7 Emergency Care and Disaster Preparation 1. Demonstrate how to recognize and respond to medical...

7 Emergency Care and Disaster Preparation

1. Demonstrate how to recognize and respond to medical emergencies

Define the following term:conscious

the state of being mentally alert and having awareness of surroundings, sensations, and thoughts.



NAs should memorize these steps in responding to an emergency: • Assess the situation. Make sure you are not in danger and

note the time. • Assess the victim. Check the victim’s level of consciousness. • Call for help or send someone to get help. • Remain calm and confident. • Properly document the emergency after it is over.



NAs responding to an emergency need to recognize the following symptoms of injury: • Severe bleeding • Changes in consciousness • Irregular breathing • Unusual color or feel to the skin • Swollen places on the body • Medical alert tags • Anything the resident says is painful



NAs should be prepared to give the following information to emergency services when reporting an emergency: • Phone number and address, including directions, landmarks,

and location in building• Victim’s condition, including medical background if known• NA’s name and position• First aid given



REMEMBER:

When speaking to an emergency services dispatcher it is important not to hang up until the dispatcher says to do so.



Home Care Focus

REMEMBER:

When an home health aide is in any doubt about calling for help, she should do it. If she is alone, she should make the call herself. If she is not alone, she can shout for help and have someone else make the call. The HHA should always notify her supervisor that she has called 911, and should unlock the front door so emergency personnel can get in.


2. Demonstrate knowledge of first aid procedures

Define the following term:first aid

emergency care given immediately to an injured person. cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

medical procedures used when a person’s heart or lungs have stopped working.



REMEMBER:

Not all facilities permit NAs to start CPR - even those trained to do so. It is important to know the facility’s policy, and anyone who is not trained should never attempt to perform CPR.



The following are signs of shock:• Pale or cyanotic skin • Staring • Increased pulse and respiration • Low blood pressure • Extreme thirst


Handout 7-1: CPR Review

This handout is not meant to replace a CPR course. The following is a brief review for people who have had CPR training. It is a procedure to use on adults, not children. This may not be the procedure that your agency uses. Follow your agency’s policies and procedures.1. After making sure that the scene is safe, check whether the person is responsive. Tap the person on the shoulder and shout, “Are you all right?”2. If there is no response, call 911 immediately or send someone to call 911. Stay calm.3. After calling 911, get an automated external defibrillator (AED) (if available and if trained in its use). Return to the person to provide CPR. More information on the AED is in step 10.4. The person should be on his back on a hard surface (if he has no spinal injuries) before CPR is started.


Handout 7-1: CPR Review (cont’d)

5. Open the airway. Tilt the head back slightly. Lift the chin with one hand while pushing down on the forehead with the other hand (head tilt-chin lift method). This method is used if a neck injury is not suspected.

6. Look, listen, and feel for signs of life for no longer than 10 seconds:

•Look for the chest to rise and fall.•Listen for sounds of breathing. Put your ear near the

person’s nose and mouth.•Feel for the person’s breath on your cheek.


Handout 7-1: CPR Review (cont’d)

7. If you do not detect adequate breathing within 10 seconds, you will have to breathe for the person. Give two rescue breaths. To give rescue breaths:

•Pinch the nose to keep air from escaping. Cover the person’s mouth completely with your mouth. You can use a barrier device, such as a special face mask, if available.

•Blow into the person’s mouth slowly, watching for the chest to rise. Blow one breath for about one second, take a “regular” (not a deep) breath, and give a second rescue breath for about one second. Turn your head to the side to listen for air. If the chest does not rise when you give a rescue breath, reopen the airway using the head tilt-chin lift method. Try to give rescue breaths again.

Performing abdominal thrusts for the conscious person

1. Stand behind the person and bring your arms under her arms. Wrap your arms around the person’s waist.

2. Make a fist with one hand. Place the flat, thumb side of the fist against the person’s abdomen, above the navel but below the breastbone.

3. Grasp the fist with your other hand. Pull both hands toward you and up, quickly and forcefully.

Performing abdominal thrusts for the conscious person

4. Repeat until the object is pushed out or the person loses consciousness.

5. Report and document the incident properly.

Clearing an obstructed airway in a conscious infant

1. Lay the infant face down on your forearm; if you are sitting, rest the arm holding the infant’s torso on your lap or thigh. Support her jaw and head with your hand. Keep her head lower than the rest of her body.

