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Index abacus, 161 aborigines 19th century southeast China, 198 Southern dynasty China, 62, 96 Taiwan, 335, 336 Tang Dynasty, 95 Acheson, Dean, 296, 297 advantages of backwardness, 46 advertising, commercial early 20th century China, 236 TV, People’s Republic of China, 345 agriculture, origins of, 12 Aguda, 129 Ainu, 219 Allan, Sarah, 26–27 Allied Occupation of Japan. See postwar Allied Occupation of Japan alphabet, 19, 20, 22 Altaic language family, 17, 65, 167 alternate attendance (sankin k ¯ otai), 184, 217 Amaterasu, 11, 87, 116, 120, 256, 282 Amit¯ abha, 71, 76, 153 Amoghavajra, 102 An Lushan’s rebellion, 104–106 Analects, 36, 37, 44, 183 anime, 291, 292 Arabs, 104, 106 armor, 31, 43, 60, 86 Arrow war. See opium Ashikaga Takauji, 154–155 Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 155, 156–157 Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, 155, 162 Asia. See East Asia Asia Express, 261 Asian values, Singapore, 332 Attila the Hun, 50 automobile. See also Hyundai; and Toyota first Chinese, 236 fuel efficiency standards, People’s Republic of China, 344 sales in People’s Republic of China, 324 Avalokite´ svara, 73 Axis of Evil, 302 Azuchi, castle, 181 Baghdad, 140 Bai Juyi (Po Ch¨ u-I), 95, 109 bakufu, 152 bamboo curtain, cold war, 289, 350 Bamiyan, Afghanistan, 71 banditry, 242 banner gown, 171 Banner People. See Manchu barbarian, 8 Barbie doll, 345 Barm´ e, Geremie, 329 baseball, 249, 290 baths, 153 beer, 236, 249 Beg (Uighur “noble”), 168 Beijing. See also Beiping Cultural Revolution, 319 falls to Communist forces, 314 Jurchen Jin Dynasty, 129 Mongol Yuan Dynasty capital, 139, 145 Olympics, 347 residence of Kory˘ o princes, 145 Beiping, “Northern Peace,” 267 Biddle, Commodore, 215 405 www.cambridge.org © in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51595-5 - A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century Charles Holcombe Index More information

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Index

abacus, 161aborigines

19th century southeast China, 198Southern dynasty China, 62, 96Taiwan, 335, 336Tang Dynasty, 95

Acheson, Dean, 296, 297advantages of backwardness, 46advertising, commercial

early 20th century China, 236TV, People’s Republic of China, 345

agriculture, origins of, 12Aguda, 129Ainu, 219Allan, Sarah, 26–27Allied Occupation of Japan. See postwar

Allied Occupation of Japanalphabet, 19, 20, 22Altaic language family, 17, 65, 167alternate attendance (sankin kotai), 184,

217Amaterasu, 11, 87, 116, 120, 256, 282Amitabha, 71, 76, 153Amoghavajra, 102An Lushan’s rebellion, 104–106Analects, 36, 37, 44, 183anime, 291, 292Arabs, 104, 106armor, 31, 43, 60, 86Arrow war. See opiumAshikaga Takauji, 154–155Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 155, 156–157Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, 155, 162Asia. See East AsiaAsia Express, 261

Asian values, Singapore, 332Attila the Hun, 50automobile. See also Hyundai; and Toyota

first Chinese, 236fuel efficiency standards, People’s

Republic of China, 344sales in People’s Republic of China, 324

Avalokitesvara, 73Axis of Evil, 302Azuchi, castle, 181

Baghdad, 140Bai Juyi (Po Chu-I), 95, 109bakufu, 152bamboo curtain, cold war, 289, 350Bamiyan, Afghanistan, 71banditry, 242banner gown, 171Banner People. See Manchubarbarian, 8Barbie doll, 345Barme, Geremie, 329baseball, 249, 290baths, 153beer, 236, 249Beg (Uighur “noble”), 168Beijing. See also Beiping

Cultural Revolution, 319falls to Communist forces, 314Jurchen Jin Dynasty, 129Mongol Yuan Dynasty capital, 139, 145Olympics, 347residence of Koryo princes, 145

Beiping, “Northern Peace,” 267Biddle, Commodore, 215

405

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406 Index

Bodhidharma, 101Bodhisattva, 71Bolshevik model, 264bone rank, 112Book of Changes, 35, 36, 55, 134Book of Documents, 32, 33, 35Book of Lord Shang, 41Book of Odes, 35, 78, 307bourgeois liberalization, 327bow, composite reflex, 31Boxer Protocol, 207Boxer rebellion, 206–207Britain

alliance with Japan, 227, 244colonial Hong Kong, 332, 335colonial Singapore, 331dominance of 19th century China trade,

203East India Company, 193free trade, 196opium trade, 195–196opium wars, 197–198origins of modern nation-state, 232origins of tea trade, 173Sino-British Joint Declaration, Hong

Kong, 335Ya’qub Beg and Xinjiang, 200

bronzeChinese ritual vessels, 26, 31Japan, 87Korea, 79

bubonic plague, 139, 140Buddha nature, 76, 101Buddhacinga, 73Buddhism

art, 76bodhisattva, 71cave temples, 71Chan, or Zen, 8, 101, 124Chinese domestication, 76Choson Korea, 147digitalization of scriptures, 310Esoteric (Tantric), 102, 120four noble truths, 70government supervision in China, 74imperial temple construction, China,

100imperial temple construction, Japan, 119Indian origins, 70influence on Neo-Confucianism, 108,

134interaction with Daoism, 76, 97Kamakura Japan, 153

Koryo Korea, 143last age of the law, 152, 153Mahayana, 71medieval Japan, 121, 124miracles, 73nirvan. a, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76pagoda, 72, 109printing of scriptures, 131Pure Land, 153purges, 74reincarnation, 74spread to China, 73–74spread to Japan, 78–79, 88spread to Korea, 77–78, 84Tang Dynasty monasteries, 101textual canon, 71, 76, 77, 100translation of scriptures, 74–75, 102

Bukhara, 137bunmei kaika (civilization and

enlightenment), 219bunraku, Tokugawa puppet theater, 185Bush, George W., 302bushi. See samuraibushido, 183

calendar, solar, 235, 237calligraphy

as examination criterion, 99Huaisu, 102Wang Xizhi, 62

Canton. See GuangzhouCao Cao, 55Cao-Wei Dynasty, 55, 87capital punishment, 37Cardinal Principles of the National Polity, 257castles, 156, 157, 180, 181, 182, 184castle-towns, 185, 187cavalry

Han Dynasty China, 51Hu, 60Jurchen, 129Mongol, 136Northern Wei Dynasty, 68

cell phones, 324, 346Ch’oe Che-u, 211Ch’oe Sung-no, 143chaebol, 305–306, 311Chaghadai Khanate, 137chairs, 69, 77Chajang, 110Champa, 92Chan, 101Chang Po-go, 114

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Index 407

Chang’ancenter for Buddhist translation, 75fall of Western Jin Dynasty alternate

capital, 56Tang Dynasty capital, 93

chanoyu, 8, 157chariot, 30, 31, 43Charlemagne, 109chaste widow, Confucian ideal, 28, 133Chen Duxiu, 238, 264Chen Shuibian, 340–341, 342Chiang Ching-kuo, 263, 340Chiang Kai-shek

Christianity, 263Commandant of Nationalist military

academy, 243death on Taiwan, 337loss of Civil War and retreat to Taiwan,

313–314Memorial, 341military training in Japan, 238Northern Expedition, 243split with leftists, 243, 264–265U.S. support, 314World War II, 267–269Xi’an incident, 267

Chiang Wei-kuo, 263Chikamatsu Monzaemon, 185chili peppers, 177China. See also names of Chinese dynasties;

People’s Republic of China; Republicof China

Chinese identity, Tang Dynasty, 95, 107defined, antiquity of, continuity and

change, 5–7derivation of name, 7origins of, 25–26

Chinese Communist Party. See communismChinese language. See languageChinese Nationalist Party

Civil War, 313–314military academy founded, 2431912 elections, 241Republic of China ruling party, 263Taiwan’s ruling party, 336, 338, 340,

341Chinese Revolution, 1911, 234–235Chinese writing system, 18–19,

23–24Chinggis Khan, 135–137Chinhan, 81chinoiserie, 164Chinul, Korean monk, 143

Chon Namsaeng, 111Chon Tu-hwan. See Chun Doo HwanChongqing, 267chonin, Tokugawa townspeople, 185chopsticks, 290Choshu, 216, 217, 220Choson. See also King Kojong; Yi Song-gye

Buddhism, 147ceremonial code, 36chili peppers, 177Christianity, 177–178civil service examination system, 146,

212Confucian academies, 147economy, 177founding of dynasty, 146isolationism, 176, 177, 178–179Japanese invasion, 147, 174–176King Sejong, 146King Yongjo, 177legal codes, 147Ming military assistance, 176Neo-Confucianism, 146–147, 177Old Choson, 11reduced to Japanese protectorate, 246relations with Tokugawa Japan,

