70 71/E T.4ÉV4MA CANAL.

C1{APTEIt VI.

TItE FOLiMATION OF iii cO)IPANY.

?Í. de Les5eps, purjxe in goiog lo Aioerica.—Án ir.sMe viow of biscominisaion" of e.r.gincets, tcehnkri and internttonal.—'rbeir

estiir.ato of con higbcr titan tbftt of tbe Cog;css, wbcn n}i itemsaro consi4ered-31. de Lcsseps decides lo cu t dowa tije estintatcby ncarlv ¿7,500,000.— Tl;e estimate ja 6till further reiluced,so thrt. ÍIOUI I,040,000,000f, it is new óc0000,coof—Ifow M. doLessep? VCI1ICS Were reportei1.—His ¡i:opagandit ¡fi Europo aftcrIda retnrn.—lIo ojen g subscdptirr.s fbi- tho cccipaay's sbnra-The nibsidized pren—Çounp!eto succes: 102,000 çubseribers,ctwhou pp 14cxy aro women.

Tnt reason uf the failuro of 31. do Less-eps ja 1879 W,as tve hayo stated, Llie preva1enI belief lhat aoL only theertual wonld aoL pav, ami tite \Vyse survey liad no beenitdequate cnough for tiiybody te base en tliem a fairestintute of its eost, but also tiiat tite tfnited Siates,tvho should be more interested ja tito work, were ratheroppoed Lo iLs being cnrried out. iw Europeans, becnia.sadiese Europeas wouid brin- about compiications ¡ati,o ne.ighbont-hood of n c3untry vhic1i rices not mnintaiaan expcnsive navy. 31. de Lesseps' pzirposc in gaingte Pnnama nnd the ljnited States was Eherefore twofo]d.En order te overcome thc first• diffieulLy, he createdwhat he bontbastieally has cafled tho " rntct'nationalTechniea] Commission," for tite purpose of verfyiny

tite surveys uf \Vvse and Itecius. In order Lo overcornetho secor.d difficuity he proposed te zo from Panarna.

711i? FOJWA 7/QN OF TUS COAIJt4NY. 71

te Lito United Staus. The whoie thiiig WM a perfectfu-ce. 1-lis "international cornrnission had a eowpetentlidrtuiiic etigineer, 31v. Dirks, ami :t eonipetent atiningengineer, M. Bautan, ty lio vas te exanuue tlio hardnessof the rocks. eol (>nel Totten, new oid and brehen dow»,vas alio made a eontznittee-ntan. lic \vas an ¿nipky ofthe Panama Railwav directors, 'vito vere anxioils Lo Se,11tite toad te tito Frenchrnen. Colead Totten is tho samegentieman who nevar belioved in a canal through Panama,Utid liad so reponed te Keliev, as we ha yo stnted iii titoirt chapter. 'l'here vas another American itt the cern-

rnittee, a " General " Wright, an e.c .cuzpiogc of tito Pc-un-sylvania Haihvav, wl:ose mental gaugo can he measuredfi-orn tito fact titat he stiil vrore tite habitual svliitc unencap used by tire e;iqiloyJs of Umt rocul, altltougb fo:years he had ini nething tú do with it-. Tito peorfeitos' wus utterly n nknotvn ¡ir t he United States as ;utengineer, nad ¡a PIiil::deiphia, viiere lic rcsided, lic v:toniy known en account uf irregular habits which breuglilbis lite of misfertune to a sad end. Tite ether corntnittee-meo vere a young man. a son 0f M. Couvrt!ux, whoilyinexperienced; 31. Da;tz.ats, ex-ebief nf service ¡u titeSuez Canal, off WitOC nnfitncss we shull hayo eccasionte spcak herc-after; M. )Jlanchet, a ver)' conscientiousfeilow, bat in tite eiiipiüy of 31ouHieur Couvrcux andlimtlly, tvo Iiíth-rate Coloinhian oagineers—two soft-iiandcd, binad gentic-tnefl, vlto abvays dressed witlt ex-treme ne;ttnes titat- beirsg ah itat conid be said cftheta. Sucli vas thc " International j'echnicai ('orn-nmission.•'

They signad Lheir " report" en Februrtry 14, 18S.'rhey found that tite canal would eost- 843,000.co0f.%vit bou t. prelim ¡ narv, hanki ng, and ti ti ro! nist rative ex-penzes, aol interest during coostrnctioii therforc Oir',

72 7118 P.INAÁf.4 CANAL.

jound a nwutrt Fzuuaz than tho Congicss of Pnris.Resides that, thev found ibat there ¶VCrC 75,000,000cubio inetres te be exewntcd instead of enl y 46,000,000.

as M. W; se ami tho Congress had enicuintod. Diii thcvreduced thC contingencies froin 25 per cent. te onlv zoper ccitt., whilo they mude a diflbront distribution of theexoavation aecording te tlic resistance of the soil orrock, thus brunging the expense lo a mcdmuxn.