2. Using the heel of your free hand, deliver up to 5 back blows. Back blows are performed by striking the infant between the shoulder blades.


3. If the obstruction is not expelled with back blows, turn the infant onto her back while supporting the head. Deliver up to five chest thrusts by placing two or three fingers in the center of the breastbone.

4. Repeat alternating five back blows and five chest thrusts until the object is pushed out or the infant loses consciousness.



Call 911 immediately if the infant loses consciousness. Follow any instructions you are given.



REMEMBER:

Facilities often use codes to inform staff of emergencies without causing panic and stress among residents and visitors. It is important for NAs to know the codes in their facilities and to respond calmly and professionally.



Define the following term:shock

a condition that occurs when organs and tissues in the body do not receive an adequate blood supply.

Responding to shock

1. Notify the nurse immediately. Victims of shock should always receive medical care as soon as possible.

2. If controlling bleeding, put on gloves first. This procedure is described later in the chapter.

3. Have the person lie down on her back. If the person is bleeding from the mouth or vomiting, place her on her side (unless you suspect that the neck, back, or spinal cord is injured).

Responding to shock

4. Check pulse and respirations if possible (see Chapter 14). Begin CPR if breathing and pulse are absent and if you are trained to do so.

5. Keep the person as calm and comfortable as possible.

6. Maintain normal body temperature. If the weather is cold, place a blanket around the person. If the weather is hot, provide shade.

Responding to shock

7. Elevate the legs approximately eight to 12 inches unless the person has a head, neck, back, spinal, or abdominal injury, breathing difficulties, or fractures. Elevating the legs allows blood to flow from the lower extremities back to the brain (and other vital areas.) Elevate the head and shoulders if a head wound or breathing difficulties are present. Never elevate a body part if the person has a broken bone or if it causes pain.

Responding to shock

8. Do not give the person anything to eat or drink.




Define the following term:dyspnea

difficulty breathing.



The following are symptoms of a heart attack:• Sudden, severe pain in the chest, usually on the left side or in

the center behind the sternum • Pain or discomfort in other areas of the body, such as the

arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach• Indigestion or heartburn • Nausea and vomiting • Dyspnea • Dizziness • Skin color that is pale or cyanotic • Perspiration



Symptoms of a heart attack (cont’d):• Cold and clammy skin • Weak and irregular pulse rate • Low blood pressure • Anxiety and a sense of doom • Denial of a heart problem• Women can have MI without chest pressure or pain. Their

most common symptoms are shortness of breath, pressure or pain in the lower chest or abdomen, dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting, pressure in the upper back, or extreme fatigue. Some women’s symptoms are more flu-like.

Responding to a heart attack

1. Notify the nurse immediately. If working in the home, call 911 immediately and call your supervisor.

2. Place the person in a comfortable position. Encourage him to rest, and reassure him that you will not leave him alone.

3. Loosen clothing around the person’s neck.

4. Do not give the person liquids or food.

Responding to a heart attack

5. Monitor the person’s breathing and pulse. If the person stops breathing or has no pulse, begin CPR if trained and allowed to do so.

6. Stay with the person until help arrives.




REMEMBER:

Severe bleeding must be controlled immediately, but NAs must take the time to put on gloves before trying to control bleeding.

Controlling bleeding

1. Notify the nurse immediately.

2. Put on gloves. Take time to do this. If the resident is able, he can hold his bare hand over the wound until you can put on gloves.

3. Hold a thick sterile pad, clean cloth, handkerchief, or towel against the wound.


4. Press down hard directly on the bleeding wound until help arrives. Do not decrease pressure. Put additional pads over the first pad if blood seeps through. Do not remove the first pad.

5. If you can, raise the wound above the level of the heart to slow down the bleeding. If the wound is on an arm, leg, hand, or foot, and there are no broken bones, prop up the limb. Use towels or other absorbent material.


6. When bleeding is under control, secure the dressing to keep it in place. Check for symptoms of shock (pale skin, staring, increased pulse and respiration rates, low blood pressure, and extreme thirst). Stay with the person until help arrives.

7. Remove and discard gloves. Wash hands thoroughly.




Think about this question:

What is the phone number for Poison Control?

Where should it be posted in the home?

