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Index
“3 R’s” (reduce, reuse, recycle), 2333 CFR, Part 503 of, 562102 Monitor, 292
Aarhus Convention. See United Nations Conventionon Access to Information, Public Participation inDecision Making and Access to Justice inEnvironmental Matters (Aarhus Convention,1998)
access, open, 134Access to Environmental Information (Argentina),acerola case, 475Act for the Rebuilding of London (1667), 583Act Number 9.279 (Brazil, 1996), 475Act Number 9.456 (Brazil, 1997), 475Act Number 9.985 (Brazil, 2000), 474–475, 476, 479,
482Act of the National System of Conservation Units
(SNUC, Brazil, 2000). See Act Number 9.985(Brazil, 2000)
Act on Ancient Monuments, Antiques, Objects of Artand National Museums B.E. 2504 (Thailand, a.d.1961), 414
Adbdul Razak v. Karachi Building Control Authority,345
ADHP. See ASEAN Declaration on Heritage Parks(ADHP, 2003)
Adirondack ParkAgency (APA), 591–592Land Use and Development Plan (United States,
1973), 591administration, defined, 162Administration and Protection of Plant Breeder’s
Rights (Ethiopia), 119administrative
actions, 17case litigation law, 17–18
Administrative Procedure Act (United States), 570ADR. See alternative dispute resolution (ADR)“Advancing International Ocean Science and Policy,”
579AEGE. See ASEAN Expert Group on Environment
(AEGE)afforestation, 407–408, 416Afghanistan, 417African elephant, 27–43
demographics of, 28as “flagship species,” 28as “land manager,” 28as “super-keystone” species, 27
Aga Khan Foundation, 344agenda 21, 61, 199, 394, 422
Chapter 27 of, 394–395See also United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED, Rio deJaniero, 1992)
Agricultural and Rural Development Authority Edict(Nigeria, 1985), 252
Agriculture Act (Kenya), 139, 140, 255Agriculture Law (China, 2002), 323, 324, 326Agriculture Perspective Plan (Nepal, 1995), 424AHPs. See ASEAN Heritage Parks (AHPs)Air Pollution Control Law (Japan, 1974), 15Alphacell Ltd v. Woodward, 242Alpine Convention (1991), 418, 431alternative dispute resolution (ADR), 467–468Amazon Forest, 476Ambler Realty Company, 588Amboseli National Park (Kajiado, Kenya), 122, 123,
135, 138, 145, 149, 150–151American Farm Bureau Federation, 568American Wildlands v. Browner, 570–571Amidu Lukong v. Razel Construction Company Ltd.,
312Amodu Tijani v. Secretary of Southern State Nigeria,309Anans, 290anchor acres, 126Anioma, 290Ankole Agreement (1901), 165anthropogenic activities, and climate change, 60Anti-Pollution Unit (Singapore), 383APA. See Adirondack Park Agency (APA)Apia convention of 12 June 1876, 73Ardizzone v. Elliot (New York), 602Argentina
Civil Code of, 510–511Constitution of (1853), 510Constitution of (1853), Article 41 of, 512, 513–514,
515, 516, 517, 518, 522, 524Constitution of (1853), Article 75 section 17 of, 518Constitution of (1853), Article 121 of, 518Constitution of (1853), Article 124 of, 515, 518Constitutional reform (1994), 504, 513–517General Environment Law 25.657 of, 516–517land use law and environmental policy in, 503–505land use law and planning regulations in, 505–509Law 17.711 of, 510Law 25.612 of, 518Law 25.670 of, 518Law 25.675 of, 518–525
611
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612 INDEX
Argentina (cont.)Law 25.688 of, 518Law 25.831 of, 518Law 25.916 of, 518private property rights in, 510–512recent land use legislation in, 504–505
Argentine Engineers Center, 505arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs), 133Arnstein, Sherry, 454Asahi Foods, 475ASEAN, 352ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources (1985), 354, 358, 365–3671st Meeting of (Kuala Lampur, 1990), 363Article 12 of, 358Article 13 of, 354, 357–358Article 14 of, 358Article 19 of, 365–367
ASEAN Declaration of Heritage Parks and Reserves(1984), 358
ASEAN Declaration on Heritage Parks (ADHP, 2003),352–362, 370
ASEAN Expert Group on Environment (AEGE), 353ASEAN Heritage Parks (AHPs), 352–370
criteria for, 356–357governing structure of, 357–362management of, 358–362objectives of, 356raison d’etre of, 355
ASEAN Memorandum of Understanding on Sea TurtleConservation and Protection (1997), 356, 367
ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on the Environment2nd (Bangkok, 1984), 3539th (Myanmar, 2003), 352
ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation(ARCBC, Phillipines), 357, 358, 363
ASEAN Strategic Plan of Action on the Environment(ASPAE, 1994–98), Strategy 6 of, 354
ASEAN Transboundary Conservation Areas (ATCAs),352
legal framework for, 365–370ASEAN Working Group on Nature Conservation and
Biodiversity (AWGNCB)11th Meeting of the (Malaysia, 2001), 357Report of the 12th Meeting of the, 357
ASEAN Workshop on Nature Conservation (Bali,1980), 353
Asian Development Bank, 325, 452Asian elephant, 40–41
as a “keystone species,” 40Asia-Pacific Centre for Environmental Law, 395Association of South East Asian Nations. See ASEANasthma (Yokkaichi, Japan), 12, 13, 14ATCAs. see ASEAN Transboundary Conservation
Areas (ATCAs)Atlantic Forest, 477Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act 35 (South
Africa, 1965), 187Atomic Energy Agency, 454audi alteram partem, 189Australia
Constitution of, and water reform, 435Constitution of, Section 51 of, 435Constitution of, Section 51(1) of, 435Constitution of, Section 51(xx) of, 435Constitution of, Section 51(xxix) of, 435Constitution of, Section 96 of, 435
Constitution of, Section 122 of, 435and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA),
456–459irrigated agricultural land in, 433laws in, relating to water management, 434–435water reform in, 443water rights in, 434
Australian Bankers’ Association, 447Australian Capitol Territory (ACT), 435, 438, 440, 441,
443Australian Local Government Association, 436AWGNCB. See ASEAN Working Group on Nature
Conservation and Biodiversity (AWGNCB)
Ba Be National Park (Vietnam), 359–360Bachner, Bryan, 350Bajah, Sisal, and Marthi Sagar River channel, 419Bakassi territory (Nigeria), 290, 305Baltit Fort, 343–344Baluchistan, 337Bangkok Declaration on the ASEAN Environment
(1984), 358Bangladesh, 417Basi District, 33Basic Environment Law (Japan, 1993), 11, 22–23Basic Environment Plan (Japan, 1994), 11, 22–23Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control
(Japan, 1970), 11Basic Law for Establishing a Recycling-Based Society
(Japan, 2000), 11, 23BAT. See best available control technology (BAT)Bay of Bengal, 418Beck, Ulrich, 471Benelux convention of 8 June 1982, 73best available control technology (BAT), 558best management practice (BMP), 565best practicable control technology (BPT), 558, 565Bhutan, 417Bidart Campos, German, 517, 518biodiversity, value judgments in, 134Biodiversity Strategy (Nepal, 2002), 425Bioinformatics Institute (Singapore), 385Biolink, 475biomass, in sub-Saharan Africa, 55, 56biopiracy, 475Biopolis (Singapore), 385Bioprocessing Technology Institute (Singapore), 385Blackstone, William, 582block grants, 589BMP. See best management practice (BMP)Borneo Montane Rain Forests, 370Bosman, C., 225Bosselmann, Klaus, 116Botanic Gardens (Singapore), 390, 391Botswana, and ivory, 32, 33, 35, 39boundary, and property rights, 158–159BPT. See best practicable control technology (BPT)Brahmaputra River, 418Brandais, Louis, 604Brazil, 115
Constitution of, 473Constitution of (1988), 479Constitution of (1996), 482–483Constitution of Article 225 of, 472–473protection of natural spaces in, 476–483
breeders’ rights, 119Brita system, 430
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INDEX 613
British North America Act (1867), 457“brown” agenda, 336brownfield. See redevelopment, brownfieldBRT. See Bus Rapid Transport (BRT, Tanzania)Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 283Brundtland Report (1987), 452Brunei, 352, 353, 355, 361Buddhist Gandhara Civilization, 344Buenos Aires, city of, 505–508, 516
1994 Constitutional Amendment, 506Constitution of (1996), Article 26, Chapter 4 of,
506Constitution of (1996), Article 27 of, 506Constitution of (1996), Article 29 of, 506Constitution of (1996), Article 30 of, 506Constitution of (1996), Article 81 of, 506Constitution of (1996), mandates of, 506–507Directive Plan (1962), 505first Building Code (1944), 505Law 71 of, 507
Buenos Aires, province of, 508–509Constitution of, 509General Environment Law 11.723, 509Law 11.459 of, 509Law 11.720 of, 509Law 12.088 of, 509Law 12.257 of, 509Law 5965 of, 509Law 8912 (1977) of, 508–509
Bugiri District (Uganda), 169Bugunda Agreement (1900), 164Building and Construction Authority (BCA,
Singapore), Building Plan and ManagementDivision of, 387
Building Centers (Pakistan), 349building codes, 9Building Control Act (Singapore), 387building permit, 81Building the American City, 590Bukit Timah (Singapore), 386Bus Rapid Transport (BRT, Tanzania), 203
CAFOs. See concentrated animal feedlot operations(CAFOs)
Cahangi International Airport (Singapore), 390Caldwell, Victor, 241California, 601
Environmental Quality Act of, 594Calvert Cliffs’ Coordinating Committee, Inc., v. Atomic
Energy Commission, 288Cambodia, 352, 364, 368Cameroon, 54
bijural character of, 304, 314and ivory, 32land use in, and the Constitution of, 312land use laws in, 307land use reform in, 314land use system in, 308–314
CAMPFIRE, 35–38Canada
and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA),459–462
forms of environmental assessment in, 460–461Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA,
1995), 460–461, 466Subsection 58(1.1) of, 461
Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, 460
Canter, L.W., 297Cape Floral Kingdom, 54carbon, stored, 56, 57–58carbon dioxide, 47, 52
Africa’s emissions from 1800–2000, 47global emissions in 1999, 47
Carson, Rachel, 284categorical exclusion, 287Catholic Church, and social doctrine, 510causal relationship, 21
in environmental law, 13in the Four Major Pollution Lawsuits (Japan), 14
CEAA. See Canadian Environmental Assessment Act(CEAA, 1995)
CEC. See Committee for Environmental Coordination(CEC, South Africa)
CEG. See cooperative environmental governance(CEG)
Central Architects Society (Argentina), 505Certificate of Statutory Completion (CSC), 383CFM. See community forest management (CFM,
Cameroon)Changwat Development Plan (Thailand), 399–400Chapoto Ward, 36Charles II, King of England, 583Chek Jawa (Singapore), 393, 395Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, 562Chief Technical Advisors (CTAs), 212Chikunda people, 36Chimutengwende, Chem, 35China,
Eleventh Five-Year Plan, 329extent of environmental degradation in,
317–318legislation and land degradation in, 318–320,
325Chobe Enclave Trust, 33Churia land areas, 420Chyulu Hills National Park (Kenya), 122CHZ. See community hunting zomes (CHZ,
Cameroon)CITES. See Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species (CITES)city planning, 9Civil Act (Nepal, 1954), 422civil burden of proof, 467Clark, Ray, 297Clean Air Act (United States), 287, 559, 593
1997 amendments to, 585Clean Water Act (CWA, United States, 1972), 556, 558,