Eveu thnt minuniurn, lwsvever, vas tco lugli for M. tIcLessops' purposes. lic therefore, whilo en board titoCoion stoaiucr oit bey vovago froin Aspinwztll lo NewYork, wrote a note in w3tieh he cal down ieieli bis poinot less titan z S4,4o0.eoof. froni tbe estimule of hisown international ongineers, b1jus rcducing t.heir tou1 to658,000,00cf. ]lo dictatoriall y dimunished y ,000,000f.from tito derivrttion of Iho Clingres, i ;000,000f. ítemthe lock ¡u Panama, 4 0 ,000.000f. froni excavations,20,000 1000f. froin damining ti](, Cha-ros, and 38.000,00Offroni contingent expenses, which lit , thus rcduced fronixc te 5 por eeut. Whv he took auv engineers il aHwith blm wo fail to see, 1€ en Febrtmr' tC, cia the huglisea, he overruied their finding of Febniniy 14—fl weckbefore. Even if M. de Lesseps nvero att engiiieer Mitohad stnclied tite vIiole malter o» tite ground, he cenit] atot,he ustified in so doing. Evidently, viii1e cm bis voyrige,he flgurcd np the canal scherne and found titat he mustreduce bis capititi te 700,000.000f., or ¿zS,oco,oco, undso he reduced it vith a stroko of bis peo. 'fue wholct.bing was intended te misicad Lite 1"reneii investcn for'vitoas it, ;vas concoctod.

ltencefortli M. do Lesseps wzis Lo sa y thnt tite canalwould cosI am/y 7oo,000,000f, a! ¿be outide Of CotiLsehe knows that, oven if thai sum Mere correct, it (lidnot

rl/E FOR.1!4 nON OF 7/lE COJ/FANY. 73

coicesjoz,, and, aboyo al), btterest during constructio;¡ter tite costt, uf the Panama Railway. But that did notmatter. Tus object \vas now te assure tito world thathe, of Suez Carta) notoricty, liad gene tZ Papma, andseenwith bis own oyes thntt, tiro ctnal o! Pnnama wouldcost no more thau 700,000,000f., or £8,000,000.

llis inuumeab!o tru.mpeters ja Europe ropeated tbestatement cid ,wuseUm, and thcy also assured tite Frenclipeasants that tbeir gnmt hero liad gane te Americatr.d charmed aH statt meri—tbcse bcing now convincdtbM they liad beta wrovg, azul Lhat there was now tbecIo5cst o i i tpizte eordia?c betwecn him and thom.

Itt, is curjaus tosco how M. do Lcseps' various stops inthe isthrnus and ¡ti the t.Jitited Stntes were repnted ¡uFraxico. A. correspondent in tire New York Heraldmude in I'an'rna a polito muid plersutt aftcr-dinner speccb.It ivas reponed tbat the Jhraül was now tite great friendof M. do Lesseps' entcrpdse. The dinner given in NewYork to 31. do Lessepswas mude torepresent a treiendousmanife.station of ipproval to bis F.cheme; tizo chairinariof tite dinner vos a Jirooklypz clergyman whoso ñnuzekil orindustrial opinioos nobody knows or caras about. Tirefact is, tbnt tho diniter wns very cotispicucus for tiro lackof truly representAtive men; itt, was notlnng moro titana 'ty cordial aral spontancous Yrelcomo te tite «lis-tinguisbed forciguer of Suez Canal fame.