Responding to poisoning


2. Put on gloves. Look for a container that will help you find out what the resident has taken or eaten. With your gloves on, check the mouth for chemical burns and note the breath odor.

3. The nurse may have you call the local or state Poison Control Center. Follow their instructions.

4. Remove and discard gloves. Wash your hands.



Transparency 7-1: Burns



Burns are categorized in the following way:• First-degree (superficial)• Second-degree (partial-thickness)• Third-degree (full-thickness)

Care of the burn depends on its depth, size, and location.



REMEMBER:

It is important to do no harm to severe burns. Ice, ointment, salve, and grease should never be applied to a burn.



Home Care Focus

When working in the home, an HHA should call for emergency help in any of the following situations:• An infant or child, or an elderly, ill, or weak person is burned,

unless the burn is very minor.• The burn occurs on head, neck, hands, feet, face, or genitals,

or cover more than one body part.• The person who has been burned is having trouble breathing.• The burn was caused by chemicals, electricity, or an

explosion.

Treating burns

To treat a minor burn:

1. Notify the nurse immediately. Put on gloves.

2. Use cool, clean water to decrease the skin temperature and prevent further injury. Do not use ice or ice water, as ice may cause further skin damage. Dampen a clean cloth with cool water, and place it over the burn.

3. Once the pain has eased, you may cover the area with dry, sterile gauze or clean dressing.

Treating burns


5. Never use any kind of ointment, salve, or grease on a burn.

For more serious burns:

1. Remove the person from the source of the burn. If clothing has caught fire, have the person stop, drop, and roll, or smother the fire with a blanket or towel to put out flames. Protect yourself from the source of the burn.

Treating burns

2. Notify the nurse immediately. Put on gloves.

3. Check for breathing, pulse, and severe bleeding. If the person is not breathing and has no pulse, begin CPR if trained and allowed to do so.

4. Do not use any type of ointment, water, salve, or grease on the burn.

Treating burns

5. Do not try to pull away any clothing from burned areas. Cover the burn with thick, dry, sterile gauze, a clean cloth, or a clean white sheet. A dry, insulated cool pack may be used over the dressing. Take care not to rub the burned area.

6. Ask the person to lie down and elevate the affected part if this does not cause greater pain.

7. Wait for emergency medical help.

Treating burns





Define the following term:syncope

loss of consciousness; also called fainting.



The following are signs and symptoms of fainting:• Dizziness • Nausea• Perspiration • Pale skin • Weak pulse • Shallow respirations • Blackness in visual field

Responding to fainting


2. Have the person lie down or sit down before fainting occurs.

3. If the person is in a sitting position, have him bend forward. He can place his head between his knees if he is able. If the person is lying flat on his back, elevate the legs.

4. 4. Loosen any tight clothing.


5. Have the person stay in position for at least five minutes after symptoms disappear.

6. Help the person get up slowly. Continue to observe him for symptoms of fainting. Stay with him until he feels better. If you need help but cannot leave the person, use the call light.


7. If a person does faint, lower him to the floor or other flat surface. Position him on his back. Elevate his legs eight to 12 inches. Loosen any tight clothing. Check to make sure the person is breathing. He should recover quickly, but keep him lying down for several minutes. Report the incident to the nurse immediately.

8. Report and document the incident properly. Fainting may be a sign of a more serious medical condition.



Define the following term:epistaxis

a nosebleed.



REMEMBER:

Gloves must be worn when helping a resident with a nosebleed.

Responding to a nosebleed


2. Elevate the head of the bed, or tell the person to remain in a sitting position, leaning forward slightly. Offer tissues or a clean cloth to catch the blood. Do not touch blood or bloody clothes, tissues, or cloths without gloves.


3. Put on gloves. Apply firm pressure over the bridge of the nose. Squeeze the bridge of the nose with your thumb and forefinger. Have the resident do this until you are able to put on gloves.

4. Apply the pressure until the bleeding stops.

5. Use a cool cloth or ice wrapped in a cloth on the back of the neck, forehead, or upper lip to slow the flow of blood. Never apply ice directly to skin.



Define the following term:insulin reaction

complication of diabetes that can result from either too much insulin or too little food; also known as hypoglycemia.

hypoglycemiacomplication of diabetes that is caused by having too little insulin; also called diabetic ketoacidosis or diabetic coma.