208–209slaves, 146, 177, 212Tonghak rebellion, 211tributary relations with China, 207–208Wiman, 79women, 147yangban aristocracy, 146

Christianity. See also Taiping RebellionChiang Kai-shek, 263Choson Korea, 177–178colonial era Korea, 248early-modern Japan, 179–180Jesuit mission to China, 164, 172–173Matteo Ricci, 164People’s Republic of China, 345rites controversy, 172Saint Francis Xavier, 163, 164, 179South Korea, 307–308Sun Yat-sen, 233Tang Dynasty, 95Tokugawa proscription of, 183Yuan Dynasty, 140

Chronicles of Japan. See Nihon shokiChronicles of the Three Kingdoms, 81, 85Chun Doo Hwan, 308, 309, 311Chungking. See ChongqingChushingura, 185

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408 Index

civil service examination systemabolition, 231Choson Korea, 146Koryo Korea, 144late imperial system, 131–133meritocracy, 38precursors, 48, 53, 97Silla Korea, 113Sui and Tang dynasties, 99–100

Civil War, Chinese, 313–314Cixi. See Dowager Empress CixiClassic of Filial Piety, 37

Japan, 117, 118Xianbei language translation, 68

climate change, 136clothing

Choson, 177Khubilai Khan, 139kimono, 291Manchu, 167Silla, 110Turkic, 95World War II Japan, 270Xianbei, 68, 95

coal, 131, 192, 344coinage

Japan, 117, 121, 123, 153Cold War. See also Korean War

bamboo curtain, 289, 350end of, 289, 326, 329Nixon’s demarche, 320U.S. containment of communism, 315U.S.-Japanese alliance, 282

Collection of Ancient and Modern (Poetry).See Kokinshu

Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves. SeeManyoshu

colonial Korea. See Korea, Japanesecolonial

comfort women, 248commerce. See economycommunes. See Great Leap Forwardcommunism. See also Mao Zedong

Chinese Civil War, 313–314Chinese Communist Party founded, 239,

264Chinese translation of, 23, 323collective ownership of means of

production, 323as form of westernization, 240historical stages, or modes of production,

240, 315Jiangxi rural revolutionary base, 265

land redistribution and class struggle,315–316

loss of enthusiasm for in post-MaoChina, 324

Nationalist purge, 264–265Soviet support for Chinese Communists,

314compass, magnetic, 130computers

China, 23, 324, 343, 346Hong Kong, 335Singapore, 332South Korea, 310Taiwan, 339

Confucian academiesChoson, 147Song Dynasty, 134

Confucian classics, 32, 35–36, 53Kang Youwei’s claim to be forgeries, 230Korea, 82, 84Meiji Japan, 223Nara Japan, 118Neo-Confucianism, 107printed, 1316th century, 77stone inscription, 53, 61Tang Dynasty, 98

Confucian sacrifices, Nara and HeianJapan, 118

Confucian templeNorthern Wei Dynasty, 67Tang Dynasty, 98

Confucian work ethic, 350Confucianism. See also Neo-Confucianism

defining feature of East Asia, 36Han Dynasty, 53–54hierarchy, 38Japan, 36, 117Korea, 36meritocracy, 38, 219“Teachings of the Ru,” or Rujiao, 35Tokugawa Japan, 183Western invention of, 35

Confucius, 32, 35life and teachings, 36–38on military tactics, 44

conscription, military, 43, 51, 56Nara Japan, 117, 121, 148

consumer culture, early-modern, 165Corner with Love, TV serial, 342creation myths, 11–12crossbow, 43, 51, 148, 149Cui Jian, 328

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Index 409

Cultural Revolution, 318–319literature of the wounded, 322

curry, 249, 292

Dai Kui, 63daimyo, 155

domains abolished, 220late Tokugawa economic revival,

215–216Tokugawa period, 184, 188Warring States Japan, 157

dairy products, 59, 100Dalai Lama, 73, 168, 171Dali, 107Damansky Island, 320Dan no Ura, 152Dao Tong, the “Transmission of the Way,”

108Daoism

definition, 39–40Japan, 39Laozi, 40–41religion, 39, 72, 76, 97wuwei, 41Zhuangzi, 40

Daozang, Daoist scriptures, 39Datong, 71Davies, David, 192Daxue. See Great LearningDemilitarized Zone, Korea, 302democracy. See also Tiananmen Square

demonstrationsChina’s 1912 elections, 241Hong Kong, limited democratization,

334late 19th century world trend, 190Meiji constitution, 222–223Meiji Japanese popular rights movement,

222People’s Republic of China, 343postwar Japan, 280Qing Dynasty constitutional reforms,

231South Korea, 302, 308–309South Korean Confucian interpretation

of, 309Taisho Japan, 251Taiwan, 339–340

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. SeeNorth Korea

Democratic Progressive Party (DPP),340

Deng Lijun. See Teng, Teresa

Deng XiaopingCultural Revolution, purged during, 319economic reforms, 323–325pragmatism, 323rise to power, 322–323southern tour, 343studies in France, 239Tiananmen Square demonstrations, 328,

329department stores, 249, 251Depression, the Great, 255, 285

Japanese industrial recovery, 255Deshima, 183developmental state

postwar Japan, 285, 286South Korea, 304–305

Dewey, John, 238dialects, Chinese, 17diffusion theory, 12Discourses on Salt and Iron, 53Disneyland

Hong Kong, 335Tokyo, 290

disturbances of the eight princes, 56divination, Shang Dynasty, 28dolmen, 79Dong Zhongshu, 54Dou Yi, 108doubt antiquity movement in modern

China, 25Dowager Empress Cixi, 205, 206, 207, 230dragon bones. See oracle bonesDu Yuesheng, 242Duke of Zhou, 32, 98Dunhuang, 106Dutch

Deshima, Nagasaki, 183monopoly of Japan trade, 193Taiwan outpost, 163, 336VOC, East India Company, 192

Dutch studies (rangaku), 213dynastic histories, 98

East Asiadefinition, 2–3spread of elements of common elite

culture, 70, 109–11021st century relevance, 350–351

East India Company. See BritainEastern Jin Dynasty, 58, 61–63Eastern Turkestan. See Xinjiangeconomic miracle. See postwar Japanese

economy

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410 Index

economy. See also industrial revolutionChoson, 177East Asia, 350equitable fields system, 67estates, in Han Dynasty, 54Han Dynasty, 53Hong Kong, 2, 332–334Japan, Heian, 121Japan, Meiji, 224–227Japan, Muromachi commercialization,

155Japan, postwar, 283–286Japan, Tokugawa, 187–188Japan, World War I, 250Japanese colonial Korea, 247, 248late Qing commercial activity, 202market-based reforms in People’s

Republic of China, 323–325Ming Dynasty commercialization,

161–162Northern dynasties China, 59, 65, 67post–World War II U.S., 275Qing Dynasty standard of living, 174,

193–194Singapore, 2, 331–332Song Dynasty, 130–131South Korea, 303, 304–307, 309–310Southern dynasties China, 63–64, 67Soviet model in early People’s Republic

of China, 316Taiwan, 338–339Taiwan’s investment in mainland China,

342Tang Dynasty, 106, 108–109world, 1, 2, 140, 194, 196, 236

Edo, 182, 185, 188, 216becomes Tokyo, 219

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 282Emishi, 148encyclopedias, 131English language

brand names, 345Hong Kong, 335loanwords in Japanese, 22postwar Japan, 291Taiwan, 341, 342

enka, 293enrich the country, strengthen the army,

42, 217, 304equality of income distribution, postwar

Japan, 284equitable fields system ( juntian), 67, 108Erlitou, 26

Esen, Oirat Mongol, 141Esoteric (Tantric) Buddhism

Japan, 102, 120Tang Dynasty, 102

eunuchsHan Dynasty, 54, 55Qin Dynasty, 48Tang Dynasty, 106Zheng He, Ming Dynasty admiral, 141

examinations. See civil service examinationsystem

fajia. See legalismFalun Gong, 346famine, 318fashion, 6, 165Faults of Qin, essay by Jia Yi, 48Faxian, 75February 26, 1936, mutiny in Japan, 257February 28th Incident, Taiwan, 313–314fengshui, 96feudal. See communism, historical stagesfiction. See also novel (fiction)