559, 561, 578, 584, 593goal of the, 571Section 301(h) of, 562Section 303 of, 570Section 303(d) of, 566, 570, 572Section 319 of the, 556, 564, 565–566, 580Section 319(a) of, 565Section 319(h)(7) of, 565Section 502 of, 574
Coase, Ronald, 531Coast Zone, 477Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Program (United States),
564Coastal Pollution Program (United States), 557Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments
(CZARA, United States, 1990), 556, 557, 565–566Section 6217 of, 565–566
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614 INDEX
Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA, United States,1972), 559–560, 565–566, 572, 584, 593, 604
Section 6217 of, 580COFEMA. See Federal Environment Council
(COFEMA, Argentina)Cohen, William M., 298Colloquium on Landscape Conservation Law (Paris,
1998), 335colonialism, 222
legacies of, 165–166Colorado Land Use Act, 595command and control regulation, 531
defined, 535Committee for Environmental Coordination (CEC,
South Africa), 233Communal Areas Management Programme for
Indigenous Resources (Zimbabwe), 36Communal Property Associations Act 28 (South
Africa, 1996), 224Community Development Block Grant Program
(United States), 598community forest management (CFM, Cameroon),
313community hunting zones (CHZ, Cameroon),
313community knowledge, defined, 117Community Wildlife Service (Kenya), 143“compact,” 230Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (United States),15, 287, 584, 598
concentrated animal feedlot operations (CAFOs),563–564, 579
Concept Plan Review Committee (Singapore),Recreation Sub-Committee of the, 390
Concept Plan (Singapore), 394Conference on the Human Environment
Rio de Janiero (1992), 22Stockholm (1972), 9
Connecticut, 584conservation
and development, 393–394in Kenya, 147“Kenyan model” of, 35of natural resources, 112–113and property rights, 134–136steps to finance, 537
Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43 (SouthAfrica, 1983), 224
“Considering Cumulative Effects under the NationalEnvironmental Policy Act” (1997), 297
Containers and Packaging Recycling Law (Japan,1995), 23
continual improvement, accountability, and liability,principle of, 225
Convention Concerning the Protection of WorldCultural and Natural Heritage (Paris, 1972),82
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from ShipsAnnex IV of, 579Annex VI of, 579
Convention for the Protection of the ArchitecturalHeritage of Europe (Granada, 1985), 82
Convention on Access to Information, PublicParticipation in Decision Making and Access toJustice on Environmental Matters (Aarhus,1998), 82
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 1992), 11,43, 61, 82, 111, 143, 164, 170, 352, 355, 369, 394,513, 579, 580
Article 15 of, 114Article 15, paragraph 4 of, 116Article 15, paragraph 5 of, 116Cartagena Protocol on Bio-Safety, to the, 422COP 7 (Kuala Lampur, 2004), 358Decision VIII/26 – Protected Areas – Article 8(a) to
(e), Annex to, 355Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species (CITES, 1973), 31–35, 146, 157COP 12, Santiago, Chile, 32, 39
Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals,579
Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlifeand Natural Habitats (Bern, 1979), 82
Convention on the Law of the Sea, Annex VI of, 580Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (1971), 164Convention to Combat Desertification, 315, 327
China’s Action Plan for the, 329Committee for the Review of the Implementation of
the, 332conventional model of housing, 348cooperative environmental governance (CEG), 221,
230–233, 234–235defined, 234defined in the South African context, 235
Copenhagen, 405Corbett National Park, 40cost-benefit analysis, 541Cote d’Ivoire, and ivory, 39Council of Advisors, 556Council of Australian Governments (COAG, 1992),
436, 437–438, 443reforms of, 437
Council of Europe (Lisbon, 2001), landscape award,85–86
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ, UnitedStates), 281, 286
Section 1508.4 of, 287Regulation 1508.8 of, 295Section 1508.13 of, 292Regulation 1508.14 of, 295
Country Code of 1853 (Nepal), 422covenant, restrictive, 160cradle-to-grave principle, 225Cripps, J., 463crocodiles, 33Cronon, William, 147–148Crown Lands Ordinance (Chapter 280 of the Laws of
Kenya), 138CSC. See Certificate of Statutory Completion (CSC)CTAs. See Chief Technical Advisors (CTAs)cumulative impact, defined, 297
Dadaab Camp (Kenya), 266, 268–271, 272–273Daily, Gretchen, 537Daly, Herman E., 528, 537, 539, 543Dar es Salaam (Tanzania)
City Council (DCC), 199–200, 202–203Master Plan, 1979, 198Water and Sanitation Authority (DAWASA),
203DAWASA. See Dar es Salaam, Water and Sanitation
Authority (DAWASA)
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INDEX 615
de Klemm, C., 37de Mello, Celso, 480De Souza, Roland, 337DEAT. See Department of Environmental Affairs and
Tourism (DEAT, South Africa)de-bottlenecking and fragmentation, 236Declaration and Treaty of the Southern African
Development Community (SADC), 89, 93–94Decree Number 76/165c (Cameroon, 27 April 1976),
307Decree Number 76/166 (Cameroon, 27 April 1976),
307Decree Number 76/167 (Cameroon, 27 April 1976),
307Decree Number 77–193 (Cameroon, 23 June 1977),
307Decree Number 79–17 (Cameroon, 13 January 1979),
307Decree Number 79–189 (Cameroon, 117 May 1979),
307Decree Number 95/678/PM (Cameroon, 18 December
1995), 307deforestration, 7Denmark
local planning for environmental management in,405
municipal expropriation of property in, 406municipal planning for environmental management
in, 405national planning for environmental management
in, 404regional planning for environmental management
in, 404–405, 408–409spatial planning in, 406–416
Denning, Lord M.R., 127, 465Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism
(DEAT, South Africa), 38, 184, 222Department of Environmental Protection (Uganda),
171Department of Housing and Urban Development
(United States), 598Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing
(DRSRS, Kenya, 1975), 254, 255desertification, defined, 316Desertification Law (China, 2001), 324Desertification Prevention and Restoration Law
(China, 2001), 320, 322development, defined, 528Development Facilitation Act 15 (South Africa, 1994),
224Disaster Mitigation Act (United States, 2000), 604District Environment Councils (Uganda), 177dominant tenement, 125–126, 160
See also servient tenementdos Rios Condesso, Fernando, 471Douglas Commission. See National Commission on
Urban Problems (Douglas Commission)Dourojeanni, Marc, 475Dr. Zahir Ansari v. Karachi Development Authority,
346DRDRS. See Department of Resource Surveys and
Remote Sensing (DRSRS, Kenya, 1975)Drought Relief Agency (China), 319due consideration to all alternatives, principle of, 225duty-of-care principle, 233DWAF. See Minister of the Department of Water
Affairs and Forestry (DWAF, South Africa)
EA. See environmental assessment (EA)EAA. See Environmental Assessment Act (EAA,
Ontario, 1990)EAARR. See Environmental Audit, Assessment and
Review regulations (EAARR, Swaziland)EAB. See Environmental Assessment Board of Ontario
(EAB)EABRN. See UNESCO East Asian Biosphere Reserves
Network (EABRN)EAP. See Environmental Action Plan (EAP, Swaziland)EARP. See Environmental Assessment Review Process
(EARP, Canada, 1973)Earth Summit. See United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED, Rio deJaniero, 1992)
easementCanadian common law, 125common law, 124–126, 128Costa Rican common law, 125Costa Rican reciprocal, 126defined, 159–160defined by Registered Land Act (Kenya), 127environmental, 128–129environmental, in Kenya, 129, 131environmental, unique feature of, 128essential characteristics of, 124, 129in gross, 125requirements of, 125–126statutory, 127
East Africa, 34East Asian Biosphere Reserves Network (EABRN),
353, 368East India Company, 376EBR. See Environmental Bill of Rights (EBR, Ontario,
1993)ECA. See Environment Conservation Act (ECA, South
Africa); Environmental Conservation ActNumber 73 (ECA, South Africa, 1989)
Eche, 290ecological economics, principles of, 539Ecological Equilibrium and Environment Protection
Act (Mexico, 1988), 492–493, 497, 499, 501, 502Article 46 of, 4991996 amendment to, 4932001 amendment to, 493
Ecological Fiscal Reform (EFR), 534, 535, 543–553descriptive framework for, 544–545
Economic Development Board (EDB, Singapore), 382economic incentives, 11economic instruments
criteria for, 538defined, 491, 535and direct regulation, 537–539See also market-based instruments
economic policy, goals of, 537economic theory, 527–528
ecological, 528neoclassical, 527–528
EDO. See New South Wales, (NSW) EnvironmentalDefender’s Office (EDO); West Australia (WA),Environmental Defender’s Office (EDO)
EEZ. See exclusive economic zone (EEZ)Efface, 290effect, defined, 295EFR. See Ecological Equilibrium and Environment
Protection Act (Mexico, 1988); Ecological FiscalReform (EFR)
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616 INDEX
Egziabher, Tewolde Berhan Gebre, 116–117EIA. See Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA);
Environmental Impact Assessment, System (EIA,United States)
Eighth Plan (Nepal 1992–97), 423EIS. See Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)ejidos, 488–489electricity
in Africa, 50Africa’s consumption of, 47in Angola, 50Asia’s consumption of, 47in China, 50in Ethiopia, 50global consumption of, 50in Kenya, 50in sub-Saharan Africa, 50in Tanzania, 50in Uganda, 50
Electricity Act (Nepal, 1992), 427elephant, 146, 151, 157
as a symbol of conservation, 41–42Ellison, Katherine, 537EMCA. See Environment Management and
Coordination Act (EMCA, Kenya, 2000)EMCAs. See environmental management cooperation
agreements (EMCAs)Endangered Species Act (United States, 1973),284, 584“end-of-pipe” control, 19, 21end-of-the-pipe restriction, 558English Town and Country Planning Act of 1947, 205Enhancement and Conservation of National
Environmental Quality Act b.e. 2535 (Thailand,a.d. 1992), 400, 414, 415–416
ENV. See Ministry of the Environment (ENV,Singapore)
environmentdefined, 162, 227–228fundamental right to, 480shared duty to protect, 473
Environment Conservation Act (ECA, South Africa),95
Environment Conservation Act 73 (South Africa,1989), 222
Environment Fund, 397Environment Management and Coordination Act
(EMCA, Kenya), 136–137Section 6 of, 136, 160
environment management, defined, 225–226Environment Protection Act (Nepal, 1997), 427Environment Protection and Biodiversity
Conservation Act (EPBC Act, Australia, 1999),457–458
Part 8 of, 457Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act
(EPIP Act, Australia, 1974), 456Environment Working Groups (EWGs, Kenya), 273Environmental Action Plan (EAP, Swaziland), 95, 100Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Minister of, in
South Africa, 182environmental assessment (EA), 96, 184, 286Environmental Assessment Act (EAA)