The following are signs and symptoms of insulin reaction:• Hunger • Weakness• Rapid pulse • Headache • Low blood pressure • Perspiration • Cold, clammy skin



Signs and symptoms of insulin reaction (cont’d):• Confusion • Trembling • Nervousness • Blurred vision • Numbness of lips and tongue • Unconsciousness



The following are signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis:• Increased thirst • Increased urination• Abdominal pain• Deep or labored breathing• Breath that smells fruity or sweet• Hunger • Headache• Weakness



Signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis (cont’d):• Rapid, weak pulse • Low blood pressure • Dry skin • Flushed cheeks • Drowsiness • Nausea and vomiting • Abdominal pain • Air hunger • Unconsciousness



Define the following term:epilepsy

an illness of the brain that produces seizures.



Seizures may happen in these situations:• High fever (especially young children)• Serious illness• Head injury• Seizure disorder such as epilepsy



REMEMBER:

Nobody should try to force anything into the mouth of a person who is having a seizure. The goal of a caregiver is to keep the resident safe.

Responding to a seizure

1. Note the time. Put on gloves.

2. Lower the person to the floor. Loosen clothing to help with breathing. Try to turn the person’s head to one side to help lower the risk of choking. This may not be possible during a violent seizure.

3. Have someone call the nurse immediately or use the call light. Do not leave a person during a seizure unless you must do so to get medical help.


4. Move furniture away to prevent injury. If a pillow is nearby, place it under his head.

5. Do not try to restrain the person or stop the seizure.

6. Do not force anything between the person’s teeth. Do not place your hands in the person’s mouth for any reason. You could be bitten.

7. Do not give the person liquids or food.


8. When the seizure is over, note the time. Gently turn the person to his left side if you do not suspect a head, neck, or spinal injury. This reduces the risk of choking on vomit or saliva. If the person begins to choke, get help immediately. Check for adequate breathing and pulse. Begin CPR if breathing and pulse are absent and if you are allowed and trained to do so. Do not begin CPR during a seizure.



10. Report and document the incident properly, including how long the seizure lasted.



Define the following term:transient ischemic attack (TIA)

a warning sign of a CVA/stroke resulting from a temporary lack of oxygen in the brain; symptoms may last up to 24 hours.



The following are signs that a stroke is occurring:• Facial numbness, weakness, or drooping, especially on one

side• Arm numbness or weakness, especially on one side• Slurred speech or inability to speak• Use of inappropriate words• Inability to understand spoken or written words • Redness in face • Noisy breathing • Dizziness• Blurred vision



Signs that a stroke is occurring (cont’d):• Ringing in ears• Headache• Nausea/vomiting• Seizures• Loss of bowel and bladder control • Paralysis on one side of the body• Elevated blood pressure• Slow pulse rate• Loss of consciousness



Define the following term:emesis

the act of vomiting, or ejecting stomach contents through the mouth and/or nose.

Responding to vomiting


2. Put on gloves.

3. Make sure the head is up or turned to one side. Place an emesis basin under the chin. Remove it when vomiting has stopped.

4. Remove soiled linens or clothes and set aside. Replace with fresh linens or clothes.

5. If resident’s intake and output (I&O) is being monitored (Chapter 15), measure and note amount of vomitus.


6. Flush vomit down the toilet unless vomit is red, has blood in it, or looks like wet coffee grounds. If these symptoms are observed, show this to the nurse before discarding the vomit. After disposing of vomit, wash and store basin.

7. Remove and discard gloves.

8. Wash your hands.

9. Put on fresh gloves.


10. Provide comfort to resident. Wipe face and mouth. Position comfortably, and offer a drink of water. Provide oral care (Chapter 13). It helps get rid of the taste of vomit in the mouth.

11. Put soiled linen in proper containers.

12. Remove and discard gloves.

13. Wash your hands again.

14. Document time, amount, color, odor, and consistency of vomitus.



When a resident is falling, the NA should do the following:• Widen his stance and bring the resident’s body close to the

NA’s body. • NA should have knees bent and support the resident as he

lowers her to the floor.• NA should not try to stop or reverse a fall.• NA should notify the nurse immediately.



REMEMBER:

It is very important for NAs to report all falls to the nurse and to complete an incident report.