Heian Japan, 122–123“Madman’s Diary,” 236Ming Dynasty, 165“Peach Blossom Spring,” 63Tokugawa playwrights, 185

filial piety, 37, 38First Emperor of China. See Qin shi

huangdiFive Dynasties, China, 126five Hu. See Hufloating world (ukiyo), 186floods, Chinese legend, 97foot-binding, 28, 133, 171

abolition, 230, 236Fortune, Robert, 194forty-seven ronin. See ChushinguraFotucheng. See Buddhacingafour noble truths, 70Francis Xavier, Saint, 163, 164, 179Frank, Andre Gunder, 163free trade, ideal of classical economics, 196French Concession. See ShanghaiFrench influence on Chinese

revolutionaries, 238–240Fujiwara, 122, 149

origin of name, 115Fujiwara Michinaga, 122fukoku kyohei. See enrich the country,

strengthen the armyFukuzawa Yukichi, 220

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Index 411

Gandhara, 71Gang of Four, 322Gao Huan, 69Gao Xianzhi, 104geisha, 186Gempei war, 150–152General Sherman, schooner, 178Genghis Khan. See Chinggis KhanGenji, Tale of, 21, 123gentleman, Confucian ideal, 37Germany

concession in Shandong, 238influence on Japanese developmental

state model, 285Meiji Japanese preferred model, 222nation-state, 232Qing Dynasty preferred model, 231relations with Republic of China, 263

globalization19th century, 191People’s Republic of China, 325–326,

343–347postwar Japan, 291–294reawakening of local identities, 349South Korea, 309–312

Gobi desert, 50, 68Go-Daigo, Emperor, 154–155Goddess of Democracy statue, 328, 329,

346Golden Horde, 137Golden Pavilion, 155, 156golf

People’s Republic of China, 345South Korea, 310

Gong, Prince, 201Google, 335Gordon, Charles, 199Go-Shirakawa, Emperor, 150–151Grand Canal, 92, 161Great Leap Forward, 316–318Great Learning, 135Great Wall of China

Manchuria outside of, 167Ming Dynasty, 141Ming-Qing transition, 170projection of early imperial Chinese

power, 50Qin Dynasty, 46

“Great Wave at Kanagawa, The,”woodblock print, 187

Greater China, 2, 330, 342–343. See alsoHong Kong; Singapore; Taiwan

Green Gang, 242

Gu Kaizhi, 62Guangzhou

Canton system, Western trade, 174, 194eclipsed by rise of Shanghai, 198Ming Dynasty, 162Nationalist Party base, 243, 269Tang Dynasty, 127

Guanyin, 73Guanzhong, “within the passes”

Han Dynasty, 49Kumarajıva, Buddhist translation project,

75Qin, 45Sui, 91Tang, 94Xianbei, 68, 97Zhou, 31

guerilla warfareChinese Communist, 240, 265Korean anti-Japanese, 246Korean Communist, 301

gunpowder, 131, 137gunpowder empires, 166Guomindang. See Chinese Nationalist Party

Hakka, 17, 198, 337Han Dynasty. See also Han, China; Han

Wudi; Liu BangConfucianism, 53–54deposition of last Han emperor, 55eunuchs, 54founding, 49large estates, 54military, 51Wang Mang’s usurpation, 54Yellow Turban rebellion, 54

Han Feizi, 41Han Gaozu. See Liu BangHan Wudi, 51–53, 65. See also Han Dynasty

Confucian orthodoxy, 53embassy to western regions, 51grand strategy against Xiongnu, 51Korea, conquest of, 79northwestern campaigns, 51–53

Han Yu, 98, 107Han, as name of Xiongnu state, 61Han, China

derivation of name, 49Han, Korea, 9, 81han’gul, 22, 146Hanzi. See Chinese writing systemHarbin, 206, 258Hayashi Razan, 183

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412 Index

Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.See Taiping rebellion

Heavenly Qaghan, 95Heian. See also Kyoto

Emperor Go-Shirakawa, 150–151Emperor Shirakawa, 149estates, 121Fujiwara dominance, 122Gempei war, 150–152last embassy to China, 118, 123last legal code, 123literature, 122–123Minamoto Yoritomo, 151–152provincial governors, 148retired emperors, 122, 149rise of warriors, 121, 148–149selection of city site, 120Taira Kiyomori, 150–151, 152weakening of central imperial

government, 121women, 122 . See also Heian, literature

Heike, Tale of, 151, 152Heisei Emperor, 288Hello Kitty, 291Heritage Foundation, 332hermit kingdom, 176Hideyoshi

administrative measures, 182deathbed maneuvers, 182invasion of Korea, 147, 174–176origins, 181unification of Japan, 181

hieroglyphics, 12, 18, 19Himiko, 85, 87Hiragana. See kanaHirohito. See Showa EmperorHiroshige, 186Hiroshima, 274historical stages, 160–161, 315Hobbes, Thomas, 47Hokoji, 78Hokusai, 186Honen, 153Hong Kong

British colonial origins, 197, 332capitalist refuge from early People’s

Republic, 334Chinese population, 332economy, 2, 332–334end of British colonial rule, 335limited democratization, 334New Territories, 206postwar Japanese influences, 292

Sino-British Joint Declaration, 335source of capital for post-Mao People’s

Republic, 334Special Administrative Region of People’s

Republic, 335World War II, 271

Hong Mai, 135Hong Xiuquan, 198–199Hoover, Herbert, 207Hu, non-Chinese peoples, 59–60

loss of identity, 95Hu Jintao, 343, 344Hu Yaobang, 327Hua Guofeng, 322Huaisu, Tang monk calligrapher, 102Huaxia, Chinese, 6, 7, 32Huineng, 6th Chan Patriarch, 2, 101human sacrifice, 28humanity, Confucian virtue, 37hundred days of reform, 206Huns, 50, 56hunting, 65Hwabaek, Sillan council of nobles, 112Hwarang, Sillan “flower youths,” 112Hyegwan, 110Hyundai, 305, 306, 307

Ibn Bat.t.ut.a, 130, 140I-Ching. See Book of ChangesIl-khanate, 137Imperial Palace, Tokyo, 288imperialism, new, 193, 246import substitution, 339India

British East India Company, 193Chinese pilgrims to, 75, 95, 102Chinese trade with, 102, 130curry, 249, 292economic importance, 140embassies to Southern dynasty China, 69Hong Kong, 335influence in Japan, 78, 120influence in Tibet, 104, 113influence on China, 76–77influence on Vietnam, 3legendary origins of Chan/Zen, 101missionaries to China, 73, 76Mughal Empire, 1661962 war with China, 320opium, 195, 196relations with PRC, 298, 345restaurants in Japan, 291sepoy mutiny, 197

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Index 413

Singapore, 331Tang Dynasty military intervention in,

103treaty port China, 203

Indo-European language, 59, 75industrial revolution, 192, 236

late industrializing countries, 193Manchuria, 259Meiji Japan, 224–227, 238slow start in China, 202–203World War I Japan, 250

Inner Mongolia, 13, 50, 136Boxer rebellion, 207Khitan, 107Sui and Tang dynasties, 94Tuoba Xianbei, 60, 65, 66

internet. See computersInukai Tsuyoshi, 257iron

early Japan, 87Song Dynasty production, 131Tokugawa Japan, 187

irrigation in early China, 24Iryon, 22Ise, shrine, 116, 220, 282Ishiwara Kanji, Lt. Colonel, 260, 270Ishiyama Honganji, 180Islam

rise in Central Asia, 104Song Dynasty trade with Islamic world,

130western Mongol conversion, 137Ya’qub Beg and Xinjiang, 200Zheng He, Ming Dynasty admiral, 141

Itagaki Taisuke, 221, 222Ito Hirobumi

assassination of, 246drafting the Meiji constitution, 222first Prime Minister, 223party politician, 251Resident-General in Korea, 246

Jackson, Michael, 311Japan. See also names of major Japanese

historical periods; postwar Japanderivation of name, 8 . See also Nihonearly 20th century modernizing model,

238early Korean connections, 14, 85, 86,

110, 119early-modern Christianity, 179–180embassies to China, 87, 115, 123female rulers, 88, 120, 121

immigrants, 86, 87, 117imperial rivalry with China, 115, 118imperial title, 88, 116Jomon, 84literacy, 8th century, 2, 38, 118neolithic, 14, 84old tombs, 85pottery, 14, 84prehistoric southern influence, 84–85Song Dynasty trade with, 130traditions, invention of, 8, 157Yayoi, 85

Japan as Number One: Lessons for America,286

Japanese language. See languageJapanese national histories, 123Jazz, 252Jesuit mission to China, 164, 172–173Jesuit mission to Japan, 180Jia Yi, 48Jiang Jieshi. See Chiang Kai-shekJiang Jingguo. See Chiang Ching-kuoJiangxi, communist base, 265Jiaoran, Tang monk poet, 102Jingdezhen, kilns, 192Jinshi degree, 99, 131Jomon, 84juche. See North Koreajudo, 9, 292juntian. See equitable fields systemjunzi. See gentleman, Confucian idealJurchen, 129

Jin Dynasty, 129Manchu predecessors, 167Mongol raids, 137

kabuki, 185Kadoorie, Lawrence, Baron, 334Kaitokudo (Hall of Embracing Virtue), 183Kamakura, 151

baths, 153Buddhism, 153fall of shogunate, 154Hojo regency, 154Honen, 153Minamoto Yoritomo, 151–152Mongol invasions, 154Nun Shogun, 154shogunate, founding of, 152

kami, 78, 87kamikaze, 273kana, 21, 22, 122Kang Youwei, 230

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414 Index

Kangxi Emperor, 171Kanto earthquake, 250Kanto plain, 87, 151, 152karaoke, 291Kashgar, 104Katakana. See kanakeigo, respect language, 16keiretsu (enterprise groups), 286Kellogg-Briand Pact, 253, 261Kennedy, Paul, 92kerosene, 235khan