Ontario (1976), 461Ontario (1990), 461–462
Environmental Assessment Board (EAB, Ontario),462
Environmental Assessment Law, 17
Environmental Assessment Review Process (EARP,Canada, 1973), 459
Environmental Audit, Assessment and Reviewregulations (EAARR, Swaziland), 100, 102, 103,105
Environmental Bill of Rights (EBR, Ontario, 1993),462
environmental conflicts, defined, 305Environmental Conservation Act Number 73 (ECA,
South Africa, 1989), 182, 195appeal process of, 189–190Section 21 of, 183Section 22 of, 183, 191Section 26 of, 183Section 28A of, 189
environmental governance and sustainablilty, 220Environmental Impact Appraisal Law (China 2002),
326Environmental Impact Assessment Act (Nigeria,
2004), 248, 281Section 2(4) of, 290Section 4(d) of, 298Section 7 of, 293Section 9(3) of, 293Section 11(1) of, 293Section 12 to the schedule of, 291Section 25(2) of, 293–294Section 50(f) of, 301Section 57(1), 293–294Section 57(2) of, 293–294Section 57(3) of, 293–294Sections 9(1), 14, 18, 22(2), 23, 24, 30, and 63(1) of,
286Sections 23 and 25 of, 291Sections 26(a)(f), 27(f), 29(f), 47(a)(f), 52(10(f),
52(2)(f), 54(1)(f), 54(b)(f) and 51(1)(f) of, 302and socioeconomic impacts, 296–297
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), 136, 177,343, 395, 406, 501, 507, 522–523
and the adjudication process, 464–469cost of preparing, 300Decree (Nigeria), 241defined, 89–90, 96, 181, 282–283, 451–452, 498defined by Chris Wood, 96defined by Swaziland, 96development of, 451exemptions from, under CEQ NEPA regulations,
287–291Guideline Document, 100Guidelines for Industry Sectors (Nepal, 1995), 426Guidelines for the Forestry Sector (Nepal, 1996),
426legal basis of, 94–96legislation, in South Africa, 182–184in Namibia, 94, 97objective of, 97and oil and gas resources, 285–287people involved in, 192–194politics of, 194–196principles of, 188procedure, 187–192process, 94, 98–106, 455and public participation, 291–293, 453, 454responsibility for preparing, in the United States,
286scope of, 184–187in Singapore, 388
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INDEX 617
in South Africa, 94, 97, 101, 102, 103, 181in Swaziland, 94System (United States), 19–20term not used in Namibia, 96
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), 285, 292, 455,457
proponent-generated, 463–464environmental impact studies, 81environmental issues not addressed by conventional
jurisprudence, 19–24environmental justice, principle of, 233environmental land use planning
concepts in, 496–497defined, 496
environmental law,and causal relationships, 13, 21challenges to, 11–12contents of, 9created through modification, 18defined, 8, 240–241, 282, 455goal of, 8injunction suits in, 15–17negligence in, 13purpose of, 8and risk control, 11–12, 19–21and stakeholders, 12
environmental laws, forms of local, 599–600Environmental Management Act
No. 5 (Swaziland, 2002), 95Namibia, 102, 104, 105No. 101 (Swaziland, 1998), 95, 102, 103, 104, 105
Environmental Management and Coordination Act(EMCA, Kenya)
dispute resolution mechanisms under, 259–265(1999), 120, 128(2000), 143, 253–255, 256–259, 276–279
Environmental Management Bill (Tanzania, 2004),206–208
Part VI of, 207Section 33(1), 207Section 38(1), 205Section 43(3) of, 207Section 81 of, 207Section 89 of, 208Section II of, 207
environmental management cooperation agreements(EMCAs), 238
environmental management systems, and pollutionprevention, 382–388
Environmental Planning and Assessment (EP&A) Act(Australia, 1979), 458–459
Parts 4 and 5 of, 458–459Section 123 of, 459
Environmental Planning and Management (EPM,Tanzania), 199–218
chronology of, in Tanzania, 201key features of, 200
Environmental Policies in Japan (1977), 11environmental policy
and congruence, 520considerations for the objective of, 540and cooperation, 520impact of existing, on environmental goal, 540–541and intergenerational equality, 520mainstays of, 494and the precautionary principle, 520and prevention, 520
principles of, 519–521and the progressive principle, 520and responsibility, 520and solidarity, 520and subsidiarity, 520and sustainability, 520
environmental problems, worldwide effects of, 471Environmental Protection Act (Pakistan, 1997),
342–343Section 12 of, 343
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, UnitedStates), 281, 284, 297, 559–572, 585. See alsostormwater runoff
Stormwater Management Program of, 594Stormwater regulations, Phase II of, 593–594
Environmental Protection Agency (Pakistan), 343Environmental Protection Council (Pakistan), 342Environmental Protection Law (China, 1989), 320,
322–323Environmental Public Health Bill (Singapore), 389Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP,
United States), 573Environmental Quality Management Plan
b.e. 2545–2549 (Thailand, a.d. 2002–2006), 401Environmental Review Tribunal (Ontario), 462environmental taxes, 544
defined, 534–535, 548reform of, 545shifting, 545–546
environmental tribunals, 468–469Envision Utah, 591, 592–593EP&A. See Environmental Planning and Assessment
(EP&A) Act (Australia, 1979)EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency (EPA,
United States)EPBC. See Environment Protection and Biodiversity
Conservation Act (EPBC Act, Australia, 1999)EPM. See Environmental Planning and Management
(EPM, Tanzania)EPR. See Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR)EQIP. See Environmental Quality Incentives Program
(EQIP, United States)Eriksen, Siri, 39Espoo convention of 25 February 1991, 73, 106, 107Ethiopa, 114–115
and ivory, 32Euclid, Ohio, 588Euclid v. Ambler Realty Company (1926), 588“Euclidian zoning,” 588. See also “non-Euclidian
zoning”European Charter of Local Self-Government
(Strasbourg, 1985), 82European Conference of Ministers Responsible for
Regional Planning (CEMAT)Council of Europe seminar (Lisbon, 2001), 76(Hanover, 2000), 80
European Convention on the Protection of theArchaeological Heritage (revised) (Valletta,1992), 82
European Directive of 27 June 1985, 81European Landscape Convention (Florence, 2000),
418, 431aims of, 83Article 2 of, 74Article 5(a) of, 75Article 5(b) of, 77Article 5(c) of, 77
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European Landscape Convention (cont.)Article 5(d) of, 80Article 6-C of, 77, 79Article 6-D of, 77background of, 71main innovation of, 73main objectives of, 73–78Preamble to, 75, 76text of, 81–88
European Outline Convention on TransfrontierCo-operation between Territorial Communitiesor Authorities (Madrid, 1980), 82
excludability, 529exclusive economic zone (EEZ), 298, 574Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR), 12, 23–24externalities
environmental, 528–530negative, and biodiversity, 530
Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, 30, 31, 38, 41, 43
Factory Location Law (Japan, 1973), 15Farley, Joshua, 528, 537, 539, 543Farm Bill (United States)
(1985), 573(2002), 573
farming, in Africa, 53Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA, United
States), 567Federal Aviation Act (United States, 1958), 595Federal Department of Archeology (Pakistan), 344Federal Environment Council (COFEMA, Argentina),
516Federal Environmental Assessment Review Office
(Canada), 460Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act
(FEPAA, Nigeria), 248, 281Section 38 of, 241, 244Sections 10(1) and 11 of, 300
Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA,Nigeria), 284, 286, 299
Federal Executive (Mexico), 500–502Federal Fair Housing Act (United States), 595Federal Housing Authority (United States), 588Federal Public Administration Law (Mexico, 2000),
493Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (United
States). See Clean Water Act (CWA, United States,1972)
feudal tenure, 582“financially unlawful acts,” 18“finding of no significant impact” (FONSI), 292Fire Safety Bureau (Singapore), 387First Five Year Plan (Nepal, 1956–61), 423fiscal instruments, defined, 535Five-year Amphoe Development Plan (Thailand),
399–400Flint Ridge Dev. Co. v. Scenic Rivers Ass’n of Oklahoma,
288–289Fon of Oku, 313Fondom, Nso, 312FONSI. See “finding of no significant impact” (FONSI)Forest Act
Napal (1991), 429Napal (1993), 429Uganda, 173
Forest Code (Brazil), 479Forest Inspection Office (Nepal), 422
Forest Laws (Nepal), 429Forest Preservation Act (United States, 1891),
284Forest Preservation (Special Arrangements) Act
(Nepal, 1967), 429Forest Principles, 61Forest Service (United States), 561Forestry Act
b.e. 2484 (Thailand, a.d. 1941), 413Nigeria, 249
Forestry LawCameroon (1973), 308Cameroon (1981), 308Cameroon (1994), 312–313China (1998), 323, 324
Forestry Law Cap. 44 (Nigeria), 250Section 46 of, 251
forests, 298benefits of, 245–246community (CFs), defined, 313
Forests Act (Chapter 385 of the Laws of Kenya), 138,139–140
Forests Bill (Kenya, 2004), 139–140Fort Canning Park (Singapore), 391Four Major Pollution Lawsuits (Japan), 14fragmentation
reasons for, in South African environmentalgovernance, 221–223
scenarios to address, 235–239in South African environmental governance,
221–225Framework Convention on Climate Change, 11Fredericksberg (Denmark), 405Freedom of Access to Information (Argentina),French Civil Code, 510fruta do bibiri case, 475fuel, traditional renewable
in Africa, 48–50in Angola, 50in Asia, 49in Australia, 49in the Caribbean, 49in Central America, 49in Europe, 49in Ghana, 50in the Middle East, 49in New Zealand, 49in Nigeria, 50in North Africa, 49in South America, 49in the United States, 49
functional equivalence, doctrine of, 287
Gabcikovo dam project, 305Gandak River Agreement (1959), 419Ganges River, 417Garissa District (Kenya), 276Garissa Town Council (Kenya), 266–267, 270gate “community” levy, 30–31General Accounting Office (GAO, United States),General Environment Law (Argentina, 2002), 505,
512, 524. See also Argentina, Law 25.675 ofArticle 2 of, 519Article 4 of, 519–521Article 8 of, 521, 522Articles 9 and 10 of, 521Articles 11 to 13 of, 522
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INDEX 619
Genome Institute of Singapore, 385geographical information system (GIS), 293Georgia, 584geothermal energy, in sub-Saharan Africa, 55Ghana
and ivory, 32land use policy in, 64
GIS. See geographical information system (GIS)Glazewski, J., 223Global Program of Action for the Protection of the
Marine Environment from Land-Based Sources(GPA), 579
global warming, 21and Mount Kilimanjaro, 51
Goh Chok Tong, 396Gore, Al, 115Government Administration Act b.e. 2534 (Thailand,
a.d. 1991), 398Government Lands Act (Chapter 280 of the Laws of
Kenya), 138GPA. See Global Program of Action for the Protection
of the Marine Environment from Land-BasedSources (GPA)
Grassland Law (China, 2002), 323, 324Grazing Reserves Law (Nigeria, 1965), 251–252Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park, 41greenhouse gases (GHGs), 21, 47, 60
factors in mitigation of, 62–63Groundwater Act b.e. 2520 (Thailand, a.d. 1977), 414group ranches (Kenya), 138–139Growth with Quality Commission (Mexico), 493Guidelines for Co-operation of the Protocol on Energy
