7 CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE managemen… · CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE Comprehensive...

CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE

Comprehensive Conservation Management Plan,

RED FORT, DELHI

A collaborative project of ASI and CRCI

VII-01

7 CONTEMPORARY

MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE

7.1 General

The Fort complex, as we experience it today is themanifestation of the transformation due to itshistory, the changes in the owners, occupants, therebyaltering the management systems and hence the formand conditions within the site.

It was first protected through a notification in 1912,through which a small area was designated as a‘Mughal group of Monuments’ (The attached planindicates the first zone of protection). The remainingsite was occupied and maintained by the Army. Thisresulted in the articulation of the various spaces insuch a manner so as to allow for the management ofthe site by these two predominant entities. Thiscontinued till after independence of India in 1947.The third main stakeholder is the Chatta bazaarmarket association which occupies the chatta bazaar.

This can be said to be the reason for the laying of theroad network, fencing and introduction of similarfeatures to facilitate movement, points of control.This is the single most important reason why thespace in the forecourt of the Naubat Khana is such a

fractured space with a green area functioning as atraffic island. This continues to exist till date. Thespace to the east of the Naubat Khana is thecontrolled ‘archeological area’, the building to thewest of it is the covered bazaar and occupied by theMarket Association and the spaces to the north andsouth of it were the army controlled area, with itshighly controlled entry, from the Delhi gate (thesouth gate). All visitors are restricted to use theLahori gate (the west gate).

It was in the year 2003 when numerous otherbuildings came to be protected. These included theouter gates, the ramparts and the Asad burj. In thesame year the army too vacated the site. The spacehowever continues to be managed in the samemanner, though some of the colonial barracks aretoday occupied by the offices and departments linkedclosely with the Archaeological Survey of India. Theoff ice of the Delh i C i rc le , the Ins t i tu te ofArchaeology, the department of Marine archaeology,the publication division of the ASI are some of theorganizations housed in this area.

Figure 7.1: ‘Archaeological Area’ area that wasprotected by ASI till 2003; ASI

Plate 7.1: The entrance into the ‘Archaeo-logical Area’ is through the Naubat Khana;CRCI 2006

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Protection through the first Notification,

1912.

Protection through the second Notification,

2002.

Naubat Khana Asad Burj

Diwan-i-Am Water Gate

Mumtaz Mahal Delhi Gate

Rang Mahal Lahori Gate

Baithak Jehangir Gate and the entire stretch of

intervening fortification wall with bastions

and other features like kiosks, moat on the

outside and a 5 metre wide stretch of land

along the fortification wall and gates towards

inside.

Musammam Burj Chatta bazaar including the gateway

complex.

Diwan- i- Khas

Moti Masjid

Sawan Bhadon

Shah Burj

Hammam

7.2 Current ownership

The Red Fort complex is owned by the Ministry ofCulture, subset within it, is the Archaeological Surveyof Ind i a (ASI ) , r e spons ib l e fo r the ove ra l lmanagement of the site.

The first notification of the site was in 1912, when apart of the site was brought under the protection of

the ASI through the then Ancient MonumentsPreservation Act Number VII of 1904 and the sitewas classified as the ‘Mughal group of Monuments’.

The subsequent notification of the year 2002 led tothe protection of the entire site (fort precincts)following which the Indian Army, that occupied a

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large part of the fort since independence of India in1947, vacated the entire site and handed over theoccupation and management to ArchaeologicalSurvey of India (in 2003).

The designated ‘buffer zone’ is bound between theroads located on the east, south and west of the fortcomplex. The northern edge of the Red Fort isdefined by a narrow road along the moat. Figure 7.2: Buffer zone, Red Fort;

CCMP Map 2006

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7.3 Protection and Planning

Considerations

7.3.1 Legislative protection

The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sitesand Remains Act , 1958 is the primary enablinglegislative instrument governing the excavation ofarchaeological sites and artifacts, the conservation ofmonuments and antiquities and the maintenance andmanagement of material heritage in India. It coversthe process of selection (notification) of sitesaccepted as of national importance, the powersenabling ASI to assume custody of such sites as wellas the process for protection of the designated/not i f i ed s i t e ( i t p re sc r ibes the appropr i a t edocumentary processes that link the owners with theASI as custodians through an agreement).