31. 3larius Fontane, secretary of tizo Suez Ccir,nlCornpany, izad tizo effrontery te 'vrite in tizo Bulletin,No. ¡5 (ca-e ¡22), tbat tho commission "liad found t"Panaina Canal easier to buihl tizan luid been anticipatedby tire Congress . . . . and liad adopted an estiznato fortite cost tv/udc is inferior te tite total tbat liad boca fixcdupen by tizo Paris Congress." Lot anybody comparo tizo.estmmatQ of Lh6j 4latterj,tJ tito; CoMptq J?en.du;pap .31!,

74 TRE PAX43f4 CANAL.

nad tire connnissicn's report ¡n thc Jiulle(in, No. 14

pagos 114, 1 ¡5. and bco how shuneftiiiy bus;- such nienas Fontane \vcrc lii nnsstatng the facts to tlio Frenclipubiic. 'l'his sarne person saya in Lho Zaino breatii (miiII American susceptibilities 'vero t ben smoothcd ovet

by M. de Lesseps; and yet a little iurthcr en in titesamc liutictin we rcad tiio rnossago of Presidont, Irnyes«qainstfo,'ciqn control cf any canal

TLo late M. Bionnc. condenso<.' in tite foliowing wonis(I?td/ctin, No. 27) *he man idea of 31. de Lesseps withLile " comniissjon . - " An irit.erziational CO%I)ittlSSjOtt,composed of (he hcst known of tito inost ditiriguishedengincen went. with .31. de ]essepS over (he ground,ami nfter fue mos( caref nl survcvs and tite inofl.iound stuclv. cone!ndes (bat (he canal is perfectiypracticable."

But, hero is how M. Paul Boitenu doilvered hinuseif in(he co!umns of tito once resjwcttbic fon m(ii ileR j)&eas.Tir e Congrc.ss, he uys. valued tito works at óoo,000,000f.(wideli. ¡s/?clse) ; (he c 'nnnn.sstun of enginceis liad newestitnated thom itt. 843 1 000,00of., but ineluding unfore.boen expenses. M. do Lcsscps liad sccii ¡jis way Lo reducethose to 6S,000,00of. But oven (lis iittter stnn is tiqrcüt tflcLrzmuna. Eeotiotnv, eornmon CCOnOIny, vouldreduce tite figure to óoo,000,000f., witieli "vili t liuretnain the nuost acceptabie avene fot tire intrinsieexpense of (he conMriction.'

Aftcr vilitiiig New York, 31. de Lesseps went teWashington aial San Francisco, whciice he returned (oNew York. saihng te Liverpool, vhcre he niriveti onA pril ¡2. ¡ 880. He was nhsent from France just iotarnoriths ; ¡ti t i)O foar ntOIIt. Jis 1113 SfX nt nearlv it inoIItII ingoing (o (he isthms, another inontii ¡ti goiitg frow titoistitujus to.New York;and ítem, New -York,.to I'rance.

TI/E FOR.WA TIO.\' OF 7 BE COJtI'A .V Y.

and in tito remaining two luonths Ita scttled a!i titogreat enginccttng anil financial probienis of tiio l'anamrtCanal, nad ho visited New York, Washington, aud ovenSan Francisco—tu go tu whieh city Ita inust Lavo spenlat leas- twa week ¡ti actual travellirig to and from it.That is not activit y , wonderftd activitv it is uteropretnco of living done what conid not ha yo been donoby dio natura uf thiugs.

Qn bis returit te Europe 31. do Lesseps inade nuextensivo lecturing tour itt England, lloiLtud, andlielgiuzn, ami niso ¡ ti France. It ;va_sa propaganda Lcrbis owii scltenst', vitich Ile \vas 1,erfcct1v ezititiod te innke.

In July, M. de Lesse1 's announced th:Lt n Ui.' ceelcedation

had boca modo at tho isthrnus, ítem which it apiaredthat tbc "rectified profile dlii not niako tito tetal cuboto be excavatil gre;tter tItan 72,986,016 IfletrCS, wltichwas te cost 517,673,874U* H is cOir.lflisSion hati found

,000,000, ami so it appeared that that c1os.l figurosLiowed tho great caro with wliich tite ground liad bocasurveyod by t]ie cotnmittee. Imugino that, not longafterwards tisis santo M. do Lcsseps admits th.al, dierearo i,000,000 of cubic metros!