of 1996, 94Gulf of Mexico
dead zone in, 565Hypoxia Action Plan for, 565
habitat conversionand agriculture, 123factors contributing to, 123as threat to biodiversity, 123
hanko, 42Hanoi Plan of Action (1999–2004), 354Harappa, 335Hassan, Arif, 348Hausa-Fulani, 290HDB. See Housing and Development Board (HDB,
Singapore)Heritage Act (Australia, 1977), 459Heritage Roads (Singapore), 392Heritage Tree Scheme (Singapore, 2001), 392Heritage Trees (Singapore), 392Hillview (Singapore), 386Hindu-Kush Himalayan Mountain Region, land-use
problems in, 417–418Hluhluwe, 29Hollings, Fritz, 578, 579, 580home rule authority, 601–602Hoover Commission, 590House Transportation Committee, Subcommittee on
Water Resources and the Environment, 567Housing and Community Development Act (United
States, 1974), 598Housing and Development Board (HDB, Singapore),
375, 383, 385–386Howard, Christopher, 551Hyderabad Municipal Authority, 348
hydroelectric energy, in sub-Saharan Africa, 55Hydropower Development Policy (Nepal, 2001), 424
Ibibios, 290Ibo, 290ICIMOD. See International Centre for Integrated
Mountain Development (ICIMOD)IEA. See International Energy Agency (IEA)IEE. See Initial Environmental Examination (IEE);
initial environmental examination (IEE)IEM. See integrated environmental management
(IEM)IFPA. See Intervenor Funding Project (IFPA, Ontario)Iganga District (Uganda), 169Ijaw, 290Ikware, 290Ilala Municipality,“Ilanga,” 273Ilhabela State Park, 481Illinois, 601
Department of Commerce and Community Affairsin, 594
Local Planning and Technical Assistance Act (2002)of, 594–595
iMfolozi, 29Imo State Land and Water Resources Conservation
(Erosion Prevention) Edict (Nigeria, 1986), 249Income Tax Act (Canada), 547incremental development model for housing, 348India, 34, 417Indo-Muslim Mughal culture, 335Indonesia, 352, 353, 368Indus Civilization, 335Industrial Park of the 21st Century (iPark21,
Singapore), 386Industrial Policy (Nepal, 1992), 425Industrial Revolution, 9Industrial Works Act b.e. 2535 (Thailand, a.d. 1992),
414Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), 343, 426injunction suits
burden of proof in, 16in environmental law, 15–17reasonable doubt in, 17
Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (UnitedStates), 288
integrated and holistic approach, principle of, 225integrated ecosystem management, defined, 326integrated environmental governance
defined, 229integration as a fundamental of, 226–228, 229principles of, 233procedures to control land degradation through,
328–331tools of, 227
integrated environmental management (IEM), 96, 221Integrated Makakali River Treaty (1996), 419Integrated Ocean Observing System, 577Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment
(IGAE, Australia, 1992), 435–436intergovernmental coordination and harmonization of
policies, legislation, and action, principles of, 233intermunicipal agreements, 598International Centre for Integrated Mountain
Development (ICIMOD), 418International Convention on Oil Pollution,
Preparedness, and Response (1990), 338
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International Energy Agency (IEA), 46International Fund for Animal Welfare, 32International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
52–53, 60Third Assessment Report of, 62
International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN). See also World Conservation Union
Academy of Environmental Law, SecondColloquium of, Nairobi, Kenya, 2004, 285
World Conservation Congress of 2000 onSustainable Use of Soil, 332
Intervenor Funding Project (IFPA, Ontario), 466iPark21. See Industrial Park of the 21st Century
iPark21, Singapore)IPCC. See International Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC)Irrigation Association of Australia, 446Isoko, 290Itai-itai (cadmium poisoning) disease (Toyama,
Japan), 13, 14Ithala Game Reserve, 30Itskiri, 290IUCN. See International Union for the Conservation
of Nature (IUCN)ivory, 27–43, 146
JapanAir Pollution Control Law (1974), 15Article 76, Clause 36 of the Constitution of, 18Article 709 of the Civil Code of, 13Article 719 of the Civil Code of, 13, 14asthma in, 12Basic Environment Law (1993), 22–23Basic Environment Plan (1994), 22–23Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control
(1970), 11Basic Law for Establishing a Recycling-Based
Society (2000), 23Business Federation of, 22Containers and Packaging Recycling Law (1995),
23dam construction in, 10environmental issues in, 10–11environmental lawsuits in, 12–19Environmental Policies in (1977), 11Factory Location Law (1973) in, 15Four Major Pollution Lawsuits in, 14and ivory, 42Law Concerning Recycling Measures of Used
Vehicles (2002), 23Law Concerning the Promotion of Recycling Food
Cyclical Resources (2000), 23Law Concerning the Relief of Pollution-Related
Health Damage (1969) in, 13Law for Recycling of Building Materials (2002),
23Law for Recycling of Specific Kinds of Home
Appliances (1998), 23National Compensation Law in, 16organic mercury poisoning in, 12petrochemical industrial complexes in, 10, 12pollution in, 10–11, 12–15Pollution-Related Health Damage Compensation
Law (1973) in, 13, 15rule of damage compensation in, 13Shinkansen bullet trains (Japan) in, 16urban growth in, 11
joint liabilities, 14
Jos Platesu, 246Jurong Town Corporation (JTC), 382, 385–386
Kakuma Camp (Kenya), 268–271, 272–273Kalim Ijim Forest Project (Cameroon), 313Kalim Mountain, 313Kalimantan (Indonesia), 363Kallang River Basin, 388Kampala (Uganda), 169Karachi, 335, 337, 338, 340–341, 345
Master Plan (1974), 339Port Trust Co-operative Housing Society,
340Karatu, 209Karimabad, 343katchi abadis, 335–336Kathmandu Valley, 420Kathmandu Valley Development Authority Act
(Nepal, 1988), 428Kebbi, 252Kenya, 114
2001 drought in, 51administrative tribunals in, 253agricultural sector in, 133agriculture in, 121Constitution of, 136, 137demographics of “environmental refugees,”
268environmental management at the national level in,
276–279faunal and floral diversity in, 132–133GDP in,importance of wildlife to, 120–131and ivory, 32, 39, 40land ownership in, 137–139land tenure systems in, 137–139land use planning laws in, 139land use policy in, 64National Environment Commission of, 136population of, 133–134private land in, 137refugee deforestation and erosion in, 269–270refugee urbanization in, 270–271refugee waste disposal in, 270refugee–ecology relationship in, 266, 267–280trust land in, 137wildlife management policy in, 140–144wildlife policy in, 136–144
Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), 34, 129, 130, 133, 136,141, 143, 151
Keshwani, Kiran, 349Kesselman, Jonathan, 552Khon Kaen Province (Thailand), 409–416Kibaha, 209Kirati period (Nepal), 422Kitunda, 204Koshi River Agreement (1954), 419Krishna, Vern, 544, 547Kruger National Park, 31Kumamoto, Japan, 13, 14Kwa-Zulu Natal, 29, 30–31, 38, 41Kwa-Zulu Natal Nature Conservation Management
Act (KZN NCM Act), 38Kyoto Protocol (1997), 57, 61, 555, 579, 580
Clean Development Mechanism of the, 57
Lahore, 335, 347Lahore High Court, 344
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Laikipia National Reserve, 145Lake Chad, 51land. See also property
communal ownership of, in Africa,defined, 243–244, 305degradation, defined, 315–316national, defined, 308ownership in South Africa, 29reform and administration, 67–68reform and climate change, 63–70reform and ecosystem adaption, 68–69reform and socioeconomics, 69state, defined, 308tenure reform (Uganda), 179use, in Africa, and climate change, 58–59use laws, in sub-Saharan Africa, 56–59use planning, in Kenya, 157–158use reform, in Africa, 60, 64–67, 70
Land (Group Representatives) Act, 138Land (Survey and Measurement) Act (Nepal, 1961),
430Land Act (Tanzania, 1999), 207
Numbers 4 and 5 (Tanzania, 1999), 206Land Act (Uganda), 173, 175–176
Section 23(1) of, 175Section 42 of, 176Section 43 of, 176Section 44 of, 176
Land Administration Law (China, 1998), 323, 324Land and Environment Court (LEC, New South
Wales), 459, 463, 465Land Conservation and Development Commission
(LCDC, Oregon, 1973), 592Land Owning Agencies (LOAs, Pakistan), 336land pollution, defined, 244–245Land Reform Act (Nepal)
(1961), 430(1964), 422, 430(1964) 5th Amendment to (2002), 430(1964) Chapter 9(A) in, 430(1964) Section 51(f) to, 430
Land Reform Decree (Uganda), 166Land Revenue Act (Nepal, 1977), 430land tenure. See land use, managementland use
management, defined, 305planning and social development, 500–502regulation, 594–595. See also various states and
municipalitiessustainable, 244
Land Use Act (Nigeria, 1978), 247Section 1 of, 243
Land Use Board of Appeals (LUBA, Oregon, 1979),592
Land Use Council (Nepal), 430–431Land Use Decree 1978 (Nigeria), 244Land Use in America, 590landscape
as a common resource, 75cultural, 73defined, 74, 82design, objective of, 80and the law, 72–73and legal categories of states, 72management, defined, 83national council for (France), 79perception of, 71–73planning, defined, 83
policy, defined, 83protection, defined, 83quality objective, defined, 83and sustainable development, 75–77Swiss agency dealing with, 79
Landscape Education: New Opportunities forTeaching and Research in Europe (LENORE),81
“Landscape Heritage, Spatial Planning, andSustainable Development,” 76
Lanjak-Entimau/Gunung Betung-Kerihun, 363, 364Lao PDR, 353Laos, 352, 364, 368law
defined, 162environmental, aims of, 161environmental, defined, 162
Law Concerning the Promotion of Recycling FoodCyclical Resources (Japan 2000), 23
Law Concerning Recycling Measures of Used Vehicles(Japan 2002), 23
Law Concerning the Relief of Pollution-Related HealthDamage (Japan, 1969), 13
Law for Appraising Environmental Impacts (China,2002), 321, 323, 329
Law for the Prevention and Treatment of Solid Wastefrom Polluting the Environment (China 1996),321, 323
Law for Recycling of Building Materials (Japan, 2002),23
Law for Recycling of Specific Kinds of HomeAppliances (Japan, 1998), 23
Law Number 1 (Cameroon, 16 April 2001), 307Law Number 78–263 (Cameroon, 3 July 1978), 307Law Number 80–21 (Cameroon, 14 July 1980), 307Law Number 80–22 (Cameroon, 14 July 1980), 307Law Number 94–01 (Cameroon, 20 January 1994),307Law Number 96–06 (Cameroon, 18 January 1996),
307Law Number 96–12 (Cameroon, 5 August 1996), 307,
313–314LCA. See Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)LEC. See Land and Environment Court (LEC, New
South Wales)Lee Hsien Loong, 395–396Lee Kuan Yew, 374, 383, 388–389, 394, 395Lee Sing Kong, 391Legal and Policy Expert Advisory Group (LPEAG,
China), 330–331legal system, conventional, 9–10LENORE. See Landscape Education: New
Opportunities for Teaching and Research inEurope (LENORE)
leopard, 146Leopold, Also, 284Lesotho, land use policy in, 64Li Swift, 552–553Licchavi period (Nepal), 422Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), 23Light Rail System (LRS, Singapore), 374List of Projects Requiring an IEE