3. Describe disaster guidelines

In any disaster, it is important to follow these general guidelines:• Listen carefully and follow instructions. • Remain calm.• Know where exits and stairways are. • Know where alarms and extinguishers are. • Know appropriate action to take.• Stay informed via Internet, radio, or TV.



The following are steps to take in case of a tornado:• Seek shelter inside, ideally in a steel-framed or concrete

building.• Stay away from windows.• Stand in the hallway or in a basement, or take cover under

heavy furniture.• Do not stay in a mobile home or trailer.• Lie as flat as possible.



The following are steps to take in case of lightning:• If outdoors, follow these guidelines:

• Avoid the largest objects, such as trees, and avoid open spaces.

• Stay out of the water.• Seek shelter in buildings.• Stay away from metal fences, doors, or other objects.• Avoid holding metal objects, such as golf clubs, in your

hands.• Stay in automobiles.• It is safe to perform CPR on lightning victims; they carry

no electricity



In case of lightning (cont’d):• If indoors, follow these guidelines:

• Stay inside and away from open doors and windows.• Avoid the use of electrical equipment, such as hair

dryers and televisions.• Do not use the telephone.



The following are steps to take in case of a flood:• Fill the bathtub with fresh water.• Board up windows.• Evacuate if advised to do so.• Check the fuel level in automobiles.• Have a portable battery-operated radio, flashlight, and

cooking equipment available.• Do not drink water or eat food that has been contaminated

with flood water.• Do not handle electrical equipment.• Do not turn off gas yourself. Ask the gas company to turn off

the gas.



The following are steps to take in case of a blackout:• Get a flashlight. Take prompt action to keep calm and provide

light.• Use a backup pack for electrical medical equipment, such as

an IV pump. Backup packs do not last more than 24 hours, so contact emergency personnel when instructed.



The following are steps to take in case of a hurricane:• Know what category the hurricane is and track the expected

path.• Know which residents or clients must go to shelters, hospitals,

or other facilities, and which need assistance. Be aware of people with special needs. High-risk people include the elderly and those unable to evacuate on their own. High-risk areas include mobile homes or trailers.

• Call your employer for instructions.



Steps to take in case of a hurricane (cont’d):• Fill the bathtub with fresh water.• Board up windows.• Evacuate if advised to do so.• Check the fuel level in automobiles.• Have a portable battery-operated radio, flashlight, and

cooking equipment available.



The following are steps to take in case of an earthquake:• If indoors, follow these guidelines:

• Drop to the ground.• If possible, get under a sturdy piece of furniture, such as

a heavy table, and hold on until the shaking stops.• If no table or desk is available, stay crouched down in

the inside corner of a building, and cover your face and head with your arms.

• Stay away from windows, outside walls, and anything that might fall over or fall down.

• Do not exit a building during the shaking.• Do not use elevators.



Steps to take in case of an earthquake (cont’d):• If outdoors, follow these guidelines:

• Move away from buildings, electric poles and wires, and streetlights. Falling or flying debris is a greater danger than ground movement.

• If driving, stop as quickly as is safely possible and stay in the vehicle. Avoid stopping under overpasses or near buildings or wires if possible.

• If trapped under debris after an earthquake, do not light a match or ignite a lighter, and avoid kicking up dust. Breathe through a handkerchief or clothing and make tapping noises or use a whistle, if available, to get rescuers’ attention. Do not shout. Shouting could cause you to inhale dangerous amounts of dust.



Home Care FocusHHAs should follow these guidelines for disasters when working in a client’s home:• If a disaster is forecast (for example, a tornado or hurricane),

be ready. Wear appropriate clothing and shoes. Have family members dressed and ready in case evacuation is necessary.

• Stay in contact with your supervisor or others if possible. Let someone know where you are, what conditions are, and where you will go if you must evacuate.



