real lifeLearning should be hands-onLearning should be hands-on

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Jean Piaget Jean Piaget

(1896-1980)(1896-1980)

4 stages of cognitive 4 stages of cognitive developmentdevelopment

Learning by Learning by assimilation or assimilation or accommodationaccommodation

Teaching with Teaching with concrete examplesconcrete examples

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Lev VygotskyLev Vygotsky

(1896-1934) (1896-1934) Cognitive development is directly Cognitive development is directly linked to social developmentlinked to social development– Individual differencesIndividual differences– Personal creativityPersonal creativity– Influence of cultureInfluence of culture– Language useLanguage use

Zone of proximal development – Zone of proximal development – Scaffolding by adultsScaffolding by adults

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Jerome BrunerJerome Bruner

Still alive!Still alive!

Children’s stages of cognitive Children’s stages of cognitive development development

Benchmarks of cognitive Benchmarks of cognitive developmentdevelopment

Discovery Learning Discovery Learning

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Constructivist ModelsConstructivist Models

Focus on learning through posing Focus on learning through posing problems, possible answers, developing problems, possible answers, developing products and presentationsproducts and presentations

Abilities to problem solve Abilities to problem solve

Research Skills & ExplorationResearch Skills & Exploration

Stress group work over Individual workStress group work over Individual work

Alternative, authentic assessments e.g. Alternative, authentic assessments e.g. portfoliosportfolios

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Theory into the Classroom: Theory into the Classroom: ConstructivismConstructivism

Solve real life problemsSolve real life problems

Student’s construct knowledge themselves Student’s construct knowledge themselves NOT simply by receiving it from NOT simply by receiving it from knowledgeable teachersknowledgeable teachers

Theorists vary on their opinions of how Theorists vary on their opinions of how much structure student projects should much structure student projects should have.have.

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Problems with ConstructivismProblems with Constructivism

It is difficult for teachers to certify It is difficult for teachers to certify individuals skill learningindividuals skill learning

Prerequisite skills may be lackingPrerequisite skills may be lacking

Students may not choose the most Students may not choose the most effective instructioneffective instruction

Not all topics suit constructivist methodsNot all topics suit constructivist methods

Skills may not transfer to practical Skills may not transfer to practical situationssituations

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How Constructivism Impacts How Constructivism Impacts CurriculumCurriculum

Elimination of a standardized curriculumElimination of a standardized curriculum

Use curricula customized to the students' Use curricula customized to the students' prior knowledgeprior knowledge

Emphasizes hands-on problem solving. Emphasizes hands-on problem solving.

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How Constructivism Impacts How Constructivism Impacts AssessmentAssessment

Elimination of grades and standardized Elimination of grades and standardized testingtesting

Assessment part of the learning processAssessment part of the learning process

Students play a large role in judging their Students play a large role in judging their own progressown progress

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Technology IntegrationTechnology Integration

““Integrating educational technology is the Integrating educational technology is the process of determining which electronic process of determining which electronic

toolstools and which methods for implementing and which methods for implementing them are appropriate for given classroom them are appropriate for given classroom situation and problems.”situation and problems.”

M.D.Roblyer 2002M.D.Roblyer 2002

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Technology Integration – Technology Integration – Directed ModelsDirected Models

To remedy identified weaknessesTo remedy identified weaknesses

To promote fluency or automaticity of To promote fluency or automaticity of prerequisite skillsprerequisite skills

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Technology Integration - Technology Integration - ConstructivistConstructivist

To foster creativityTo foster creativity

To increase transfer of knowledge to To increase transfer of knowledge to problem solvingproblem solving

To foster group cooperationTo foster group cooperation

To allow for multiple intelligences e.g. To allow for multiple intelligences e.g. GardnerGardner

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Technology Integration – all Technology Integration – all theoriestheories

Generates motivation to learnGenerates motivation to learn

Optimize scarce personnel and material Optimize scarce personnel and material resourcesresources

To make it easier for students to create To make it easier for students to create and adjust assignmentsand adjust assignments

To develop information literacy and visual To develop information literacy and visual literacyliteracy

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