Part H of Schedule II of, 343Part I of Schedule I of, 343Part I of Schedule II of, 343
LOAs. See Land Owning Agencies (LOAs, Pakistan)Local Government Act (Uganda), 173, 175
Second Schedule of, 175Local Government Council (Uganda), 177
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Local Government (District Authorities) Act(Tanzania, 1982), 207
Local Government Laws MiscellaneousAmendments of 1999, number 6, of, 206
Section 6, Subsection 2(d) of, 206Section 7, Subsection 31(9) of, 206Section 41 of, 207Section 50, 207Sections 55(1) and (2), 207
Local Government Municipal Structures Act 117(South Africa, 1998), 224
Local Government Ordinances (Pakistan), 350Local Goverment Transition Act 209 (1993), 224Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act Number 7
(Tanzania, 1982), 206, 217Section A2(1) of, 207
Local Self Governance Act (Nepal, 1999), 427–428logging, consequences of, 246London, Great Fire of 1666 in, 583Longido plains (Tanzania), 122Los Angeles, 587“Lost Boys” of Sudan, 276Lower Peirce Reservoir (Singapore), 393LRS. See Light Rail System (LRS, Singapore)Lumbini, 419Lushoto, 209
Maasai Mara National Reserve, 122, 123, 145, 149,150
MAB. See UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme(MAB)
Machakos National Reserve, 145Madagascar, 54Mahabharata Ranges, 420Mahali Sugar and Rasiawal-khurd Lotan River
channel, 419Mail, and ivory, 32Makambako, 209Makhwela Community, 30Malawi, 279
land use policy in, 64Malaya, 377Malaysia, 352, 353, 363, 368, 377Maldives, 418Malli, Jayasthiti, 422Mandelker, Daniel L., 298Mandera (Kenya), 276Marekia, Nijeri, 39market economy
efficient, 529government intervention in, 530–533
market-based approaches, defined, 535market-based instruments,Marsh, George Perkins, 284Masaka (Uganda), 169Masasi, 209Mass Rapid Transit (MRT, Singapore), 374Massachusetts, 594Master Plan 2003 (Singapore), 394Mbeki, President, 196Mbuyuni, 204McDaniel, Paul R., 550–551, 552MEAs. See multilateral environmental agreements
(MEAs)Mehta, Mahesh Chander, 342Mejang Quarry, 310–312Mekuleke Community, 31
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) betweenForest Department and Kenya Wildlife Service,157, 309
methane, 47Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People against Nuclear
Energy, 295–296Metropolitan Health Act (New York, 1866), 586Metropolitan Service District (Metro, Oregon), 592MEWR. See Ministry of Environment and Water
Resources (MEWR, Singapore)Mexico
Constitution of (1917), 502Constitution of (1917), Article 26 of, 489Constitution of (1917), Article 27 of, 485–488, 492,
499Constitution of (1917), Article 73, paragraph 4a of,
491Constitution of (1917), as basis for property rights,
485–489Constitution of (1917), environmental
amendments to, 487Constitution of (1917), Section XXIX-G of, 487–488environmental policy guidelines in, 494–495natural resources in, 484relationship between environmental protection and
poverty in, 484–485Mexico City, 484, 500MHRL. See Municipal Home Rule Law (MHRL, New
York)Michaocan, 499MIKE. See Monitor Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE)Millennium Development Goals,Minamata disease (organic mercury poisoning)
Kumamoto, Japan, 13, 14, 19Niigata, Japan, 12, 13, 14
MINEF. See Ministry of Environment and Forestry(MINEF, Cameroon)
Mineral Management Services (MMS), 299Minerals Act (Amendment) Decree 29 (Nigeria, 1984),
248Sections 46–47 of, 248Sections 52–63 of, 248
Minerals Act (Nigeria), 248Minerals Regulation and Minerals (Safe Mining)
Regulations (Nigeria), 248Mines and Mineral Act (Nepal, 1985), 427“minimum requirements” legislation, and
environmental policy, 517–518minimum standards, defined, 517Mining Cose (Cameroon, 2001), 308Mining Protocol of 1997, 93Minister of the Department of Water Affairs and
Forestry (DWAF, South Africa), 222Minister of Foreign Affairs (MFA, Nigeria), and
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)reviews, 301
Ministry of Agriculture (China), 318Ministry of the Environment (ENV, Singapore), 381,
383Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MINEF,
Cameroon), 313Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources
(Kenya), 274Ministry of Environment and Water Resources
(MEWR, Singapore), 375, 383Ministry of Environmental Protection (Uganda),
170–171
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INDEX 623
Ministry of Land Resources (China), 319Ministry of Lands and Human Settlements
Development (MLHSD, Tanzania, 1990), 198,208
Strategic Planning Section of, 209, 214Strategic Planning Section of, Strategic Urban
Development Plan (SUDP, Tanzania, 1999), 217Ministry of National Development (Singapore), 390
Parks and Recreation Department of, 389Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI, Singapore), 382Ministry of Water, Lands, and Environment (Uganda),
163Ministry of Water Resources (MWR, China), 318Minnesota, 594Mississippi River, dead zone in, 565MLHSD. See Ministry of Lands and Human
Settlements Development (MLHSD, Tanzania,1990)
MMS. See Mineral Management Services (MMS)Modern Abbatoir Project (Tanzania), 203Moedjadaro, 338Mohenjo Daro, 335Moi, President Daniel Arap, 34Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, 499–500Monitor Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE), 35Montevideo Program III. See Program for the
Development and Periodic Review ofEnvironmental Law for the First Decade of theTwenty-First Century (Montevideo Program III)
Morin, Edgar, 471Mount Apo National Park (Phillipines), 362Mount Everest (Sagarmatha), 420Mount Iglit-Baco National Park (Phillipines), 362Mount Kenya, 51Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 (South Africa,
1970), 224Mozambique, land use policy in, 64MRT. See Mass Rapid Transit (MRT, Singapore)Muir, John, 284multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), 513Mumma, Albert, 47Municipal Home Rule Law (MHRL, New York), 602Murray-Darling Basin, 433, 448Murree, 340–341MV Tasman Spirit, 338Myanmar, 352, 368, 417
NAAEC, 91Article 10(7) of, 91
NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)
Nairobi National Park, 34, 120, 122, 123, 129, 149Nakvubo wetland, Kampala, 167Namibia
Constitution of, 95and ivory, 32, 35, 39land use policy in, 64
Napal, 417NAPIMS. See Nigerian Property Investment Services
(NAPIMS)Narok Game Reserve, 138National Academy of Sciences (NAS, United States),
568National and Social Development Plan (NESDP,
Thailand), 399b.e. 2504 (a.d. 1961), 399b.e. 2545–2549 (a.d. 2002–2006), 399
National Audubon Society v. Superior Court (UnitedStates), 440
National Biodiversity Coordination Committee(Nepal), 425
National Biodiversity Unit (Nepal), 425National Commission on Urban Problems (Douglas
Commission), 590National Committee on the Impact of Refugee
Settlements in Kenya, 274National Compensation Law (Japan), 16National Competition Policy (Australia), 437National Conservation Strategy (Nepal, 1987), 423National Development Plan, 489–491
Mexico (2000–2006), 489Mexico (2001–2006), 485
National Environment Act (NEA, Uganda, 1995), 164,173, 174–175, 178. See also NationalEnvironmental Action Plan (NEAP, Uganda)
Part vii of, 174Section 1 of, 162Section 36 of, 174Section 37 of, 174
National Environment Action Plan (NEAP, Uganda),171
National Environment Agency (NEA, Singapore), 383National Environment Council (NEC, Kenya), 253,
261National Environment Management Authority
(NEMA, Kenya), 253committees of authority of, 258Council of, 256and environmental impact assessment licensing,
259key functions of, 257National Environment Action Plan Committee of,
258National Environment Restoration Fund of,
258–259, 277provisional and district committees of, 257–258Section 58 of, 258Technical Advisory Committee of, 258
National Environment Secretariat (NES, Kenya, 1972),254, 255
National Environment Tribunal (Kenya), 253, 261–265Procedure Rules, LN 191 of 2003, 263
National Environment (Wetlands, Riverbanks andLakeshores Management) Regulations (Uganda2000), 176–177
National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP, Uganda).See also National Environment Act (Uganda);National Environmental Management Policy(NEMP, Uganda)
National Environmental Advisory Forum (NEAF,South Africa), 233
National Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)Guidelines (Nepal, 1992), 426
National Environmental Management Act 107(NEMA, South Africa, 1998), 95, 102, 104,183–184, 195, 227, 233–234
Amendment Act 8 of 2004 of, 103, 105appeal process of, 190Chapter 1 of, 233Chapter 2 of, 233Chapter 3 of, 233–234Chapter 5 of, 183Chapter 8 of, 238Section 1 of, 227
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National Environmental Management Act 107 (cont.)Section 2 of, 185Section 2(b), 228Section 7 of, 233Section 23 of, 227–228Section 24 of, 183–184, 185
National Environmental Management Act (NEMA)Kenya, 136Uganda, 172, 174
National Environmental Management Policy (NEMP,Uganda), 171–172. See also NationalEnvironmental Action Plan (NEAP, Uganda)
National Environmental Management: ProtectedAreas Act (South Africa), 38
National Environmental Planning Guideline (Nepal,1998), 426
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA, UnitedStates, 1969), 19, 281, 284, 469, 584, 593
Regulation 1508.5 of, 297regulations, 281Section 102 of, 289Section 1506.6 of, 291–292
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA, UnitedStates, 1970), 454–455
National Environmental Policy and Action PlanIntegrating Environment and Development(Nepal, 1993), 423–424
National Flood Insurance Program (United States,1968), 593, 599
National Forest Conservation Actb.e. 2507 (Thailand, a.d. 1964), 413
National Forest Policy Act (Tanzania, 1998), 207National Heritage ecosystem (Brazil), 477, 480National Housing Act (United States, 1934), 588National Housing Policy (Pakistan, 2001), 339, 341,
350National Institute of Education (Singapore), 393National Land Use Planning Act (United States),
591National Ocean Council (NOC), 572, 577National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), 577National Park Service (United States, 1916), 284National Parks Act b.e. 2504 (Thailand, a.d. 1961),
413National Parks Act (Singapore)
(1990), 391(1996), 391–393, 394
National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (Nepal,1973), 428
4th amendment to (1994), 428National Parks Board (NParks, Singapore), 390,
393functions of, 391–392Parks and Trees Regulatory Section (PTRS) of,
392National Parks Board of the Ministry of National
Development (Singapore), 375National Parks Board (Singapore), 387, 390National Planning Commission (NPC, Nepal), 430National Policy for the Conservation and Management
of Wetland Resources (Uganda), 178National Policy for Wetland Resources (Uganda),
164National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES, United States), 558, 560–561, 563National Register of Plant Breeders Rights, 119
National Research Council (United States), 5632002 report of, 562
National Resistance Movement (NRM, Uganda), 170National Resource Management Ministerial Council