Mongol, 135Tuoba Xianbei, Northern Wei, 67

Khitan, 104, 142Cathay, 127dynastic founder, 127Liao Dynasty, 107, 127, 129

Khokand, 200Khotan, 104Khubilai Khan, 137–139Ki no Tsurayuki, 122Kim Chong-il. See Kim Jong IlKim Dae Jung, 311Kim Il Sung, 296, 301. See also North

KoreaKim In-mun, 111Kim Jong Il, 301, 312Kircher, Athanasius, 12Kishi Nobusuke, 285Koguryo

adoption of Chinese institutions, 82Buddhism, 77fall of kingdom, 111marriage customs, 82origins, 81, 82Sui Dynasty invasions, 92–93wars with Sui and Tang, 110–111

Kojiki, 11, 21, 88, 184, 216Kojong, King

abdication of, 246becomes Emperor, 212during Sino-Japanese war, 212enthronement, 209regency of the Taewon’gun, 209–210takes refuge in Russian legation, 212Tonghak rebellion, 211Treaty of Kanghwa with Japan, 210

Koken, Empress, 117Kokinshu, 123, 219kokutai, Japanese “national polity,” 250,

252, 256kolp’um, Sillan bone rank, 112

Kong Fuzi. See ConfuciusKongmin, King, 145Korea. See also names of Korean dynasties;

North Korea; South Koreaancient marriage customs, 82borders, 81derivation of name, 9, 114early diversity, 81–82Han Dynasty Chinese colony, 79–81influence on early Japan, 85, 86, 110,

119Korean people in Tang China, 95, 104,

109–111, 113–114Korean people in Tuoba Xianbei

Northern Wei, 65Manchurian connections, 13, 81, 82,

107, 142native culture, 80, 84neolithic, 79old tombs, 84pottery, 79tradition, early-modern formation of,

147, 174tributary status, 113unification of, 84

Korea, Japanese colonialannexed, 246assimilation policy, 248economic policy, 247, 248Japanese presence, 246Korean nationalism, 247–248modernization and westernization, 2471919 mass protest, 247

Korean Empire, 212Korean language. See languageKorean War

Chinese intervention, 299Cold War partition of peninsula,

295–296consequences, 299–300decision for war, 296–297Inch’on landings, 298Pusan perimeter, 297truce, 299U.S. First Cavalry crosses 38th parallel,

298Korean wave, pop culture, 312Koryo. See also Wang Kon

Buddhism, 143civil service examinations, 144founding, 114, 142government, 144Khitan threat, 143

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Index 415

King Kongmin, 145Korean values and traditions, 143mandate of Heaven, 143metal moveable type printing, 143military dictatorship, 144Mongol domination, 144–145Neo-Confucianism, 145porcelain, 143royal residence in Beijing, 145surnames, 144

Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong, 332,335

Kucha, 75, 104Kukai, 102, 120Kumarajıva, 75Kuo-Min-Tang. See Chinese Nationalist

PartyKwangju uprising, 308Kwantung Army, 260, 261Kyoto. See also Heian

Muromachi period, 155, 156not bombed during World War II, 274

laid off workers, People’s Republic ofChina, 323

laissez-faire, 41, 161, 196, 203, 285language. See also written language

Altaic, 17, 65, 167Chinese and Japanese compared, 16dialects, Chinese, 17English loanwords in Japanese, 22Indo-European, 59, 75Japanese, 18, 22, 85, 116Korean, 18, 81, 113, 247Manchu, 18, 167, 171Mandarin, 17modern Chinese, 16Sino-Tibetan, 17Taiwanese, 17, 337tones, Chinese, 16, 77Tungusic, 129, 167Tuoba Xianbei, 65, 68, 96

Laoziancestor of Tang Dynasty imperial

family, 93deified, 72identity of, 40mysterious learning, 55philosophy, 40–41

late industrializing countries, 193Latin, 24, 160, 171, 235law

ancient China, 42

Choson Korea, 147early Japan, 117printing of Song code, 131

League of Nations, 261Lee, Ang, 342legalism, 41–42

discredited by fall of Qin, 48Qin Dynasty, 46, 47

Leibniz, Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von,164

Lelang, 80li

principle, 107, 134ritual, 26, 37

Li Bai (Li Po), 95, 98Li Yu, 165Li Yuan, 93–94. See also Tang DynastyLiao Dynasty, 107Liaodong

Russian leasehold, 205, 244Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Japan,

280–281libertinism, Three Kingdoms era, 56libraries, 63Lin Zexu, 196–197literacy

late Ming China, 165Nara Japan, 38, 118

literature of the wounded, 322Liu Bang. See also Han Dynasty

ancestor of 4th century Xiongnu rebel,61

birth and early career, 48disdain for booklearning, 53Emperor Han Gaozu, 50–51King of Han, 49

logograph, 18, 19Long March, 265Lord Shang, 41–42, 46. See also Shang YangLotus Sutra, 76loyalty, Confucian virtue, 38, 153, 183Lu Fahe, 96–97Lu Xun, 236Lunyu. See AnalectsLuoyang

fall of Western Jin capital, 56Han Dynasty, 54Northern Wei capital, 67, 9316 kingdoms, 73stone Confucian classics, 61

Ma Ying-jeou, 341Macao, 162, 195

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416 Index

MacArthur, Douglas, GeneralKorean War, 297, 298, 299postwar Japan, 277, 280, 281, 282World War II, 273

Macartney, George, 1st Earl, xxi, 195, 200Madman’s Diary, short story, 236magatama, 85Mahan, 81, 83Maitreya, 103, 139Manchu. See also Qing Dynasty

banners, 167distinctions from Han Chinese, 171language, 18, 129, 167, 171Mongol interactions, 167–168Nurgaci, 167occupation of Beijing, 170origins, 166–167prominence in late Qing, 232

Manchukuo, 258–262Park Chung Hee, 304

Manchuriaearly 20th century population and

economic boom, 259Han Dynasty China, 51Japan’s economic “lifeline,” 256Jurchen, 129Khitan, 107Kim Il Sung, 301Koguryo, 82Korean identity, 13, 81, 142Manchukuo, 258–262Parhae, 107Qing Dynasty, 258Russian concessions, 205, 244, 245, 258Soviet Union, 274, 314warlord Zhang Zuolin, 242, 259Xianbei states, 82

Mandarin, language or dialect, 17mandarin, scholar-official, 131mandate of Heaven, 33, 61, 67, 68

Koryo, 143Qing Dynasty, 170

manga, 252manhole covers, 343Manichaeism, 95Manila, 162, 163Manyoshu, 121Mao Zedong. See also communism;

People’s Republic of Chinacaptured by Nationalist forces, 265Civil War, 314Cultural Revolution, 318–319death, 322

education, 240Great Leap Forward, 316–318Jiangxi base, 265Long March, 266Lu Mountain (Lushan) Party conference,

318as member of Nationalist Party, 243Moscow visits, 315, 316peasant revolution, 240–241, 265“people’s war,” 299proclaims People’s Republic, 314Yan’an, 266

mapslack of good world maps in 1895 Beijing,

202Matteo Ricci, 164Qing Dynasty, 172

Marco Polo Bridge, 267Maripkan, 83, 112Marshall, George C., General, 313Marx, Karl, 240Marxism. See communismMay Fourth Movement, 238McDonald’s

Japan, 290People’s Republic of China, 345South Korea, 310Taiwan, 342

McGray, Douglas, 291Mecca, 141medieval economic revolution, 130–131medieval, historical period, 160Meiji restoration

bunmei kaika (civilization andenlightenment), 219

Charter Oath, 219conservative reaction, 220, 250constitution, 222–223Fukuzawa Yukichi, 220Imperial “Rescript on Education,” 224industrialization, 224–227, 238initial palace coup, 219limits of Meiji era changes, 227nation, minzoku, 232national anthem, 219oligarchy, 220, 224opening of Korea, 210popular rights movement, 222samurai privileges abolished, 221Satsuma rebellion, 221–222Sino-Japanese war, 205, 211–212war with Russia, 244–246, 258western fashions, 249–250

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Index 417

Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms.See Samguk yusa

Mencius, 33, 38, 142Mengzi. See Menciusmeritocracy, Confucian, 38, 219metal-bound box, story in Book of

Documents, 32Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, 291millet, 13, 24, 26Minamoto, 149Minamoto Yoritomo, 151–152Ming Dynasty. See also Zhu Yuanzhang

bankruptcy and collapse, 170Christianity, 164commercialization, 161–162foreign wars, 141founding, 140garden-homes, 165Great Wall, 141isolationism, 141Japanese pirates, 162late Ming consumer culture, 165literacy rate, 165military assistance to Choson, 176naval expeditions, 141–142selection of name, 140tourism, 162Wang Yangming, 142

Ming Taizu. See Zhu Yuanzhangminzoku. See nation, minzokuminzu. See nation, minzuMissouri, battleship, 275MITI (Ministry of International Trade and

