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Citing Referencesin Your Research(APA Style)
Prof. Dr. Khalid MahmoodDepartment of Library & Information ScienceUniversity of the PunjabLahore, PAKISTAN
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Various style manuals APA – American Psychological
Association MLA – Modern Language Association Chicago Style – Chicago Manual of Style Turabian Style – based on Chicago Style Harvard Referencing System ASA – American Sociological Association CBE - Council of Biology Editors
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APA style American
Psychological Association
In 1929, published instructions for authors on how to prepare manuscripts for APA journals
Later used for theses, term papers, etc.
Latest edition 6th in 2009
Widely used in social sciences
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Citing references – Outline Identifying and formatting citing
elements Citing in text Preparing reference list /
bibliography
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Citing Elements
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Citing elements Author or authoring body Date of publication Title of the work Edition Publisher Place of publication Title of the source Location information within the source URL or DOI Nonroutine information
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Author Surname and initials
Kernis, M. H. Hyphenated first name
Sun, C.-R. Editor’s name
Robinson, D. N. (Ed.) No author
Entry under title Delete Prof., Dr., Maj., Retd., etc.
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Authoring body or group Full name
National Institute of Health Subordinate body
University of the Punjab, Institute of Business Administration
Government agencies Pakistan, Ministry of Finance
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Date of publication Journal, book, AV media
1993 Meeting, Monthly magazine, Newsletter
1993, June 1993, Spring
Daily, Weekly 1994, September 28
Accepted work but not yet published in press
No date available n.d.
Publication over long period 1959-1963
Republished work, a note at the end (Original work published 1923)
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Title of the work Title of book Title of book chapter Title of journal article Title of encyclopedia article Subtitle with colon
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Edition Edition you used Edition in Arabic numeral
2nd ed. Rev. ed. 4th rev. ed.
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Publisher Publisher name for non periodicals In a brief form Omit superfluous terms, such as
Publishers, Publications, Co., Inc. Sage Wiley McGraw-Hill Prentice Hall Ferozsons
Use only word “Author” when author and publisher is the same
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Place of publication Name of city If city is not well known then add
state/province and/or country Jaipur, India Medford, NJ
US postal service abbreviations for states (2-digit codes) CA for California
If more cities are given, use the first or the publisher’s head office if clearly mentioned
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Title of the source Title of the book in case of a book
chapter Title of the journal in case of
journal article Journal title in full
Harvard Business Review No Har. Bus. Rev. No HBR
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Location Journal volume and issue number in Arabic
numerals 33(4)
Volume of a book Vols. 1-20 (Vol.26, pp. 501-508)
Start and end (inclusive) page numbers for journal article or book chapter 215-224 (pp. 215-224)
Discontinuous pages 5-7, 11-12
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URL or DOI Uniform Resource Locator (URL) http://www.topicsinclinicalnutrition.com
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
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Nonroutine information Give nonroutine but important
information in square brackets
[Letter to the editor][Special issue][Brochure][Abstract]
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Citing in text
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Author’s name in sentence
Schwepps (1998) states that
the solution sat dormant for
several months before any of the
employees tested it (p. 743).
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Author’s name in parentheses
When the solution had been
sitting for a number of months, the
employees tested for bacteria
(Schwepps, 1998).
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Short quotation When fewer than 40 words Put prose quotation in running text Put quote marks around quoted
material Author’s last name, publication
year, and page number(s) of quote must appear in the text
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Example – Short quotationCaruth (1996) states that a
traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p. 11).
A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p. 11).
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Long quotations When 40 words or more In block form Indent 5-7 spaces and omit the
quotation marks. If the quotation has internal paragraphs, indent the internal paragraphs a further 5-7 spaces
Do not use quotation marks Double space the block quote Cite the source after the end
punctuation of the quote
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Example – Long quotationMeile (1993) found the following:
The “placebo effect,” which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)
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Secondary reference
In 1947 the World Health Organization proposed the following definition of health. “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity” (World Health Organization, as cited in Potter & Perry, 2001, p. 3).
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Multiple authors 2 authors – cite both names separated
by & Example: (Kosik & Martin, 1999, p. 127)
3-5 authors – cite all authors first time; after first time, use et al. Example: (Wilson et al., 2000)
6 or more authors – cite first author’s name and et al.Example: (Perez et al., 1992)
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Multiple citations Multiple sources from same author –
chronological order, separated by comma (Burke, 1998, 1999, in press)
Within same year: (Burke, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, in press)
Multiple sources – separated by semicolon, alphabetical order (Burke, 1998; Perez, 1992; Wilhite, 2001)
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Personal communication Personal communication (email,
phone, conversation, letter, etc.) (T.K. Lutes, personal
communication, September 19, 2001)
Not included in reference list
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Handling parenthetical citations
More than one author with the same last name
(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)
Specific part of a source (Jones, 1995, chap. 2)
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Handling parenthetical citations
If the source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of the title:Full Title: “California Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers”Citation: (“California,” 1999)
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Sample parenthetical citations
Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur that “It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996).
However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing that his study “treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control of institutions” (p. 6).