(Australia), 450National Round Table on the Environment and the
Economy (NRTEE), 491, 534, 537, 538–539National Social Development Policy (Mexico), 490National University of Singapore, 385National Water Act 36 (South Africa, 1998), 187
Sections 21(f) and 21(g) of, 223National Water Initiative (Australia, 2004), 446–450
expected results of, 447–448key elements of, 448–449Schedule A of, 449
National Water Quality Inventory (United States), 557,564
National Water Reform Framework (Australia, 1994),437
National Wetlands Conservation and ManagementProgramme (Uganda), 163
(1989), 171, 172(1998), 178
National Wetlands Policy (Uganda 1995), 172goals of, 172
Natural Calamity (Relief) Act (Nepal, 1982), 428natural protected areas, 498–500
defined, 498–499Natural Resource Management (NRM, Cameroon),
313Natural Resource Utilization-Based Law Regime
(China),Natural Resources Defense Council v. U.S. Department
of the Navy, 301natural spaces
planning, in emergent countries, 473–476shared liability for, 482See also special natural spaces
Nature Society (Singapore), 393–394, 395nazim, 350NDDC. See Niger Delta Development Commission
(NDDC)Ndoh, Kimbi Moses, 311NEA. See National Environment Agency (NEA,
Singapore)NEAF. See National Environmental Advisory Forum
(NEAF, South Africa)NEAP. See National Environment Management Policy
(NEAP)Nebraska, 594NEC. See National Environment Council (NEC,
Kenya)negligence, in environmental law, 13, 14NEMA. See National Environmental Management Act
(NEMA, Kenya); National EnvironmentalManagement Authority (NEMA, Uganda)
NEPA. See National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA,United States, 1969)
NepalConstitution of, 422, 426–427Constitution of (1996), Article 12(2)(E)(5) of,
426–427Constitution of (1990), Article 26(3) of, 426Constitution of (1996), Article 26(4) of, 426–427Constitution of (1996), Article 26(5) of, 426–427Constitution of (1996), Article 126(2)(d), 426Constitution of (1990), Article 127 of, 421
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INDEX 625
effects of population on environment in, 420–421historical land use in, 422land system in, 419–421land use for sustainable development in, 430–431natural resources in, 419–420periodic plans for land use, 423treaty obligations of, 421–422
NES. See National Environment Secretariat (NES,Kenya, 1972)
NESDP. See National and Social Development Plan(NESDP, Thailand)
New South Wales (NSW), 433, 438, 440, 441, 443,458–459
Court of Appeal in, 466Environmental Defender’s Office (EDO), 447Irrigator’s Council, 446
New York, 583, 586, 601, 602Constitution of, Article IX of, 602Padavan Law, 595and smart growth strategies, 596–598zoning in, 587
Ngochia, Fon, 311Niger Delta, 299, 305Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC),
296Nigeria
deforestation in, 246, 250–252environmental impact statements and oil and gas
in, 294–295environmental law in, 241–243fuelwood in, 246land use problems in, 245–247mining laws in, 248and oil, 299–300
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC),299
Nigerian Property Investment Services (NAPIMS),299Niigata, Japan, 13NIMBY syndrome. See not in my backyard (NIMBY)
syndromeNinth Circuit (United States), 561, 570Ninth Plan (Nepal, 1997–2002), 423nitrous oxide, 47NNPC. See Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
(NNPC)No Surface Occupancy (NOS) oil lease, 285NOAA. See National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA); United States NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA)
Nolon, John,“non-Euclidian zoning,” 589. See also “Euclidian
zoning”nonpoint source pollution (NSP), 556–557
defined, 561most common, 564in the United States, 564–573
North American Agreement on TransboundaryEnvironmental Impact Assessment, 91–92, 93,106, 107
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 585North Annamite Mountains, 364North Carolina, 600Northern Hunza, 343Northern Territory (NT, Australia), 435not in my backyard (NIMBY) syndrome, 193NParks. See National Parks Board (NParks, Singapore)
NPDES. See National Pollutant Discharge EliminationSystem (NPDES, United States)
NRM. See National Resistance Movement (NRM,Uganda); Natural Resource Management (NRM,Cameroon)
NRTEE. See National Round Table on theEnvironment and the Economy (NRTEE)
NSW. See New South Wales (NSW)nuisance law, 9, 582
Oath of the Athenian City State, 346Obasanjo, Olusengun, 295Oblaseki, Jusde Andrew, 243Ocean Policy Trust Fund, 577ocean waters, zones of control over, 574Oceans Act (United States, 2000), 576OCS. See offshore continental shelf (OCS)OECD, 534, 536–537, 548, 552offshore continental shelf (OCS), 298Ogoni, 290Ohta, Itaru, 271oil, consequences of discovery of, 246Okidi, C.O., 302Oku, 313Order and Respect Commission (Mexico), 493Order in Council (Uganda, 1902), 165Ordinance Number 74/1 (Cameroon, 6 July 1974), 307
Section 1 of, 308Ordinance Number 74/2 (Cameroon, 6 July 1974), 307Ordinance Number 74/3 (Cameroon, 6 July 1974),
307Oregon Growth Management Act (1973), 591, 592organic mercury poisoning. See Minamata disease
(Kumamoto, Japan); Minamata disease (Niigata,Japan)
Osaka, Japan, 17international pollution symposium in, 16
Ouko, Evans, 39“Our Common Future” (Brundtland, 1987), 283
Pakistan, 417demographics of, 334, 335–338role of judiciary against environmental degradation,
344–347Supreme Court of, 345urban deterioration in, 338–342
Pan-European Biological and Landscape DiversityStrategy (Sofia, 1995), 71
Action Theme 4 of, 71Pantanal Mato-Grossense, 477, 480Park County Resources Council. Inc. v. United States
Department of Agriculture, 285Parker, Ian, 35Parks and Recreation Department (PRD, Singapore),
390Parks and Tree Bill (Singapore), 392Parks and Trees Act (Singapore, 1975), 391Parks and Trees (Preservation of Trees) Order
(Singapore, 1975), 391Parks and Trees Rule (Singapore), 391Pasture Land Naturalization Act (Nepal, 1974), 430Patricia, Annie, 309Paya Lebar iPark (Singapore), 386PCC. See Public Complaints Commission (PCC,
Kenya)PCD. See Pollution Control Department (PCD,
Singapore)
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626 INDEX
PDCA. See planning, doing, checking, acting (PDCA)sequence
Peace Parks, 362–364Peoples Republic of China-Global Environment
Facility Partnership on Land Degradation inDryland Ecosystems (PRC-GEF PartnershipProgram)
aims of, 316–333goals of, 325and integrated environmental governance,
325methodology of, 327principal activities of, 327–328
PER. See public environmental report (PER)performance auditing, 66Permanent Presidential Commission on Soil
Conservation and Afforestation (PPCSCA,Kenya, 1981), 254, 255
Pesticides Act (Nepal, 1992), 428petroleum
China’s consumption of, 46daily global demand for, 45U.S. consumption of, 46
Petroleum Act (Nepal, 1983), 427Pew Oceans Commission, 575
Report of, 578Philippines, 353, 362, 368Phnom Penh (Cambodia), 362photovoltaic energy, in sub-Saharan Africa, 55Physical Planning Act
125 (South Africa, 1991), 224(Kenya), 140(Tanzania, 2001), 205
Physical Planning Liaison Committee (Kenya), 140Pigouvian
solution, 489–490subsidies, 490–491
Pinchot, Gifford, 284planning, doing, checking, acting (PDCA) sequence,
226Planning Act (Denmark, 1992), 404Planning Law (Mexico), 496Plant Genetic Resources Centers, 119Poigou, Arthur, 489point source
defined, 558pollution in the United States, 560–564
Pokhara Valley, 420Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PPTR, Japan,
1999), 20Polluter Pays Principle (PPP), 12, 15, 23–24, 225, 233,
277–278, 490, 491pollution, 7, 9
and causal relationships, 21prevention, in an environment management
system, 382–388Pollution Control Department (PCD, Singapore), 375,
386–387Central Building Plan Unit (CBPU) of the, 387
Pollution Control Public Works Cost Allocation Law(Japan, 1970s), 23
Pollution Control Study, 388Pollution-Related Health Damage Compensation Law
(Japan, 1973), 13, 15“poly-crisis,” 471population, global, increase to affecting global
environment, 7–8
POTWs. See publically owned treatment works(POTWs)
PPCSCA. See Permanent Presidential Commission onSoil Conservation and Afforestation (PPCSCA,Kenya, 1981)
PPP. See Polluter Pays Principle (PPP)PRC-GEF Partnership Program. See Peoples Republic
of China-Global Environment FacilityPartnership on Land Degradation in DrylandEcosystems (PRC-GEF Partnership Program)
precautionary principle, 12, 225, 233, 277, 350Presidential Council of Advisors on Ocean Policy, 577Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution
Act (Mexico, 1971), 491Private Forest Naturalization Act (Nepal, 1956), 429private property, defined, 309profits, 160Program for the Development and Periodic Review of
Environmental Law for the First Decade of theTwenty-First Century (Montevideo Program III),332
Program Habitat (Mexico), 491, 500project life-cycle, 226–227property. See also land
African law of, 27rights and sustainable wildlife management,
144–150rights in Kenya, 152–160social function of, 480–483
property rights, 488protected areas, 124, 130, 135–136, 141–142, 146
ecological problems of, 150–151in Kenya, 120, 121wildlife outside, in Kenya, 122
Protected Areas Act (South Africa), 38Protocol on Shared Watercourse Systems, 93Protocol to the London Convention, 579PTRS. See National Parks Board (NParks, Singapore),
Parks and Trees Regulatory Section (PTRS) ofpublic benefit, 561Public Complaints Commission (PCC, Kenya),
260–261public environmental report (PER), 457Public Health Act b.e. 2535 (Thailand, a.d. 1992), 414public interest
cost of cases in the, 465–467defined, 465
public participationdefined, 453facilitating effective, 454levels of, in environmental decision making, 454
Public Works Department (PWD, Singapore), Parksand Trees Unit of the, 390
publically owned treatment works (POTWs), 558,561–562, 564
recommendations to improve, 562Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China,Pulau Ubin (Singapore), 393Punjab, 335
Qld. See Queensland (Qld), AustraliaQRA. See Quantitive Risk Assessment (QRA)Quality Growth Act (Utah, 1999), 592Quantitive Risk Assessment (QRA), 387Queensland (Qld), Australia, 433, 438, 440, 441, 443Quia Emptores, Statute of (1290), 582quicquid planate solo solo cedit, 243
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INDEX 627
Raffles, Sir Stamford, 376Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research (Singapore),
393Ramsar Convention. See Water Fowl Habitat (Ramsar
Convention, Uganda, 1971)Rational Energy Supply, Conservation, Utilization,
and Education (RESCUE, Kenya, 1999), 269–270,272–273
Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers ofthe Council of Europe (Hanover, 2002), 80
record of decision (ROD), 183, 292redevelopment
brownfield, 598–599defined, 594
Regina Conference, 169Registered Land Act (RLA, Kenya), 127, 137–139Regulation 131 (Nigeria), 248Religious Land Use and Incarcerated Persons Act