Industry), 285Mitsubishi, 226, 286Mitsui, 226, 286Mitsukoshi, 292Miyoshi Kiyotsura, 118modern, historical period, 160–161modernization. See also May Fourth

Movement; Meiji restoration; Taisho,modernity; westernization

early 20th century China, 235–238French model, 238–240Japanese colonial Korea, 247Japanese model, 238Manchukuo, 261

Mongol. See also Yuan DynastyChinggis Khan, 135–137conquest of China, 137domination of Korea, 144–145Esen, 141invasions of Japan, 137

Khubilai Khan, 137–139raids on Jurchen Jin Dynasty, 137Tibetan Buddhism, 168tribe, 13512th century steppe population, 136Zunghar empire, 168

Mongolia, 50, 92, 136. See also InnerMongolia; Outer Mongolia

Uighur Turks, 106Mongolic language, 18, 136mono-no-aware, 21Moscow, 166, 240, 243, 263, 264, 265,

315, 316motion picture (movie)

China, 236Japan, 252Korea, 247Taiwan, 342

Motoori Norinaga, 184, 216mountain Viet people, 62Mouzi, 75Mozi, 42mudang, Korean female shaman, 147Mukden, 260Mulan, 68Murakami, Emperor, 123Murakami Haruki, 291Murasaki, Lady, 123Muromachi

Ashikaga Takauji, 154–155Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 155, 156–157Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, 155commercial economy, 155daimyo, 155Emperor Go-Daigo, 154–155founding of shogunate, 155Ming Dynasty relations, 155, 162No theater, 157Onin War, 156traditional Japan, 157Warring States, 157

mysterious learning (xuanxue), 55

Nagasaki, 179, 183, 213, 274Naka no Oe, Prince, 115Nakatomi Kamatari, 115Nanjing (Nanking)

capital of Republic of China, 244, 262capital of Three Kingdoms Wu, 55destruction by Sui Dynasty, 92Eastern Jin Dynasty capital, 58Southern dynasty capital, 61, 64Taiping capital, 199

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418 Index

Nanjing, Treaty of, 197Nanking. See NanjingNanzhao, 107Nara

academy, 118Buddhism, 120construction of capital, 117great Buddha, statue, 78, 119palace buildings, 121penal and adminstrative law codes,

117regulation of foreign contact, 118

nationChinese, 6Japanese, 11Korean, 11, 13minjok, 247minzoku, 232minzu, 6, 27, 232

National Basketball Association’s (NBA),345

national defense statepre–World War II China, 263pre–World War II Japan, 256

national learning, school, Tokugawa Japan,184

nationalism, modern origins of and spreadto East Asia, 232

Nationalist Chinese Revolution, 234–235Nationalist Party. See Chinese Nationalist

PartyNemesis, warship, 197Neo-Confucianism

Choson Korea, 146–147, 177Daoxue, the Study of the Way, 39Koryo Korea, 145patriarchal ideals, 133relationship with Buddhism and Daoism,

134–135Song Dynasty, 133–135Tang Dynasty precursors, 107–108

neolithicChinese, 26Japanese, 14, 84Korean, 79world centers of development, 12

Nestorian Christianity. See ChristianityNew Territories, Hong Kong, 332,

335New Youth, 230, 239new, as buzzword in early 20th century

China, 230Nihon, origin of name, 116

Nihon shoki, 88, 123Nihongi. See Nihon shokiNihonjinron (discourses on Japanese

people), 287nine ranks, Chinese official appointment

system, 99nirvan. a, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76Nissan, 261Nixon, Richard M., 306, 320–322No T’ae-u. See Roh Tae WooNo theater, 157nomads, 13, 136Nomonhan, 270North Korea. See also Kim Jong Il; Kim Il

Sung; and Korean Waratomic bomb, 302continuing incidents with South, 302economy, 301independent course, 301Juche, 301personality cult, 301Six Party Talks, 302

Northern and Southern dynasties, China.See names of specific dynasties

Northern and Southern dynasties, Japan,155

Northern Wei Dynasty. See also TuobaXianbei

dynastic history, 66founding, 65khan, 67mandate of Heaven, 68Mulan, composition of, 68non-Chinese officials, 67reunification of north China, 65sinicization policies, 67six garrisons rebellion, 68Xianbei cultural revival, 68Yun’gang Buddhist grottoes, 71

novel (fiction). See also fictionRomance of the Three Kingdoms, 55Tale of Genji, 21, 123

Nun Shogun, the, 154Nurgaci, 167

Occupation of Japan. See postwar AlliedOccupation of Japan

Oda Nobunaga, 158, 180–181Okcho, 81Okinawa, 219, 282Okubo Toshimichi, 221, 222old tombs, Japan, 85old tombs, Korea, 84

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Index 419

OlympicsBeijing, 328, 347Seoul, South Korea, 308

one child policy, 326one country, two systems, 335Onin War, 156opium

banned in China, 195Chinese imports, 196East India Company production, 195first opium war, 197Lin Zexu, Commissioner, 196–1971919 re-prohibition, 242second opium (“Arrow”) war, 197–198smoking, 195

oracle bones, 25, 27, 28Orchid Pavilion, 62Ordos desert, 46, 69, 107Osaka, 18, 180, 182, 183, 185, 188Ottoman Empire, 166, 200out of Africa, theory, 12Outer Mongolia, incorporated into Qing

Dynasty, 168overseas Chinese (Huaqiao), 330

pace of Yu, 96Paekche

Buddhism, 77fall of kingdom, 111influence on Japan, 78origins, 82–83

pagoda, 72, 109painting. See also woodblock prints

Gu Kaizhi, 62Song Dynasty, 133

Pak Chong-hui. See Park Chung HeePalmerston, Henry Temple, Viscount,

332paper, 63paper money, 131paper tiger, 319parallel, 38th, 295Parhae, 107, 142Park Chung Hee. See also South Korea

assassination, 308developmental state, 304–305Japanese military service, 3041961 coup, 303Yushin (“Revitalizing”) reforms, 307

patrilineal descent, 27, 147Patten, Christopher, Baron, 334Peace Preservation Law, 252Peach Blossom Spring, 63

Pearl Harbor, 271Peking. See BeijingPeople’s Republic of China. See also Deng

Xiaoping; Mao Zedong; TiananmenSquare demonstrations

American influences, 345applications for Communist Party

membership, 344Christianity, 345Communist Party rule, 343corruption, 326Cultural Revolution, 318–319Falun Gong, 346first five year plan for economy, 316foreign direct investment, 325foreign direct investment from Greater

China, 330Gang of Four, 322gender discrimination, 326globalization, 325–326, 343–347Great Leap Forward, 316–318investment in U.S., 343land redistribution and class struggle,

315–316Lu Mountain (Lushan) Party conference,

318national satisfaction rate, 330one child policy, 326peaceful rise, 344pollution, 326, 344post-Mao economic reforms, 323–325proclaimed, 314relations with Soviet Union, 315,

319–320, 327relations with United States, 320–322,

326rise of Deng Xiaoping, 322–323technocracy, 325Tiananmen Square demonstrations,

327–330periodization, 160–161Perry, Mathew Calbraith, Commodore,

215–216Persia

ancient Greek conception of as Asia, 2embassies to Southern dynasty China, 69influence in early Japan, 78maritime trade with China, 106origin of game of polo, 95Persian-style artifact in Chinese tomb,

69possible Han Dynasty contact, 51silk road commerce, 53

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420 Index

Pew Research Center, 330photography, 235Physiocrats, 164Pillow Book, 122ping-pong diplomacy, 321pirates, 145, 154, 162Plaza Accord, 287pocket watch, 183poetry

Muromachi period Japanese linked-verse,157

Nara and Heian Japan, 121, 123Tang Buddhist poetry, 102Tang poets, 95Tang poets admired throughout East

Asia, 109pollution

Japan, 289People’s Republic of China, 326, 344

polo, game, 95Polo, Marco, 140popular culture, Tokugawa Japan,

185–187popular rights movement, Meiji Japan,

222porcelain

Chinese exports to Europe, 192Koryo, 143Song Dynasty exports, 130

Port Arthur, 205, 244, 245, 258, 314Portuguese

expulsion from Japan, 170, 183firearms, 163, 179Macao, 162, 195

postwar Allied Occupation of Japanbreakup of zaibatsu, 280constitution drafted, 280demilitarization, 281MacArthur, Douglas, SCAP, 277parliamentary system, 280rationing and black markets, 278reverse course, 282San Francisco Peace Treaty, 282Showa Emperor rehabilitated, 278–279state shinto disestablished, 280strategic industries promotion, 285Supreme Commander for the Allied

Powers (SCAP), 277Trade Union Law, 279war crimes trials, 278

postwar Japan, Americanization, 289–290postwar Japan, Americanization, limits of,