The act empowers the ASI to do the following inthe interest of protection and preservation of sitesand monuments of immense cultural significanceacross the country:

1. To declare monuments, historic sites, etc. tobe of national importance

2. Rights to acquire sites and monuments forprotection and preservation

3. Undertake preservation and maintenance ofthe monuments and sites.

4. Regulate archaeological excavations

5. Control the movement of antiquities

6. Make regulations and guidelines for theenforcement of the ‘protection’.

Inorder to enforce and exercise the powers conferredby the Section 38 of the Ancient Monuments andArchaeological Site and Remains Act, 1958, the centralgovernment made certain rules, which were publishedin the official Gazette of India, Part I, Section 3,subsection (ii) in 1959 and these are known as theAncient Monuments and Archaeological Sites andRemains Rules, 1959.

These rules like the Act are prohibitory in nature,protecting areas/ sites by disallowing unauthorizedconstruction and excavation activities. In the case ofantiquities, it prohibits unauthorized removal,ma in t a in ing them in s i tu . Pub l i c acces s tomonuments is heavily regulated, with ASI retainingthe authority to give conditional access. Holding ofmeetings, parties etc; cooking and food consumption,hawking and selling are severely restricted. Activitiesl i ke f i lm ing , excava t ions , m in ing and evenconstruction within protected areas are permittedthrough special licenses granted by the centralgovernment. The ASI, has the authority to cancellicenses, remove unauthorized construction andimpose pena l t ies on these contravening theregulations.

The Government of India, notification through theArchaeological Survey of India, Order No. S.O. 1764dated June 16, 1992, published in the Gazette ofIndia, Part II, Section 3, sub-section (ii) dated July4, 1992 declared areas up to 100 m from the protectedlimits, and beyond upto 200 m near or adjoiningprotec ted monuments to be proh ib i ted andregulated areas respectively for the purpose ofvarious operations such as mining and construction.

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Figure 7.3: The 300metre ‘regulated’development zone ofthe Red Fort.

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7.3.2 Land use planning

The De lh i Deve lopment Author i t y (DDA)established through the Delhi Development Act1957, is the statutory authority for the formulationof the Master Plan and the Zonal Development Plansof Delhi. The Master plan is general in character andit indicates the basic land use, recommendations fordevelopment character and urban design, circulationpattern; whereas the Zonal plans gives details forthe development at the local level. The Master Plan2021, was notified in February 2007.

The Master plan designated Shahjahanbad, the RedFort and Salimgarh forts as a ‘heritage zone’ withinthe zonal plan. It recommends that ‘the local body(MCD)/ land owning agency should formulate‘Special Development Plans’ for the conservation andimprovement of the listed heritage complexes andtheir appurtenant areas’. ‘ The development plans/schemes for such areas shal l conform to theprovisions, in respect of conservation of heritagesites including heritage buildings, heritage precinctsand natural feature areas’1.

It further recognises in the section on urban design‘The walled city of Shahjahanabad has certain urbanform charac ter i s i t i c s . The Jama Mas j id i s adominating feature located on hilltop and it different,both in form and scale from other developments ofthe city. The boulevard of Chandni chowk was itscenterpiece, with certain visual character terminatingat two landmarks viz. Red Fort and FatehpuriMosque at its ends’.

The general recommendations made for urbandesign in the Master plan: ‘The following aspectsneed to be considered to arrive at the basis for policiesaffecting the urban fabric:

1. Areas of significance in built environment

2. Visual integration of the city

3. Policy for tall buildings

4. Policy on unhindered access movement,parking and pedestrian realm.

5. Policy on hoardings, street furniture and

signage

6. Urban design scheme

7. Policy for design of pedestrian realm

8. City structure plan and urban design objective

9. Policy for conservation of heritage precinctsbuildings and zones.’

Specific recommendations for Shahjahanabad, are thefollowing in the Master Plan 20212: Walled City andextensions—

‘The various proposals for revitalizing the glory ofthe Walled city are:

1. Conservation approach to retain the overalltraditional character of the walled city.

2. Visual integration of major landmarks torevitalize the past glory.

3. Many areas in Shahjahanabad should bepedestrianised and made completely free of vehiculartraffic so as to restore the human scale and convenientliving.