But oven ¡ti tl,o uiidst of diese fooli4t statoinents thowhole trutb wouid occasionn]iy l,urst fort!i. Tbus ivesce,in :tr elaborata articin on t-hc cost and work of tbo pro.jectel canal, pub!ishod in the Bulletin, No. 28, Lcr October15, 1880, t Ita a' lniiaion tliat " anly nfter tite worics lntvobcgiin cznt tito solutios, of such prolleius be suado defini.tive." It is announced tlutt further studies oit titoChagres lave proved that tito great wail or dani, ;vivhsluices, proposed Liv Wvsa, and endorsed l 'v tito cosninis-sien of J'anama. CO?'/'l nol be huili en arcount of lack ofa stctty foundat tun ter it, and thttt. a &irrcrye cw (blm,inado itp of fih1itgs and stones token froni tito Culebra

rse PAN,ififA CANAL.

was dio thing to do. This artificial monutain was honce-forth Lo tak-o tha place of dio now suddertly condemrcdmilo and a haif wall.

'u October 188o tho ccst of dic canal vas once¡nove interfered svitli, and redueed, as if by magic, tu5 3o,000,000f., ineluding unforesuon expenses. Wc vil1treat of dio vieissitudes through which tho estimate ofeost of dio Panama Canal has passcd; but meanwhi!e wesvill briefly recapitulato the figures up te tliat time

31. Wyse estimacd it in 18791879 at ..42 7.000,000Congress of Peris, in 3879 . . . . 1,044,000,000Les.sops' cornrnissioli, en Feb. 14, iSBo 841oc0,000M. de Lesseps himself, on Fe)). 27, ¿SSo 638,000,000Itectifled estirnate, So$. iBSo . . . 530,000,000

i'he first ostimato (loes riot include unforoseen expenses,and the latter docs nllow ¿o per cent. for Iiglit}ious's amiunforeseen oxpenEes. In (dio Iattcr dic handling of tIteChagres is roduceti f ruin 175,000,000f., as per Losscps'comuiission soven inont.hs before, te oni y 30,000,000f.-viz., ro,000,000f. Lev thc ¿urraue and zo,000,000f. Lotsubsidiary channols tc' be oponed. The total excavation,72,986,000cubic rnotres,is putdown te cost 430,000,00cf.,or loss t}ntn 6f. por cubie metro!

Novor was diere a more shameful tampering withfigures titan that, un]ess it was at cada of tito previousatt.empts te mislead dio publie. Just imagine that theexpenses of administzutio:t ciad intenst duvieg construe-tion, en w)dc)i tho eempany is at proseut s»eitding;o,000,000 te 50,000,000 franes a vear, is put down at83,0oo,000í. for tilo whole poned of tao constntction!

JJut what is the use of antdysing tho estimate Itwas concoeted in order te make 1 fine appoarnncc. in Llio

TSE FORMA 7/CA' OF TSE COMFANY. 77

prospectus that. 'vas seon te be issued of the couipnny.The timo liad come for anoiher briliiant stroke. Asyndiatc had been formed, and ¿500,000 liad beenpicúged, and a grcat pan of it \vftS 1)0W lrceiy spentwith tho pre.. Ile whole "propaganda" of the previoustweivenionth liad come te be.nx its fruiL

On Yovember :5 31. do T.esscps issued bis £rst pro-spccuts in tbo shape ola circukr te bankcrs nud te thosevbo liad subsciibed for shares in tite miscarried issuo of1879. lIc repents what he has said in bis circular ofAugiist 14 of that ycar, ami noh' he asserts that 11 bisprevi.sions" liad been fuifih)ed—that is te say, that tbecricicisms oit tho seherne, whcn flrst bronght out, were

unjust. Jis says that. MM. Couvreux and Hexsent,contrnctors of soverai great works, "aro rc-ady" te undor-tako tbo construction of the canal for 500,000,000f., or¿2o,coo,oco; chnt tho Americans ba yo now rccognizcdthai tho 'york te be undortakcn has no politicci benring,nd is particulnriy for tlieir own beneflt. "lbs fuil

co-opention of great ami powerfut American baukingheuses shows the results of ny trip te the United States,"says Al. de Lesseps.