290–291

postwar Japan, environmental pollution,289

postwar Japan, politics, 280–281postwar Japan, population decline,

288postwar Japanese economy

characteristic features and analysis,283–286

collapse of stock market and real estatebubbles, 288

developmental state model, 285equality of income distribution, 284foreign direct investment, 286, 325keiretsu (enterprise groups), 286legacy of Allied Occupation, 285lifetime employment, 284MITI (Ministry of International Trade

and Industry), 285Plaza Accord, 287slowness of postwar recovery, 283sources of capital, 284, 286takeoff period, 283technology transfers, 283trade wars with U.S., 287

postwar Japanese globalization, 291–294pottery, 14, 79, 84presented scholar. See Jinshi degreePrestowitz, Clyde, 287primary civilizations, 24printing, 1, 99, 120

Koryo, 143Song Dynasty, 131

private propertyQing Dynasty China, 174reform era People’s Republic of China,

324Warring States China, 54

progress, ideal of, 236, 240proletariat, 315Puyi, last emperor of China, 235, 261Puyo, 81, 82Pyonhan, 81

Qaghan, 95, 137Qianlong Emperor, 171Qieyun, 68, 95Qin. See also Qin shi huangdi

early kingdom, 45fall of dynasty, 48immigrant talent, 46legalism, 47Lord Shang as Prime Minister, 41, 46origin of English word China, 7, 48

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Index 421

Qin shi huangdibook burning, 47death of, 47imperial title, huangdi, 46rumored illegitimacy, 46standardization of imperial systems,

46tomb, 47, 86unification of China, 44, 46, 47

Qing Dynasty. See also Dowager EmpressCixi; Manchu; opium; Taipingrebellion; Tongzhi restoration

banner system, 167Boxer rebellion, 206–207conquest of Taiwan, 170conservative reaction, 165constitutional reform, early 20th century,

231Court of Colonial Affairs, 169distinctions between Manchus and Han

Chinese, 171early cosmopolitanism, 171–17218th century standard of living, 174,

193–194founding, 167Guangxu Emperor, 205, 206hundred days of reform, 206Jesuit missionaries, 172–173Kangxi Emperor, 171languages, 171last emperor, 235, 261late Qing commercial activity, 202loss of tributaries, 194Manchu dominance at dynasty’s end,

232Manchu garrisons, 171Manchu occupation of Beijing, 170Mongol interactions, 167–168new armies, 234Nurgaci, 167population, 171Qianlong Emperor, 171Sino-Japanese war, 205, 211–212Tibet, 168Tongzhi Emperor, 198, 205Ya’qub beg and Xinjiang, 200

qipao. See banner gownQuanzhou, 130queue, 171, 235

radio, 247, 252, 261railways

England, world’s first, 192

gauges not uniform in warlord China,264

Japan and China, first lines, 190Russian lines in Manchuria, 258Soviet control in early postwar

Manchuria, 314Tokyo to Yokohama, 227

rangaku. See Dutch studiesRape of Nanking, 267Record of Ancient Matters. See KojikiRecord of Hearsay, 135Red Guards, 318, 319Red River, 92Red Turbans, 140refugees, Northern and Southern dynasties

China, 62, 97reincarnation, 74religion. See names of specific religionsreligious freedom in premodern China, 74ren. See humanityrenminbi, 315Republic of China. See also Chiang

Kai-shek; Nationalist ChineseRevolution; Sun Yat-sen; Taiwan

American influences, 263founding, 235militarization, 263national defense economy, 262relations with Germany, 263restored by Northern Expedition, 262single (Nationalist) party state, 244, 263Taiwan, 314, 336weakness of central government, 264World War II hyperinflation, 269

Republic of Korea. See South KoreaRepublican Chinese Revolution, 234–235respect language. See keigoretired emperors, Heian Japan, 122, 149Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmenghui),

234Revolutionary Model Operas, 319Rhee, Syngman, 248, 296, 303. See also

South KoreaRicci, Matteo, 164rice

Japan, 84, 87Korea, 14, 79south China, 13, 26

rickshaw, 227rites controversy, 172Rites, Book of, 35ritsuryo jidai, 42ritual. See li

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422 Index

Roberts, Issachar, Reverend, 199Roh Tae Woo, 307, 309Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 55Rome. See also Charlemagne

barbarian invasions, Goths crossDanube, 57

fall of Empire and decline in materialstandards of living, 64

legacy for Western civilization, 3Roosevelt, Franklin D., 255, 295Roosevelt, Theodore, 245Ruan Ji, 56rujiao. See ConfucianismRussell, Bertrand, 238Russia. See also Soviet Union

border with China defined, 258concession in Wuhan, 234imperial expansion, 166King Kojong of Korea, 212Manchu banner people, 167Manchuria, Russian presence in, 206,

244, 245, 258war with Japan, 244–246, 258

Russo-Japanese war, 244–246, 258

Saigo Takamori, 221–222Samarkand, 51Samguk yusa, 11, 22Samsung, 305samurai

origins of, 121, 148privileges abolished, 221residence in castle-towns, 185status permanently fixed, 182Tokugawa period, 188Warring States period, 157

Sanguo zhi. See Chronicles of the ThreeKingdoms

sankin kotai. See alternate attendanceSanskrit

derivation of English word China, 7derivation of English word mandarin,

131names in China, 77sacred Buddhist language, 120

Sanxingdui, 26Satsuma, 176, 216, 217, 218, 220Schall, Johann Adam, von Bell, 172schools

Heian Japan, 118Japanese language use promoted in

colonial Korea, 248Koguryo Korea, 84

late Qing Dynasty, 231Meiji Japan, 223Nara Japan, 118nationalistic curriculum in 1930s Japan,

257Russian Harbin, 206suspended during Chinese Cultural

Revolution, 318Tang Dynasty, 98treaty port Shanghai, 203vernacular language textbooks in early

20th century China, 235secondary civilizations, 24, 31security pact, United States and Japan, 282Sei Shonagon, 122Sejong, King, 22, 146Sekigahara, 182Selections of Refined Literature (Wen xuan),

63self-strengthening. See Tongzhi restorationsemi-feudal semi-colonial, Marxist

category, 315Seoul, 177

becomes Choson capital, 146Hideyoshi’s invasion, 176Korean War, 297, 299Russo-Japanese War, 246South Korea, 310

Seven Military Classics, 42, 44seven sages of the bamboo grove, 56Seventeen-Article Constitution, 88Shang Dynasty, 25, 26–28Shang Yang, 41–42, 46. See also Lord ShangShangdi, Lord on High, 30Shanghai

criminal gangs, 205, 242French Concession, 204, 264International Settlement, 203–205rise as treaty port, 203Treaty of Nanjing, 197

Shanghai Communique, 321Shenzhen, 325Shi Hu, 61shi, latent force, 43Shimabara, Christian rebellion, 182Shingon. See Esoteric (Tantric) Buddhismshinto

Daoist connections, 39disestablished by postwar Allied

Occupation, 280mandatory worship in colonial Korea,

248modern organized state religion, 256

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Index 423

Shirakawa, Emperor, 149shogun

founding of first, Kamakura, shogunate,152

origin of title, 87Shotoku Taishi, 88Showa. See also postwar Allied Occupation

of Japan; postwar Japanese economy;Showa Emperor; World War II

assassination of Manchurian warlord,253, 260

domestic assassinations, coups, and armymutiny, 257

Manchuria, Japanese activities in,259–262

rise of militarism, 256–258Showa Emperor

death of, 288enthroned, 251opposes 1936 army mutiny, 257postwar rehabilitation, 278–279renunciation of claim to be “manifest

deity,” 280World War II surrender speech,

275Showa Restoration, 252, 257sick man of Asia, 193silk roads, 53, 73, 75Silla

abdication of last king, 142adoption of surnames, 112adoption of Tang-style clothing and

calendar, 110alliance with Tang Dynasty, 111bone rank, 112civil service examinations, 113council of nobles, 112decline of dynasty, 114female kings, 112five precepts, 110Korean language, 114maritime trade, 113origins, 83–84, 112students in Tang China, 113title “king,” 112unification of Korea, 111warrior culture, 112

silver, 163, 170, 180Silver Pavilion, 156Singapore

benevolent authoritarianism, 332Chinese population, 331economy, 2, 331–332

founding by British East India Company,331

independence, 331strategic location, 331World War II, 271

Sino-Japanese war, 205, 211–212Sino-Tibetan language family, 17Six Dynasties, China, 58. See also names of

specific dynastiessix garrisons rebellion, 68sixteen kingdoms, 58slaves

Choson Korea, 146, 177, 212Sillans in Tang China, 114Tang Buddhist monasteries, 101

smallpox, 118, 168Smith, Adam, 196Soga, 88, 115Sojo, 110Son Buddhism. See ChanSong Dynasty. See also Zhao Kuangyin

civil service examination system, 131civilism, 126–127encyclopedias, 131founding, 126medieval economic revolution, 130–131Mongol conquest, 137Neo-Confucianism, 133–135printing, 131relations with Jurchen Jin Dynasty, 129relations with Khitan Liao, 127ships, 130Southern Song, 129urban population, 130