4. Jud i c ious u se o f ex i s t ing spaces fo rdevelopment of recreational uses.

5. MRTS station areas should be dealt as perspecific urban design schemes and be declared aspedestrian zones.

6. Introduction of activities such as traditional/craft bazaar/ heritage walk/ rides to attract tourists.Generation of urban culture at neighbourhood levelsuch as festivals/fairs, kite flying etc.

7. Env i ronmenta l upgrada t ion to reducedegenerative effects of traffic congestion

8. Rejuvenation and conservation throughmanagement op t ions , f inanc ing incen t ive s ,innovative development controls.’

These recommendations have been considered andincorpora ted in the proposed p l an for thedevelopment of the buffer of the fort complex andits linkages with the historic precinct.

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Comprehensive Conservation Management Plan,RED FORT, DELHIA collaborative project of ASI and CRCI

VII-07

Figure 7.4: Map of Shahjahanabad with the Red Fort andSalimgarh fort, 2006; Google Images

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D I R E C T O R G E N E R A L

ADDITIONAL DIRECTOR GENERAL

JOINT DIRECTOR GENERAL

DIRECTORPLANNING

DIRECTOR PUBLICATION

DIRECTOREXCAVATION

DIRECTORMONUMENTS

DIRECTORCONSERVATION

DIRECTOR ANTIQUITY

DIRECTOR EPIGRAPHY

DIRECTOR SCIENCE

ASST. SUPERINTEN-DING ARCHAEOLOGIST

CHEMIST

ASST.CHEMIST

ASST. SUPERINTEN-DING ARCHAEOLOGIST

CHEMIST

CHIEF HORTIC-ULTURIST

DY. SUPERINTEN-DING HORTICULTURIST

ASST. SUPERINTEN-DING HORTICULTURIST

Sr. HORTICULTURIST

HORTICULTURISTGRADE I & GRADE II

FOREMAN

ASST.FOREMAN

DY. SUPER ARCHAEOLOGIST

SURVEY/DRGOFFICER

ADMISTRAT-IVE OFFICER

SECURITYOFFICER

PHOTOOFFICER

DY. ARCHAEO-LOGIST ENGG.

Sr. PHOTOT-GRAPHER

PHOTOTGRAPHERGRADE I/II

Sr. PHOTOT-GRAPHER

DRAFTSMANGRADE I/II

DY. SUPER ARCHAEOLOGIST

ASST.ARCHAEOLOGIST

DY. SUPER ARCHAEO. ENGG

Sr. CONSERVA-TION ASSISTANT

STAFF INCLUDING ACCOUNTS & FINANACE

CONSERVATIONASST GRADE I & II

FOREMAN/CARETAKER

SITESURVEYOR

MONUMENTATTENDANT

WATCH STAFF

7.4 Management structure

7.4.1 Executive structure

The management of the s i te ves ts wi th theArchaeological Survey of India. The structurecomprises, the central office headed by the DirectorGeneral, the Delhi circle of the ASI which managesall the monuments in the national capital region ofDelhi and the site office of the Red Fort is housedwi th in the Red For t and comes under themanagement of the Delhi circle.

7.4.2 Management Structure

The Delhi circle is empowered to perform differenttasks/ activities namely, archaeological investigations,conservation and maintenance of the historic sites,undertake chemical and art conservation, maintainrecords, site museums, provide for visitor amenitiesand administration of the above. The office isheaded by the Superintendent Archaeologist (SA).

The office of the Delhi Circle of the ASI is housedin one of the colonial buildings in the Red Fort.

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7.4.3 Maintenance and Conservation

A Senior Conservation Assistant (SCA), at the RedFort Site office is accountable for administering theconservation works as well as maintenance of thesite. He is assisted by conservation assistants whoare responsible for preparation of the estimates andexecution of conservation works related to themonuments.