Home Care FocusGuidelines for disasters when working in a client’s home (cont’d):• Locate disaster supplies. Ideally, a disaster supply kit should

meet your needs for at least three days. It should be assembled before disaster strikes and should include the following:

• A three-day supply of water (one gallon per person per day) and food that will not spoil

• One change of clothing and footwear per person and one blanket or sleeping bag per person

• A first aid kit that includes your family’s prescription medications



Home Care FocusGuidelines for disasters when working in a client’s home (cont’d):• Disaster supply kit contents (cont’d):

• Emergency tools, including a battery-powered radio, flashlight, and plenty of extra batteries

• An extra set of car keys and a credit card, cash, or traveler’s checks

• Sanitation supplies• Special items for infant, elderly, or disabled family

members• An extra pair of eyeglasses• Important family documents in a waterproof container


ExamMultiple Choice. Choose the correct answer.1. Which of the following is information a nursing assistant should be prepared

to give when calling emergency services? (A) The names of the residents’ family members (B) The phone number and address where the emergency is happening (C) Her supervisor’s name(D) The correct diagnosis of the victim

2. The first two steps to take when approaching an emergency are (A) Perform first aid and assess the situation (B) Call the victim’s family and call 911 (C) Assess the situation and assess the victim (D) Get assistance and perform CPR


Exam3. In which of the following situations should an NA give abdominal thrusts to a

resident?(A) The resident is coughing.(B) The resident cannot speak, breathe, or cough.(C) The resident is breathing very rapidly.(D) The resident tells the NA that she feels short of breath.

4. If a resident is in shock, a nursing assistant should (A) Quickly give the resident something to eat that can be easily absorbed(B) Elevate a body part if a broken bone is suspected (C) Elevate the legs unless the resident has a head or abdominal injury (D) Give the resident a type of strong liquor, like brandy


Exam5. To control bleeding, a nursing assistant should

(A) Lower the wound below the heart(B) Use a topical antibiotic cream on the wound(C) Hold a thick pad against the wound and press down hard(D) Apply light pressure with a bandage

6. Which of the following should a nursing assistant do if he suspects poisoning? (A) The NA should offer an over-the-counter medicine to induce vomiting. (B) The NA should look for a container that will help determine what the

resident took or ate.(C) The NA should feed the resident crackers or bread to soak up the

poison.(D) The NA should ask the resident if he is able to induce vomiting by

sticking his finger down his throat.


Exam7. What is the medical term for difficulty breathing?

(A) Dyspnea(B) Syncope(C) Hemiplegia(D) Cyanosis

8. Which of the following is be best to use on a burn? (A) Burn ointment(B) Aloe vera gel(C) Cool water(D) Petroleum jelly


Exam9. What is the medical term for fainting?

(A) Dyspnea(B) Syncope(C) Hemiplegia(D) Cyanosis

10. When a resident is suspected of having a heart attack, a nursing assistant should (A) Loosen clothing around the neck(B) Give the resident some water(C) Put medication directly into the resident’s mouth(D) Wait and see if the episode subsides before doing anything


Exam11. Insulin reaction can be caused by

(A) Too little food (B) Physical or emotional stress (C) Too much food (D) A cerebrovascular accident

12. Another name for insulin reaction is (A) Diabetic coma(B) Hypoglycemia(C) Hyperglycemia(D) Pre-diabetic coma


Exam13. A sign of the onset of diabetic ketoacidosis is breath that smells

(A) Sour(B) Sweet(C) Garlicky(D) Oniony

14. A sign that a stroke is occurring is (A) Abdominal pain (B) Gasping for air (C) Low blood pressure(D) The inability to speak or to speak clearly


Exam15. Which of the following is true of resident falls?

(A) A fall does not need to be reported unless the resident complains of pain.

(B) If the resident can get up after the fall, the NA should not notify the nurse.

(C) An incident report will need to be completed for all falls.(D) The resident can decide if the NA needs to report the fall.

7 Emergency Care and Disaster PreparationCHAPTER 7 PRACTICE

1. What is the medical term for difficulty breathing?

(A) Dyspnea

(B) Syncope

(C) Hemiplegia

(D) Cyanosis

2. Insulin reaction can be caused by

(A) Too little food

(B) Physical or emotional stress

(C) Too much food

(D) A cerebrovascular accident

3. A sign that a stroke is occurring is

(A) Abdominal pain

(B) Gasping for air

(C) Low blood pressure

(D) The inability to speak or to speak clearly

4. Which of the following is be best to use on a burn?

(A) Burn ointment

(B) Aloe vera gel

(C) Cool water

(D) Petroleum jelly


CHAPTER 7 PRACTICE ANSWERS

1. A- DYSPNEA2. A- TOO LITTLE FOOD3. D- LOW BLOOD PRESSURE4. C- COOL WATER

7 Emergency Care and Disaster Preparation 1. Demonstrate how to recognize and respond to medical...

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