(RLUIPA, United States), 595rent-seeking behavior, 542RESCUE. See Rational Energy Supply, Conservation,
Utilization, and Education (RESCUE, Kenya,1994)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA,United States), 288
resourcesbiological, access to, defined, 117biological, defined in Ethiopian draft law, 112biological, ownership of, in Ethiopia, 117–119genetic, defined, 111genetic, sovereignty over, 113natural, defined, 112natural, need to conserve, 112–113preservationist approach to managing, 29
Restitution of Land Rights Act 22 (South Africa,1994), 31, 224
revenue-raising instruments, 548–550Revised Forest Master Plan (Nepal, 1989), 424Revised Irrigation Policy (Nepal, 1997), 424Revised Waste Disposal and Public Cleaning Law
(Japan, 1997), 22rhinoceros, 146, 151Rift Valley, 55Rift Valley fever, 54“Right to Environment,” 506Rio Declaration on Environment and Development,11risk control, and environmental law, 11–12, 19–21“risk society,” 471risk-return analysis, 541rivalness, 529river health, strategies to achieve, 444RLA. See Registered Land Act (RLA, Kenya)RLUIPA. See Religious Land Use and Incarcerated
Persons Act (RLUIPA, United States)ROD. See record of decision (ROD)Roosevelt, Theodore, 284runoff pollution, 557
nitrogen, 565Ruwenzori Mountains (Rwanda), 51Rwanda
land use policy in, 64refugee crisis in, 271–272
SA. See South Australia (SA)SAARC. See South Asian Association of Regional
Cooperation (SAARC)Sabsay, Daniel, 518
SACEP. See South Asian Cooperation EnvironmentalProgramme (SACEP)
SADC. See Declaration and Treaty of the SouthernAfrican Development Community (SADC)
Safe Drinking Water Act (United States), 288Safer Cities Project (Tanzania), 203Sahab, 377Saiban, 348–349SANP. See South African National Parks (SANP)Sanuru Game Reserve, 138Sarawak (Malaysia), 363, 377Satterwhwaite, David, 350Scheepers, T., 220SCP, 215
primary objective of, 212SD. See sustainable development (SD)SEA. See strategic environmental assessment (SEA)SeaBRnet. See Southeast Asian Biosphere Reserve
Network (SeaBRnet)Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources,485Secretariat of Social Development (Mexico), 490–491,
500–501Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources
(Mexico), 493–494, 496, 498, 499, 500–501Senegal, and ivory, 39Serengeti National Park, 122, 150Serra do Mar, 477, 480servient tenement, 125–126, 160. See also dominant
tenementservitudes, 159–160Sessional Paper No. 3 (Kenya, 1975), 140–141, 145setback lines, 597sewer overflows, 562–563Shah, Gorkha Prithvi Narayan, 422Shap period (Nepal), 422Sharkansky, I., 232Sheehan, Molly, 347Shehri v. the Province of Sindh, 346Shinkansen bullet trains (Japan), 16Shinyanga, 209Short Tenure Land Launch Scheme (SHELL,
Singapore), 386Siad Barre regime (Kenya), 276Siddiqui, Tasneem, 348“significant adverse impact,” 452Silvermine Valley Coalition v. Sybrand van der Spuy
Boerderye and Others (2002), 181, 191–192Sindh, 335, 337–338, 340, 349
High Court of, 346–347Singapore, 352, 353
Biological Society, 395Concept Plan for (1971), 378–379Concept Plan for (1991), 384Concept Plan for (2001), 380, 381Current Master Plan for, 381demographics of, 374–375Development Guide Plans for, 380–381Environment Council, 395as a Garden City, 388–394Green Plan (1992) for, 381–382, 393, 394Identity Plan for, 381Improvement Trust (SIT), 377land use planning in, 376–396Master Plan for (1955), 377Master Plan for (1958), 377–378Parks and Waterbodies Plan for, 380, 381phases of industrialization in, 384–385
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628 INDEX
Singapore (cont.)Planning Bill (1958), 377planning guidelines for, 385Planning Ordinance (1959), 377Revised Concept Plan (1991), 379Revised Green Plan (2012) for, 382River Basin, 388siting industries in, 386–387State and City Planning Project (1967), 378types of industrial premises in, 385–387
SIT. See Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT)Siwalik land areas, 420Sixth Five Year Plan (Nepal, 1980–85), 423smart growth, 596–598
strategies to achieve, 596–598Smart Regulation, Government of Canada’s report on,
537Social and Human Development Commission
(Mexico), 493social appropriation,Social Development Act (Mexico, 2004), 485, 489–490,
501, 502social impact assessment (SIA), 455social utility and environmental law, 16Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (Nepal, 1982),
429–430Sokoto State Forestry II Project Unit Edict Number 2
(Nigeria, 1987), 252Sokoto State Legal Notice
Number 7 (Nigeria, 1996), 251Number 14 (Nigeria, 1992), 252
Sokoto State Public Health Number 5 (Nigeria, 1985),249
Section 7 of, 249Section 17 of, 249Section 18 of, 249
Sokoto State Public Health Number 7 (Nigeria, 1995),250
Section 2 of, 250Section 3 of, 250Section 58 of, 250Section 69(1) of, 250
Songea, 209South Africa
Constitution of (1996), 95, 104, 223, 231–233Constitution of (1996), Section 24 of, 185, 194,
219–220, 229Constitution of (1996), Section 41(1) of,
231–232environmental governance in, 220–225fragmentation in environmental governance in,
221–225and ivory, 32, 35, 38land use management in, 223–225land use policy in, 64NEMA Amendment Act 8 of 1004 of, 98Regulation 3(1) of GN R 1182 of, 98
South African National Parks (SANP), 38South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation
(SAARC), 418meeting in Dhaka, 1985, 418
South Asian Cooperation Environmental Programme(SACEP), 418
South Australia (SA), 433, 438, 440, 441, 443South Dakota, 601South Durban Community Environmental Alliance v.
Head of Department of Agriculture and
Environmental Affairs (South Africa, 2003),189
Southeast Asian Biosphere Reserve Network(SeaBRnet), 353
special natural spaces, 473. See also natural spacesspecial protocol of 20 December 1994, 73Sri Lanka, 40
and ivory, 36stakeholders, 19, 21–22
and environmental law, 12Standard City Planning Enabling Act (United States,
1928), 590Standing Committee of Nepal and India on
Inundation Problems, 418–419State Bank of Pakistan, 341State Development Planning Commission (China),
319State Environmental Protection Agency (China), 319State Flood Control Agency (China), 319State Forest Administration (China), 318State Measures for Implementation of the 1991 Water
and Soil Conservation Law (China, 1993), 320,321
Statement for Human Environmental Quality(Stockholm, 1972), 16
stormwater runoff, 562–563. See also EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA, United States),Stormwater Management Programs
strategic environmental assessment (SEA), 456Strategic Urban Development Plan (SUDP, Tanzania,
1999), 204, 205–206, 208, 209–211challenges to, in Dar es Salaam, 209–214
Stratos, 538Stratton Commission Report (United States, 1969),
555, 576Submerged Lands Act (United States, 1953), 574sub-Saharan Africa
and climate change, 50–56development crisis in, 45energy use in, 45–47, 50and the International Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC), 52land use and energy problems of, 48–50and renewable energy sources, 55
subzoning, 497SUDP. See Strategic Urban Development Plan (SUDP,
Tanzania, 1999)Superfund Act. See Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability ActSupreme Court (Japan), 17Surrey, Stanley, 550–551, 552sustainability
and environmental governance, 220principles of, 225, 233
Sustainable Cities Programme (SCP, Tanzania, 1990),199
Sustainable Dar es Salaam Project (SDP, Tanzania),200sustainable development (SD), 8, 468
defined, 161, 283, 452, 493, 528and oil and gas resources, 284and values, 526
Sustainable Development Agenda for Nepal (2003),425–426
sustainable use, aims of, 477Swat Valley, 344Swaziland, land use policy in, 64Switzerland, 389
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INDEX 629
Tambol/Locality Development Plans (Thailand),399–400
Tampa Bay, Florida, 562TANESCO. See Tanzania Electricity Supply Company
(TANESCO)Tanzania
2002 population of, 197environmental conflicts, background of, 198and ivory, 39land use policy in, 64refugee-asylum in,
Tanzania Electricity Supply Company (TANESCO),202–203
Tarai, 417, 420Tasek Merimbun Heritage Park, 361Tasmania, 449tax expenditures, 550–553tax policy
and certainty, 548–550and efficiency, 548and equity (fairness), 548and horizontal equity, 548and neutrality, 547principles of, 546–547progressive system of, 548proportional system of, 548
tax-based instruments, advantages of, 539“taxi hunting,” 29Taxila, 344Technical Committee on Biodiversity Conservation
(Uganda), 177Technical Workshop on the Preparation of Cluster and
Trans-border Natural World HeritageNomination in ASEAN Region (Indonesia,2001), 363–364
TEIA. See North American Agreement onTransboundary Environmental ImpactAssessment
Teitenberg, Thomas, 542Telecommunications Act (United States, 1996),
595Tembomvura people, 36Temeke,Temporary Occupation Permit (TOP), 383Tenth Circuit (United States), 570–571Tenth Plan (Nepal, 2002–2006), 423Textile Vision (Pakistan, 2005), 341Thailand, 352, 353, 355, 363, 368
country development plans in, 399–400environmental management plan in, 398–403government administration divisions in, 398–399integrated town and country planning in, 410–411laws governing the protection of forests in, 413laws protecting the cultural heritage of, 413laws that govern noise in, 414legally mandated plans for environmental
management, 403specific town and country planning in, 411–413types of master plans in, 399–403
Thays, Charles, 505Thematic Committee (Nepal), 425Thompson, Barton H., Jr., 536Thoreau, Henry David, 284Thuronyi, Victor, 551, 552TMDL. See Total Maximum Daily Load Program
(TMDL, United States)Toder, Eric, 551, 553
TOP. See Temporary Occupation Permit (TOP)Torrens system, 441Total Maximum Daily Load Program (TMDL, United
States), 564, 566–572daily load rule, 570program implementation strategy for, 567
Toto Agreement (1900), 165“Towards Harmonising the Management and Action
Plans for Transboundary Reserves in ASEAN”(2000), 364
“town and country planning,” defined, 409Town and Country Planning Act b.e. 2518 (Thailand,
a.d. 1975), 413, 415Town and Country Planning Law (Nigeria), 249Town and Country Planning Ordinance Cap. 378
(Tanzania, 1956), 205–206, 207, 217Section 14(1)(ii), 205Section 33 of, 209
Town Development Act (Nepal, 1988), 428Toxic Substances Control Act (United States), 288Toyama, Japan, 13TPAs. See transboundary protected areas (TPAs)tradable permits, 489Traffic and the World Wildlife Fund report, 39transboundary conservation areas, 362–370transboundary impact, defined, 90–91transboundary protected areas (TPAs), 352, 362–370
benefits of, 362Transfer of Property Act (Kenya), 137–139transparency
and democracy, principles of, 225and public participation, principles of, 233
Treatise on Constitutional Law (Bidart Campos),517–518
Treaty Act (Nepal, 1991)Section 9 of, 421Section 9(1) of, 421
Tree Planting Day (Singapore, 1967), 389Tristane Park, 364Trust Lands Act (Kenya), 138Tsavo West National Park (Kenya), 122Tunduma, 209Tunisia, and ivory, 32Turkana District (Kenya), 276tusks