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Reference List / Bibliography
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Reference list Place the list of references cited at the end
of the paper Start references on a new page Begin each entry flush with the left margin Indent subsequent lines five to seven
spaces (hanging indent) Double space both within and between
entries Italicize the title of books, magazines, etc.
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Reference list order Arrange sources alphabetically beginning with
author’s last name If author has more than one source, arrange
entries by year, earliest first When an author appears both as a sole author
and, in another citation as the first author of a group, list the one author entries first
If no author given, begin entry with the title and alphabetize without counting a, an, or the
Do not underline, italicize or use quote marks for titles used instead of an author name
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Example – Reference list order
Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control … Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of … Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors … Kumpfer, K. L. (2002). Prevention … Kumpfer, K. L., Alvarado, R., Smith, P.,
… Yoshikawa, H. (1994). Preventions …
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Group author
American Psychological Association.(2001). Publication
manual of theAmerican
Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington,
DC: Author.
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Book with one author
Carter, R. (1998). Mapping the mind.Berkeley, CA: University ofCalifornia Press.
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Book with two authors
Struck, W., & White, E. B. (1979).The elements of style (3rd
ed.).New York: Macmillan.
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Book with six or more authors
Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N.,
Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L.,
et al. (2000). An experimentalevaluation of…
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Book with no author
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary
(10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:
Merriam-Webster.
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Book with editors
Allison, M. T., & Schneider, I. E. (Eds.).(2000). Diversity and the
recreationprofession: Organizationalperspectives. State College, PA:Venture.
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Chapter in book
Stern, J. A., & Dunham, D. N. (1990).The ocular system. In J. T. Cacioppo & L. G. Tassinary (Eds.),Principles of psychophysiology:Physical, social, and inferentialelements (pp. 513-553). Berkeley,CA: University of California Press.
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Multivolume book
Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology: A study of science (Vols. 1-6). New York: McGraw-Hill.
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Journal article
Sellard, S., & Mills, M. E. (1995).Administrative issues for use ofnurse practitioners. Journal ofNursing Administration, 25(5),64-70.
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Article in press
Jones, R. (in press). The new healthcare lexicon. Journal of Health.
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Abstract
Misumi, J., & Fumita, M. (1982). Effectsof PM organizational development insupermarket organization. JapaneseJournal of Experimental SocialPsychology, 21, 93-111. [Abstract]Psychological Abstracts, 1982, 68,Abstract No. 11474
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Magazine
Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29).Seeing the mind.
Science, 262,673-674.
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Newspaper
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30).Obesity affects economic,
socialstatus. The Washington
Post, pp.A1, A4.
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Encyclopedia article
Blaser, L. (1996). Relativity . In Galeencyclopedia of science (Vol.
15,pp. 82-86). New York, GaleEncyclopedia Co.
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Thesis
Ho, M. (2000). Coping strategies ofcounseling professionals(Unpublished master’s thesis,Nanyang Technological
University,Singapore).
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Videotape
National Institute on Mental Health. (1980).
Drug abuse [videotape]. Bethesda:
Author.
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Electronic sources
Velmans, M. (1999). When perceptionbecomes conscious. BritishJournal of Psychology, 90, 543-566. Retrieved from the Expanded Academic ASAP database.
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Web page
Green, C. (2000, April 16). History & philosophy of psychology web resources. Retrieved from http://www.yorku.ca/dept.htm
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Article with DOI
Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy and analytic therapy in trauma treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 482–488. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
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Preprint version of article
Philippsen, C., Hahn, M., Schwabe, L., Richter, S., Drewe, J., & Schachinger, H. (2007). Cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress is not affected by alpha2-adrenoreceptor activation or inhibition. Psychopharmacology, 190(2), 181–188. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0597-7
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Online dictionary
Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.m-w.com/dictionary
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Presentation slides
Columbia University, Teachers College, Institute for Learning Technologies. (2000). Smart cities: New York: Electronic education for the new millennium [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/ publications/index.html
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Press release
American Psychological Association. (2006, April 30). Internet use involves both pros and cons for children and adolescents [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/releases/ youthwww0406.html
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Message posted to an electronic mailing list
Smith, S. (2006, January 5). Re: Disputed estimates of IQ [Msg 670]. Message posted to ForensicNetwork electronic mailing list, archived at http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/ForensicNetwork/message/670
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Weblog post
bfy. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind. Message posted to http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/
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Sample Reference List References
Calvillo, D. (1999). The theoretical development of aggression. Retrieved August
21, 2002 from: http://www.csubak.edu/~1vega/dustin2.html
Flory, R. K., (1969a). Attack behavior as a function of minimum inter-food
interval. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 12, 825-
828.
Flory, R. K., (1969b). Attack behavior in a multiple fixed-ratio schedule of
reinforcement. Psychonomic Science, 16, 383-386.
Flory, R. K., & Everist, H.D. (1977). The effect of a response requirement on
schedule- induced aggression. Bulletin of the Psychonomic
Society 9, 383-386.
Gentry, W. D. (1968). Fixed-ratio schedule-induced aggression. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11, 813-817.
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For More Information
APA Manual Website:www.apastyle.org