Chemical conservation is undertaken by the regionaloffice, the Delhi Circle. Headed by the DeputySuperintending Archaeologist Chemist (DSAC), thisoffice is responsible for undertaking chemicalpreservat ion of a l l the monuments in Delhiincluding the Red Fort. He is assisted by assistantsuperintending Archaeologist chemist (ASAC) andthe chemical assistants.

Maintenance and management of the open spaces,especially the gardens is the responsibility of thehorticulture branch. In addition they maintain the15 August parks in front, and Salimgarh. The totalarea is approximately 85-90 acres. 26 personnel areemployed for this purpose. Skilled and unskilledworkers are further hired based on the occasionalneeds of the site.

The three museums in the Red Fort, ArchaeologicalMuseum, Swatantrata Sainani Sangrahlaya (Freedom

Fighters Museum) and the Indian War MemorialMuseum are maintained and managed by the DelhiCircle. The staff however are from the site office.

7.4.4 Security

The security is managed independently by the CentralIndustrial Security Force (CISF). This organizationis responsible for security checks at the entrance ofthe fort and throughout the site for 24 hours of theday. The system for security resulted from a jointsurvey of the complex conducted by ASI and CISf,approved by Ministry of Home affairs. This surveylists all the points regarding placing of securityarrangements. Copies of the document are with ASI,CISF and MHA. The authorizing agency for CISF isASI and Ministry of Home Affairs. Their brief is toprovide the complex with security, protect it fromoutside attacks, particularly terrorists. The extent oftheir duties includes securing the boundaries, entryof all visitors, searching and frisking, regulation of

SUPERINTENDINGARCHAEOLOGIST

(CIRCLE INCHARGE)

SENIORCONSERVATION

ASSISTANT(RED FORT SUB-CIRCLE)

CONSERVATIONASST. GRADE I & II

FOREMAN/CARETAKER

SITESURVEYOR

MONUMENTATTENDANT

WATCH STAFF

DIRECTORATE

SISPRIVATE

SECURITYCISF

SUPERINTENDINGARCHAEOLOGIST

(CIRCLE INCHARGE)

SENIORCONSERVATION

ASSISTANT(RED FORT SUB-CIRCLE)

CONSERVATIONASST. GRADE I & II

FOREMAN/CARETAKER

SITESURVEYOR

MONUMENTATTENDANT

WATCH STAFF

DIRECTORATE

SISPRIVATE

SECURITYCISF

Plate 7.2: Security check providedat the Lahori Gate barbican byCISF; CRCI 2006

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vehicles. There are 294 armed personnel stationed atRed Fort, with 16 followers (cooks, sweepers), 5secretarial staff and 12 drivers. The number ofpersonnel was mutually decided by ASI and CISFduring the joint survey. Actual nature of duties ofpersonnel etc. is governed by the CISF Act of 1968.

Special security is provisions come into play 8 weeksbefore the Independence day celebrations (15thAugust). Multiple agencies get involved and anextremely complex security cover is provided by DelhiPolice, Indian Army, Prime Minster’s security,Intelligence Bureau, SPG etc. The ASI site office haveno say in this system during this period. The area ofthe Lahori Gate and the ramparts become extremelysensitive zones.

Plate 7.3: Intense security provi-sions at the entrances and edges ofthe Fort complex; CRCI 2006

7.4.5 Engineering services

The services to the site are provided and maintainedby multiple agencies. These include, the Delhi JalBoard, which provides the drinking water; electricityis provided by the BSES, the other agency that islinked with the maintenance of the electrical servicesis the Central Public Works Department.