burning of, by Kenyan Wildlife Service, 34burning of, in Zambia, 34
uapixanas, 475UASU. See Urban Authorities Support Programme
(UASU, Tanzania)Uganda
Constitution of (1995), 173–174Constitution of (1995), Article 26(1) of, 174Constitution of (1995), Article 26(2) of, 174Constitution of (1995), Article 39 of, 174Constitution of (1995), Article 189(3) of, 174Constitution of (1995), Article 237 of, 173Constitution of (1995), Article 245 of, 174environmental policy in, 170–172importance of wetlands in, 167–168and ivory, 32land use policy in, 64nature of wetlands in, 167problems affecting wetlands in, 168–169wetlands in, 167–169wetlands management in, 162–163, 164–166
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630 INDEX
UK Town and Country Planning Act (1947),377
uMkhuze, 29UN Statement of Forest Principles (1992), 422UN Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED, Rio de Janiero, 1992), Rio Declarationon Environment and Development, 422
UNCED. See United Nations Conference onEnvironment and Development (UNCED, Rio deJaniero, 1992)
UNCHS, 214UNDP, 198–218UNECE. See United Nations Economic Commission
for Europe (UNECE)UNEP’s Hilltop to Oceans Initiative (2002), 579UNEP’s Strategy on Land Use Management and Soil
Conservation, 199, 332UNESCO 2004 Asia-Pacific Heritage Award,
343UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Network, 358UNESCO convention of 16 November 1972, 73UNESCO East Asian Biosphere Reserves Network
(EABRN), 363advantages of transboundary cooperation in,
364–365UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB),
352, 355–356, 358, 367–368Seville + 5 Conference (Spain, 2000), 355, 368
UNESCO Southeast Asia Biosphere Reserve Network(SeaBRnet), 363, 368–369
meeting in Cambodia, 2003, 368UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves,
Statutory Framework of, 369UNESCO-PEER, 273UNFCCC. See United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC)UNHCR. See United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR)United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED, Rio de Janiero, 1992),11, 61, 113, 327, 422, 472, 513
Agenda 21 of, 72, 113, 397–398, 406Chapter 11 of, 72Chapter 36 of, 72Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
of, 397, 422; Principle 3 of, 76; Principle 4 of, 76,80; Principle 10 of, 397; Principle 17 of, 452, 455
requirement for national environmentalmanagement plan, 398
United Nations Conference on Human Environment(Estocolmo, 1972), 472
United Nations Conference on the HumanEnvironment (UNHCE, Stockholm, 1972), 31,113, 166, 397
Stockholm Declaration of, 397United Nations Convention on Access to Information,
Public Participation in Decision-Making andAccess to Justice in Environmental Matters(Aarhus Convention, 1998), 77, 78, 453
Article 6-A of, 78, 81Article 6-B of, 78Article 8 of, 78
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS), 513, 555, 574, 576, 577
Part XII, Article 194 of, 574Part XII, Article 194(3)(a) of, 575Part XII, Article 207(1) of, 575
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD), 61
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe(UNECE), Convention on Environmental ImpactAssessment in a Transboundary Context, 90
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), 397United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization
(FAO), 113, 114United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC), 61Article 4(1)(f) of, 62
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR), 267, 271–275
United Stateschecklist for land use controls in the, 604–606and colonial property rights, 583–584Constitution of (1787), 584–586Constitution of (1787), Article 1, Section 8 of, 584Constitution of (1787), Article VI of, 585Constitution of (1787), Fifth Amendment to,
585–586Constitution of (1787), Tenth Amendment to,
585Constitution of (1787), Fourteenth Amendment to,
585Constitution of, and land use law, 581constitutional provisions for land use controls in,
606duplicative jurisdictions in land use control,
602–603Environmental Impact Assessment and the oil
sector in, 298–299and the formation of the federal republic, 584–586funding and other programs for land use control in,
606interstate commerce in, 581land use control and English law, 581, 582–583land use control in, historically, 581and local land use control, 590–595municipal governments and character and
partimony in land use controls in, 608municipal governments and home rule in land use
controls in, 608municipal governments and smart growth land use
controls on, 607municipal governments and urban revitalization,
608municipal governments local land use controls in,
608nineteenth century land use in, 586–587overall coastal conditions in the, 559–560preemption of local land use control in, 595public concern for environmental quality in, 283regulatory acts for land use control in, 606role of federal government in land use controls in,
606role of municipal governments in land use control
in, 607–609role of state governments in land use control,
606–607state constitutional provisions for land use controls
in, 606state funding and other programs for land use
control in, 607state laws for direct local land use control in,
607state laws that restrict local land use control in, 607
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INDEX 631
traditional land use controls for municipalgovernments in, 607
treaties and conventions for land use control in,606
urban revitalization in, and the federal government,598
water quality in, 557zoning in, 587–590
United States Army Corps of Engineers, 454United States Commission on Ocean Policy, 555–556,
576–579, 580Ocean Commission Report, 578–580Recommendation 14–11, 578Recommendation 29–8 of, 579Recommendations in the Preliminary Report of,
577–580United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 563
conservation programs of, 572–573United States Department of Commerce, 603United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), 556, 559URA, Special and Detailed Control Plan of, 394Urban and Regional Planning Act (Nigeria), 248Urban Authorities Support Programme (UASU,
Tanzania), 214Urban Environment Plan (Buenos Aires), 507
Council of, 507urban growth, planned,Urban Planners Association (Argentina), 505Urban Planning Code (Argentina), 505, 507Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA, Singapore),
383, 386Urhobo, 290USDA. See United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA)
Vic. See Victoria (Vic), AustraliaVictoria (Vic), Australia, 433, 438, 441, 443Vidal, John, 335–336, 347Vietnam, 352, 364, 368Village Land Act (Tanzania, 1999), 207Virachey National Park (Cambodia), 362Virginia, 584Vuwa, 209
WA. See West Australia (WA)Wang Kelian-Thaleban/Helabala, 363War Tax Act (Canada, 1917), 547Washington convention of 12 October 1940, 72water access security, 444–445Water Act (Kenya, 2002), 255Water Act (Uganda), 173, 175
Section 2 of, 175Water and Soil Conservation Law (China, 1991), 320,
321, 323, 324Water Fowl Habitat (Ransar Convention, Uganda,
1971), 177–178, 352, 369Article 2(1) of, 178Article 2(2) of, 178Strategic Plan 1997–2000 of, 369
Water Law (China, 2002), 323–324, 326Water Management Act (New South Wales, 2000), 442water pollutant trading system, 569Water Pollution Prevention and Treatment Law
(China, 1996), 321Water Pollution Prevention Control Law (China,
1996), 323
water quality standards, 566Water Resource Plan (WRP, Australia), 436Water Resources Act (Nepal, 1992), 427water rights, 441–442
certainty of title to, 441criteria for efficient use of, 438–443detached from land rights and restrictions,
443divisibility and transferability of, 443duration of, 441exclusivity of, 442–443impediments to trading, 445trading, 445, 449universality of, 438–439
water rights and volume predictability, 439–440Water Sources Strategy (Nepal, 2001), 424Watkins, James, 555, 578, 580WCMD. See Wildlife Conservation and Management
Department (WCMD)Weitzman, Martin, 536Wentworth Group on Concerned Scientists (Australia,
2003), proposal for national water plan,443–446
West Australia (WA), 438, 441, 449Environmental Defender’s Office (EDO),
447wetlands, 602–603
defined, 164, 169sustainable, defined, 169sustainable use of, 169–170
Wetlands Inspection Division (WID, Uganda), 168,173
Wetlands Policy (Nepal, 2002), 425Wild Animals and Birds Act (Singapore, 1965), 391Wild Scenic Rivers Act (United States, 1968), 284Wilderness Act (United States, 1964), 284wildlife
defined, 121management, incentives for, 153–155management and revenue-sharing programs,
155management and sustainable utilization, 156preservation versus management, 145sustainable management for, and property rights,
144–150Wildlife Act (Uganda), 173, 176
Section 2 of, 176Section 3 of, 176Section 17 of, 176
Wildlife Conservation Act Number 12 (Tanzania,1974), National Environmental AdvisoryCommittee
Wildlife Conservation and Management Act (Kenya),130, 141–143
Preamble to Draft Bill revising, 144Section 29 (2) of, 142Section 47 of, 142
Wildlife Conservation and Management Department(WCMD), 141
Wildlife Conservation and Protection Actb.e. 2535 (Thailand, a.d. 1992), 413
Wildlife Management Project (Kenya), 147William, King of England, 582Wilson, P., 342wind energy in sub-Saharan Africa, 55Wood, Chris, 89, 94, 97, 98–100, 101–102, 106, 107,
190
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632 INDEX
Workshop on the Management and Conservation ofHeritage Parks in the ASEAN Region (Thailand,2004), 358–359
World Bank, 362, 452, 484Urban Strategy of, 336
World Charter for Nature (1982), 113, 166World Commission on Environment and
Development (WCED), 161, 283World Conservation Union, 113. See International
Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)Academy of Environmental Law, Second
Colloquium of, Nairobi, Kenya, 352WCPA 5th World Parks Congress (Durban, 2003),
355, 358WCPA East Asia, 363
World Heritage Committee, 16th session of Santa Fe,1992, 73
World Heritage Convention, 352, 363, 370World Soil Agenda, 332World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD,
2002), 8, 327, 355Plan of Implementation of the, 332
World Summit on the Environment (Joohannesburg),382
World Wildlife Federation (WWF), 362, 363
WSSD. See World Summit for SustainableDevelopment (WSSD, 2002)
Yellowstone, 284Yokkaichi City, Japan, 13, 14
and joint liabilities, 14Yokkaichi Pertochemical Industrial Complex, Japan,
15Yoruba, 290
Zambia, land use policy in, 64Zamfara, 252Zimbabwe
and ivory, 32, 36, 39land use policy in, 64
zoning, 9, 158, 509defined, 497in Denmark, 405incentive, 597large-lot, 599purpose of local laws, 600rural, 406special use, 597summer cottage, 406up-, 599
www.cambridge.org© Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86216-5 - Land Use Law for Sustainable DevelopmentEdited by Nathalie J. Chalifour, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Lin Heng Lye and John R. NolonIndexMore information