Ho titen says that on July y, xSSo, he organized jaNew York a Cern (C64 mérica (n ie ' represent tbo intorestsof tilo CO)npany in everything tbat, eoncerns the observ-ance of the neutraiity of thc ca:,al as defined by Art. Y.of tIte Lnv of tite Concession of Colombia." Thus Utorovero no moro ohtac1es in bis way acept the posscssionof funcls, which he now osiced for. "The universalcornpany shnll be constituti with a capital of300,000,ocof. It being ostiniated that the total expensawill reacli 600,000,000f., Gr ¿24,000,000, tho sunisncces.vry te niake op the difrerence wxil be providcd, nsthe svcrk nroceecls b y tho,isuo . ofidobenttireS. sothat

78 TSE FA4V.4MA C.IN..,'Z,.

tlie shareholikrs xnay benelit ítem greatev proíits iii titeCflterprise."

It seems incred j b)e Ibat in any civilizeri coiinti-y suclia prospectus shoald go nlrnost unchailonged, ami yet tiuitLs dio fact. Thc. Paris Congress liad estimated the workat 1,040,000,000f. 31. de Lesseps' c. ngineers, oniy niiwmontlis before, ¡mt it lit 843,oc0,000f., with but ¡o perretit. kv contingeut expenses, ami witk nothi??9 Foriutercst during coustruction, kv expenses of itdininis-tration, banking, &c. Now, 31. de Lesseps does not sart. hat )lcssrs. '2ouvrcux and ilersent /iazc tictuallq cutercd¿ato a Con/ruct Lo build tite Panauta C'anal for 500000,00tf.;of course not. Thev have deciared thai the executionof rite cartal would eosi no more" than diat sum.M. Couneux was, indeed, dic partner of M. de Lctsseps.Ile liad matie him advances of considerable sntns ofmoney for 1am te carry ant, this soborne. Ile grcw vichin the Suez Canal, sud he is a sound business mita. tvhoseintent was by te rneans to buil'1 the Pawuna (evçco,000,ccof., mit te get (t) bis owu inonev back, anci(2) tO seil to tite new company dredges sud etiter materialsuitable ter diggiiig (he Suez, but whollv uiLsuitabIo (nrPanama, as it has come te happeii. Aud yet M. deLesseps, quoting dic mere opinión of these contractors,has the ceurago of ítssuring tho Frencli that tlie PanainaCanal would cost ¡te lucre titan 600,0co,0oof. 1

Tho wholesaie paffery of dio jeriodical pmss at thotinte of applving te tite publio ¡ev moxiey vas most.iianseous. The .Jeur2ud des A ctiontdres anneunces thattht2 "canal projeet liad been woicoined vitii enthusiusntni tIte United States. t' The [eesager de Paris, whicha few months before advised tite public not te subscribofor Panama sitares, new said ])at it liad been " convertedby tite J'serious studies" nade by M. de .Lessens in

TSE FORMA 710/1 OF TI/E CO4V11ANX 79

Panaina. (Why, titen, dÍtl 1i13 ¡jet aditero te tite £gtnesof luis nwn men 1) TIte ,Teurnal des .DébaL—wI,ieh inthis rnattcr has n.lways i).een pre-crninenv iii aritbrneticaljugglery, and inits unconcern for trnth and for thoint.erest of tite peor investor—tite D'!bat refers te tite

01" of M. Couvreux te talco np tite works at51;000,00Qf , te wluch tito editor adds 88,000,oecf. forintci-est dunng ceustruction, hanicin g, ndministration,&c. líe titen udds Uy a srroke of ex;tggeratcd liberalityxoo,000,000f. more, nnd en tito 700,000,000f., or¿28,000,000, bases a calculatien by which tite sitare-lioldor svili nalca ¡tbcut 14 por ccitt.. en bis monay.Tite I'éputlirjuc Française deeidvd t.hat tito canal woulilbe nmdu lii six ycars Lcr éoo,000,000f., nial tina titesitarehoider liad before ititn 15 per OCnt. en his iitvest-nent. JA Liberté grew cestatie aud bib1iti, scohuingtliose vIio had no faith itt M. do Lesseps, who cernesbefare you vitb tite ;tutlionty of science." Tite wnter's:tppeal Ls :tltogether inade fi-cnn t'no standpoint of cestiteti-cal ci vi lization. '' 1 uvest in titese s)iare,' he savs, " a ti tiby-and-by yen wili be protid of yonr part in 0)CFI iiig thiswork of civdization.' More. 11 tite result viH be a sur-priso titase who have bttt, faitir la eur great fellow.cottnttyiflflfl."

l'ite 1?qaro, which aL Ieast- never expects te he takennp seriously, afrer dnuving a picture of tito internationalcomrnerco pnssing bctween tite t;vo Amencan contiuentsvithin seven years: thus icaving M. (lO Lesseps fi-oc tu

undettake sorno othcr Titanic vork, toakes the homelyrernaik thnt gven tito sublime thi»gs of this tifo Invethcir prosaic sido, ami tite prosaic sido with Partainais that money is necessary ter tite marriage of tite000fl fl 5.