Song Taizu. See Zhao KuangyinSongtsen Gampo, King of Tibet, 104sonno-joi, “revere the emperor and expel

the barbarians,” 216Sony Corporation, 283South Korea. See also Park Chung Hee;

Rhee, SyngmanAmerican influences, 307, 310chaebol, 305–306Christianity, 307–308Chun Doo Hwan, 308democratization, 308–309developmental state, 304–305dismantling the developmental state,

309–310globalization, 309–312industial takeoff, 306Kwangju uprising, 308labor disputes, 308

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424 Index

South Korea (cont.)land redistribution, 3031950s economy, 3031961 military coup, 3031997 Asian economic “flu,” 311Olympics, 308relations with Japan, 307six republics, 303U.S. economic aid, 303westernization, and its limits, 310–311Yushin (“Revitalizing”) reforms, 307

South Manchurian Railway, 258, 260Southern dynasties China, 61–64

cultural diversity, 69military usurpers, 64relationship with Japan, 87relationship with Korea, 83

Soviet Union. See also Russia; Stalin,Joseph

agreement with Sun Yat-sen, 243boycott of United Nations, 297Kim Il Sung, 301Korean War, 296–297, 299neutrality pact with Japan, 271Nomonhan, 270post–World War II Manchuria, 314relations with People’s Republic of

China, 315, 319–320, 327support for Chinese Communists,

314Special Economic Zones (SEZs), 325spiritual training programs, 288Spring and Autumn Annals, 32, 35, 36Sputnik, 316Stalin, Joseph

Korea, 295, 296, 299, 301Mao Zedong, 315, 319

StarbucksForbidden City, Beijing, 346Japan, 290

steam engines, 192steamship, 190, 202steppe, 13, 50stirrup, 60, 86stone age. See neolithicsugar, 192, 193Sugawara Michizane, 118Sui Dynasty. See also Sui Yangdi; Yang

JianEastern Turks, 92fall of, 93founding, 91Grand Canal, 92

Japanese embassies, 115Koguryo campaigns, 92–93rebellions, 93reconquest of northern Vietnam, 92reunification of China, 91–92, 97

Sui Wendi. See Yang JianSui Yangdi, 92–93. See also Sui Dynasty

death of, 93Koguryo campaigns, 92–93rebellions, 93

Suiko, Empress, 88sukiyaki, 249sumera-mikoto, 88Summer Palace, destroyed, 198Sun Goddess. See AmaterasuSun Yat-sen

compares Chinese people to loose sand,241

during 1911 revolution, 234early career, 232–234revival of Nationalist Party and

agreement with Soviet Union, 243three stage revolutionary process, 244visits Ming tomb, 235

Sun Yat-sen suit, 237Sunzi, 42–44superstition, 236supreme ultimate (taiji), 134surnames

China, 112Japan, 149, 181, 188, 221Korea, 112, 144

sushias index of globalization, 291origins of, 8

T’aejo, King. See Wang Kon; Yi Song-gyeTabgatch (Tuoba), 68Taewon’gun, the, 209Taiho code, 117taiji (supreme ultimate), 134Taika coup, 115–116Taipei, 292, 313, 337, 339, 341Taipei, 101

skyscraper, 292, 339Taiping rebellion

capture of Nanjing, 199final defeat, 200Hong Xiuquan, 198–199Western response, 199–200

Taiping yulan, 131Taira, 149Taira Kiyomori, 150–151, 152

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Index 425

Taishoconservative countercurrents, 252democracy, 251economy, 250–251modernity, 251–252rice riots, 250

TaiwanAmerican influences, 341, 342ceded to Japan, 212, 337Chen Shuibian, 340–341, 342Chiang Kai-shek Memorial, 341Chinese Nationalist Party rule, 336, 338,

340, 341Chinese Nationalist retreat to, 314, 337Chinese tradition, 336Chinese-style small family enterprises,

339democratization, 339–340Dutch outpost, 163, 336economic and cultural reintegration with

mainland, 342–343economy, 338–339February 28th Incident, 313–314, 338Hakka, 337Han Chinese population, 336independence movement, 336, 338,

340–341Japanese influences, 292, 337languages, 17, 337, 338, 342Ma Ying-jeou, 341mainlanders, 338, 340, 341possible Sui Dynasty invasion of, 92postwar inflation, 313, 338Qing Dynasty conquest of, 170Qing Dynasty settlement of, 336Republic of China, 336Teresa Teng and globalization, 293–294transfer of U.S. recognition to People’s

Republic, 322, 337U.S. support for, 337Zheng Chenggong, 163

Taiwan Relations Act, 322Taiwanese

Hoklo, subethnic identity, 337language or dialect, 17, 337

Talas River, 95battle, 104

Tan Luan, 76Tan’gun, 11Tang Dynasty. See also Li Yuan; Tang

Taizong; Tang Xuanzong; Wu Zetian,Empress

An Lushan’s rebellion, 104–106

capital captured by Tibetan empire, 106Christianity, 95civil service examinations, 99–100Confucian temples, 98cosmopolitanism, 94–95dynastic histories, 98early regional military dominance, 104economy, 106, 108–109eunuchs, 106foreign students, 110, 113formation of Chinese identity, 95, 107founding, 93–94Japanese visitors, 115, 120, 123Korean visitors and immigrants,

109–111, 113, 114last Tang emperor dethroned, 126late Tang military and political weakness,

106military campaigns in Korea, 110–111Neo-Confucian revival, 107–108poetry, 102printing, 99schools, 98tea, 100

Tang Taizong, 98. See also Tang Dynastyappreciation of calligraphy, 62assassination of brothers, 94Heavenly Qaghan, 95

Tang XuanzongAn Lushan’s rebellion, 104–106enthroned, 103love for Yang Guifei, 104

Tanguts, 107, 127Tao Qian (Tao Yuanming), 62taotie design, 26Tashkent, 95, 104tatami, 157tattoo, 82, 85taxes

Choson Korea, 211Confucian minimalism, 41, 142early imperial Chinese tax base, 54Han Dynasty, 53Heian Japan, 121, 122Hong Kong, 202Meiji Japan, 226Ming Dynasty, 141, 161Muromachi Japan, 155post–World War II Japan, 284, 285, 286Qing Dynasty, 170, 197religious exemptions, 74, 101, 147Republic of China, World War II era,

268

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426 Index

taxes (cont.)Singapore, 331South Korea, 305Special Economic Zones, People’s

Republic of China, 325Taika and Nara Japan, 117Taiwan, 339Tang Dynasty, 106Tokugawa Japan, 187, 188under treaty port system in Japan, 216,

224, 227tea

British consumption, 192, 194Japan, 8, 157origins of British trade, 173Tang Dynasty, 100

Tea Act (1773), 195tea ceremony. See chanoyutelegraph, 190telescope, 164, 177television

English loanword in Japanese, 22Japan, 291People’s Republic of China, 324, 328,

345Singapore, 332South Korea, 308, 310, 312Taiwan, 342

tempura, 179Temujin. See Chinggis Khantenant-farming rates

20th century China, 31620th century Korea, 303

Teng, Teresa (Deng Lijun), 293–294tenno, 88, 116, 152terracotta army, 47tests. See civil service examination systemThatcher, Margaret, Baroness, 335Three Dynasties, 25Three Han, Korea, 81Three Kingdoms, China, 55, 56, 62Three Kingdoms, Korea, 82–84, 85Tiananmen Square demonstrations

beginnings, 327commemoration of May Fourth

Movement, 327diversity of influences, 346hunger strike, 327martial law, 328massacre, 329Sino-Soviet summit, 327student grievances, 328westernization, 328–329

Zhao Ziyang, 328Tianjin, 202, 207tianming. See mandate of HeavenTibet, 73

disintegration of empire, 106empire, 104, 106Indian influence, 113introduction of Buddhism, 104Qing Dynasty, 168students in Tang China, 110writing system, 104Yuan Dynasty, 139

Titanic, Hollywood movie, 345tobacco

British-American Tobacco Company,236

Choson Korea, 177early-modern Japan, 17917th century China, 162

Tocharian language, 75Todai-ji (“Eastern Great Temple”), 117,

119Tokugawa Ieyasu

move to Edo, 182Sekigahara, 182shogun, 182siege of Osaka castle, 182

Tokugawa shogunatealternate attendance, 184, 217castle-towns, 185, 187conflict with Choshu, 217Confucianism, 183Dutch studies, 213Dutch trade, 183expulsion of Portuguese, 183founding, 182licensed pleasure quarters, 186Meiji Imperial restoration, 219popular culture, 185–187population, 187proscription of Christianity, 183revival of Choshu and Satsuma, 215–216samurai, 188school of national learning, 184, 216Shimabara rebellion, 182socio-economic change, 187–188sonno-joi, 216subordination and control of daimyo,

184Tokyo

base for Chinese Revolutionary Alliance,234

becomes capital, 219

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Index 427

Disneyland, 290February 26, 1936, mutiny, 257Imperial Palace, 288postwar, 289subway, 251