7.4.6 Visitor amenities

Parking for the visitors is provided on the NetajiSubhash Marg, on the opposite side of the Red Fort(in the Ramlila grounds). This makes it extremelyinconvenient for the visitors due to heavy traffic,distance and lack of shelter in extreme weatherconditions. In addition there is no seating availablefor the visitors close to the ticket counters and theentrance gate which invariably has long waiting ques.

i Ticket counters

The ticket counters are managed and maintained byASI. Foreigners can pay in US dollars, either $2 orRs. 100. Indians are charged Rs. 5 as entry, in additionthey are charged Rs.2 for each of the 3 museums atthe gate itself. The entry is free for handicapped,children below 15 years, VIPs, official delegations,embassy delegations (permission is requested byembassy from ASI). The sale of the tickets begin at7.30 am. The tickets for the museum are sold from9:30 onwards.

ii Toilets

There are three toilet complexes in the Red Fortprecinct. These are near the Chatta bazaar, the secondis adjacent to the Naubat Khana and the third closeto the Moti Masjid. The chatta bazaar toilets aremaintained by the Market association of the Chattabazaar, the Naubat Khana toilets by the ASI and theones near the Moti Masjid by Sulabh International

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iii Food

There are three facilities for food and beverage onthe site, one is a restaurant in the Chatta bazaar,another is a canteen near the Naubat Khana and thethird is a restaurant, called the Daawat Khana,managed by the Indian Tourism DevelopmentCorporation (ITDC).

iv Sound and light show

Sound and light shows, in Hindi and English areheld in the forecourt of the Diwan-i-Khas, daily,managed by ITDC. Permanent rows of benches fora capacity of over 400 people have been provided inthis space. The tickets for these shows are sold from

the same counter as the general ticket, after all thevisitors leave the premises by 6 PM. The visitors ofthe sound and light show enter soon after.

v Shopping and curios

This facility is provided by the Chatta Bazaar MarketAssociation through the presence of 45 shops inthe Chatta bazaar which has been a thriving marketfor centuries. The shops receive their suppliesthrough the Lahori Gate. These are in the form ofpackages that are checked by security. The productssold at these shops are primarily handicrafts,jewellery.

From top to bottom:

Plate 7.4: Food and beveragefacility at the Chatta bazaar; CRCI2006

Plate 7.5: Sound and Light show,Diwn-i-Khas forecourt; CRCI2006

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7.5 Archaeology Database and

information available in archives

Archival information was made available to theproject team as a compilation by ASI in the courseof the preparation of the plan. This informationcomprised the following:

Volume I: Data compilation of chemical

treatment and pollution studies undertaken on the

Red Fort

1. General methodology adopted for chemicalcleaning/ treatment in protected monument ofIndia, including chemical treatment of preservationof surface of monuments.

2. Article on restoration of painted woodenceilings in the central hall of Diwan-i- Khas, Redfort by R Veeraraghavan, R.K Sharma and ShilpaRaturi.

3. Volume 2 of the proceedings of the 9th

Internat iona l congress on deter iorat ion andconservation of stone, Venice June 19-24, 2000. thisincludes performance evaluation of preservativecoatings on stone surface of heritage buildings.

4. An a r t i c l e on de f ac ing he r i t age a s aconsequence of dry deposition by R.K Sharma, H.OGupta and Kalpana Saxena.

5. An article on challenges of site managementin the changed environment in and around Red Fort,Delhi by R. Veeraraghvan, Ved Prakash and H. KGupta.

Volume II: Archival records on

Archaeological excavations/ scientific clearances,

conservation, horticulture and civil works, ASI

India.

1. Annual Report 1903-04; 1906-07; 1920-21; 1921-22; 1922-23; 1923-24; 1924-25; 1925-26; 1926-27;1929-30; 1930-31; 1931-32; 1932-33; 1933-34

1935-36; 1979-1980; 1980-1981; 1981-1982; 1982-1983

2. Indian Archaeology Review 1979-1980; 1979-1980;1979-1980; 1979-1980;

1979-1980; 1979-1980; 1979-1980; 1981-82; 1982-83;

1983-84; 1984-85; 1985-86; 1986-87; 1987-88; 1988-89; 1989-90; 1990- 1991; 1991-92; 1992-93; 1993-94;1994-95; 1995-96; 1996-97; 1997-98; 1998-99;

3. Data on archaeological gardens

4. Excavation at charbagh gardens in front of RangMahal, Red Fort, Delhi.

Volume III Archival Photos- of the built

structures and surroundings, archaeological

excavation/ scientific clearance, conservation,

horticulture and civil works.

(Endnotes)1 Master Plan for Delhi 2021. Page 642 Ibid page 65-66

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