Sucli vas tun Eencral tone: of. tiie.Freneb taess. AH

So TSE .AN,ti1.4 C.41/AL.

possible agencies worked tap "entbusinsm " under (hepressuro of several milhous of fmnes spent ¡ti svsteinrtt:epervorsion of truth; onci the masses of tite 1', enebpc-opio hronght in titeir savings te M. de Lesseps. líewanted to isgue 600,000 shares, or rat.hcr 590,000, as10,000 vero itt once allotted tu t.be coneessionaires tItepublie sbowed their faiUi in Al. de Lesseps 'uy suhscnhingfor 1,200,000 sItares or about douhle tite :tinottrtufrerec1.Wc]! conid M. Bionne sing " Hosannrth" te bis e)iief,poiiitiug cmt dic grett dxifet'ence ¡u tite situatiun a yearbofore, when tiiey \vere sLrtitig tu Panama with tlieir"eomrnission," ami non- when diey liad got titrir Li0i€y.Tito first flght 'vas closed.

Tito nutither of suhscribers was altogother rc;o,ami os thcy subseribed for diIi-rent numbers of s}Iaro.sup to tite total amonnt of 1,206,609 sharc-s, whext theiowere only 590,000 te be nl!ottcd, nial as tite forma-subseribers of 1879, as well as tite Suez Canal share-holders, were entitied te dic ivltole nuiriber tiicy nowsubseribed for, tito gl-lator nuniber oF :tJ'plIeau(s liadtu be content witit but one-t}itrd aud onc--fouith of titenumüer uf shares tha dic-y nskod for. Oí tho totalx,2o6,509 shares subsei-ibcd for, 994,503 %VCtO asked 'uyFrench peopie ¡ti Fntneo, and 212101 abroad—pnnci-pally ¡ti Spain. No shares were taken 'uy people iii itieUnited States, exeapt a fon- resorved for tiie bankersappointed 'uy tite cornpany. The aliotnient vns made tetIte 102,230 applicants as foflows

30,837 liad fi-orn i LO5 shares.

19,143 ,, 6

3,203 •, 2! 50

554 ,, SI ,, 100

347 ,, 101 ,, 200 ,,

Ti/E FORÁ/A7'ION OF 2//E coMrAn}: Si

14 luid fflDflt 201 to 300

29 ,, 301 ,, 400

37 ,, 401 ,, 50-0

7 ., 501 ,. Oca

12 ,, úoi 700

3 701 ., Sao

3 ,, BiS! 90C

S ,, 901 ,, 1000

14 moro t621 1001

Beiilles tite subscriptions of familias including women,16,000 V.,owuu were inscrib,d as sharebolders. Tizo izn.portance of tilo minute tlivisioiz of tlze shares of thisP:tnaznft Cornpazty beconies more striking when eneobserves that juch astrong conipany as 010 Paris-J.yon-3létliterntnée Railway, 'vkh a capi

ta l valued at

t ,2oo,000,000L, and svith Soo,000 shares, has but.33,000 sbareholders. Nov, thc C00000 sitares of thei'anama Coznpny vere (livided among 202,000

Nothing conld mere foreib!y prove tite undisputed hoidof M. di, Lesseps on tIzt imagination of Fretieb peoplothan Llie aboyo result. No man in tlio world could coni-maud sneh iinmistilzable evidenee of personal confidetico,and It LS toucldng ar.d gr.iizd te record thL rusb to bvestin Panitina shares. Whcther 3!:. de Is.seps deservedthat. ciflifidence of Uso people--of tizo 16,000 women hillof NL!, in blm—ls another question, witieli we leavo túOtir zeaders te decide in view of tlze evidosteo we art,

bringing befare thom. Tisis is a long stor y, fui¡ cfdetailed and cúncatenated íacts. Nvijicli can be tested Uya y rea$Ouing man who mar seelc a fter trutli, and vith-enE the silly appeal te what M. de Les5eps did al suez.