Tomioka silk-reeling factory, 225, 226tones, Chinese language, 16, 77Tonghak rebellion, 211Tongmenghui. See Revolutionary AllianceTongwen guan, 201Tongzhi Emperor, 198Tongzhi restoration

conservative criticism of, and limits,201–202

self-strengthening reforms, 201topolect, 17. See also dialectsTosa, 218Tosa Diary, 122Toyota, 283trade wars. See postwar Japanese economy,

trade wars with U.S.Trading Places: How We Allowed Japan to

Take the Lead, 287transistor radios, 283translation of Buddhist scriptures, 74–75Trans-Siberian railway, 244, 258treaty port system

China, 194, 203Japan, 216, 227

Triads, 170tribute, 87, 162, 208Tripit.aka. See Buddhism, textual canonTrojan wars, 69True Pure Land League (Ikko ikki), 180Truman, Harry, 297, 298, 299Tsushima, 81, 208, 210

naval battle, 245Tungusic. See languageTuoba Xianbei

language, 65, 68, 96loss of identity, 95–96origins, 60, 65origins, cavern, 66–676th century Chinese diversity, 69, 94, 97written language, 67

Turfan, 97Turkic language, 18, 106, 136Turks, nomadic empire, 92, 93, 94, 95

2nd Qaghanate, 104turtle ships, 176

Uighur TurksAn Lushan’s rebellion, 104, 106

Mongolia, 106Xinjiang, 106

uji, 87ujidera, 78ukiyo-e, “pictures from the floating world,”

186United Front, 267United Nations, 296, 297, 309, 337

Verbiest, Ferdinand, 172Versailles peace conference, 238Viet (Yue)

hundred Viets, 9, 62mountain Viet, 62

Vietnamderivation of name, 9early imperial Chinese port, 64East Asian transitional zone, 3French colonization, 194independence, 107, 127Qin conquest, 46southward expansion, 9Sui Dynasty reconquest, 92Sun Yat-sen, 234U.S. military involvement, 320World War II, 271

Vladivostok, 258Voltaire, 164

Wa, Japan, 87, 116wafu or yofu ( Japanese or Western-style),

291wako, Japanese pirates, 162Wang Dao, 62Wang Jingwei, 269Wang Kon, 114, 143. See also KoryoWang Mang, 54Wang Xizhi, 62Wang Yangming, 142Ward, Frederick Townsend, 199Warhol, Andy, 345warlordism, 241, 242, 264, 268Warring States

China, military specialists, 42China, tax base, 54China, warfare, 43–44independent Chinese kingdoms, 6,

34Japan, 157, 180

Wedemeyer, Albert C., General, 263Wei Dynasty. See Cao-Wei Dynasty;

Northern Wei Dynastywen (literary) and wu (martial), 44

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428 Index

Wen xuan. See Selections of RefinedLiterature

Western Jin Dynasty, 56, 61, 65westernization. See also May Fourth

Movement; Meiji restoration;modernization; Taisho, modernity

Americanization of postwar Japan,289–290

Americanization of postwar Japan, limitsof, 290–291

communism, 240early 20th century China, 236Japanese colonial Korea, 24719th century, 190Singapore and “Asian values,” 332South Korea, 310–311Tiananmen Square demonstrations,

328–329Whampoa, military academy, 243wild Chan, 142Wilson, Woodrow, 238“within the passes.” See Guanzhongwomen

Choson Korea, 147concubines, 131Empress Wu, 99, 102–103foot-binding, China, 28, 133, 171, 230,

236gain vote in postwar Japan, 279, 280gender discrimination in People’s

Republic of China, 326Heian Japan, 122–123hiragana as feminine script, 21, 122Koryo Korea, 143last female emperor of Japan, 121Li Yu’s views on gender equality, 165Mao Zedong’s Great Leap Forward, 317Neo-Confucian patriarchal ideals, 133rulers of early Japan, 88, 120Shang Dynasty China, 28Silla, Korea, 112Taisho Japanese feminism, 252, 253

women’s hand (hiragana), 122Won’gwang, five precepts, 110woodblock prints, artwork, Tokugawa

Japan, 186World Bank, 350World Trade Organization (WTO), 289,

345World War I, 238, 239World War II

atomic bomb, 274Axis alliance, 270

begins at Marco Polo Bridge, 267Chinese hyperinflation, 269collaborators with Japan, 269Coral Sea, battle of, 273Guadalcanal, 273incendiary bombing of Japan, 273island hopping, 273Japan’s China quagmire, 267, 270Japanese language training in the U.S.,

279Japanese rationing, 270Japanese reliance on imports, 262, 270,

271Japanese surrender, 275last Japanese soldier to surrender, 335Leyte Gulf, battle of, 273Midway, battle of, 273Pearl Harbor, 271Rape of Nanking, 267Soviet neutrality in Pacific war, 271submarine warfare, 273U.S. industrial productivity, 273unconditional surrender, 274

written language. See also languageChinese characters, 18–19, 23–24Chinese characters in Japan, 19, 20–21,

22Chinese characters in Korea, 22Chinese characters, simplification, 20during China’s age of division, 61, 97earliest Chinese, 25East Asian Buddhism, 78, 110Japanese, 20–22, 87, 116, 121, 123, 186,

219kana, 21, 22, 122Khitan, 127Korean, 22, 177, 212Manchu, 167modern Chinese vernacular, 235Paekche, 83Silla, 84Tangut, 127Tibetan, 104Tuoba Xianbei, 67uniformity, and prestige, of Chinese

written language, 20Wu Zetian, Empress, 99, 102–103Wu, Three Kingdoms China, 7, 55, 56, 58,

62Wuhan, 234wuwei, non-action, 41, 75

Xi Xia, 107, 127

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Index 429

Xi’an incident, 267Xia Dynasty, 25, 26Xianbei. See Tuoba Xianbeixiao. See filial pietyXiaowen, Northern Wei Dynasty emperor,

67, 68Xiaowu, Southern dynasty Song emperor,

64Xinjiang

crossroads of Eurasia, 75early civil service examination

manuscript, 97Han Dynasty, 51Qing Dynasty “New Frontier,” 168Sui Dynasty, 92Tang Dynasty, 95Tibetan empire, 104Uighur Turks, 106Ya’qub Beg, 200Zunghar empire, 168

Xinjing, “New Capital,” 261Xiongnu

among 4th century five Hu, 56, 60, 61disintegration of Xiongnu Empire, 535th century, in Northern Wei, 65Han Dynasty appeasement of, 51Huns, 50origins, 50

xuanxue. See mysterious learningXuanzang, Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, 95,

102Xunzi, 39

Yalta conference, 274, 295Yalu River, 81, 82Yamaga Soko, 183Yamatai, 85Yamato

defeat of Paekche expedition, 111, 116embassies to Sui and Tang, 115rise of centralized authority, 87–88Taika coup, 115–116

Yamato, battleship, 256Yamato plain, 85, 87Yan’an, 266Yang Guifei, 104Yang Jian, 77, 91. See also Sui Dynastyyangban, Korean aristocracy, 144, 146,

212, 303Yangshao, 13Ya’qub Beg, 200Yawata steel mill, 250Yayoi, 85

Yellow Emperor, 11, 25, 68Yellow Turbans, 54Yemaek, 81yen bloc, 256Yi Dynasty. See ChosonYi Song-gye, 145–146Yi Sungman. See Rhee, SyngmanYi Sun-sin, admiral, 176Yihequan. See Boxer rebellionYijian zhi. See Record of HearsayYijing. See Book of Changesyin and yang, 39, 54, 134Ying Zheng. See Qin shi huangdiYokohama, 217, 227Yongjo, King, 177Yongle Emperor, 141Yoshida Shigeru, 279Yoshida Shoin, 216Yu, the Great, Sage Ruler, 25, 61, 96Yuan Dynasty. See also Khubilai Khan;

Mongolapocalyptic rebellions, 139Beijing, 139, 145bubonic plague, 139Christianity, 140Confucian legitimacy, 140ethnic hierarchy, 139invasions of Japan, 137meaning of name, 139Polo, Marco, 140succession disputes, 139Tibet, 139universal writing system, 139

Yuan Shikai, 211, 235, 241Yun’gang, Buddhist grottoes, 71Yunmeng, 47

zaibatsu, 226Zen Buddhism, 8, 123, 153. See also ChanZhang Zuolin, 242, 259

assassination, 253Zhao Kuangyin

civilism, 126–127Song Dynasty founder, 126

Zhao Ziyang, 327, 328Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga), 163Zheng He, Ming Dynasty admiral,

141–142Zhongguo, 7 . See also ChinaZhou Dynasty

Chinese identity, 32conquest of Shang, 32Duke of Zhou, 32

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430 Index

Zhou Dynasty (cont.)Eastern Zhou, 34King Wu, 31, 32origins, 30–31Warring States, 34

Zhou Enlai, 239, 298Zhu De, 240Zhu Xi, 133, 142

Zhu Yuanzhang, 139, 140–141, 146.See also Ming Dynasty

Zhuangzi, 40mysterious learning, 55

Zongli Yamen, 201Zoroastrianism, 95zu, descent group, 27Zunghar empire, 168

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