S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 1

MCM 614: UTILITES AND FACILITES MANAGEMENT:

Fire protection scheme Contents:

1. Introduction

2. Ignition

3. Fuel

4. Oxygen

5. Types of fire

6. Fire detection system

7. Fire fighting: fire extinguisher

8. Hydrant system

9. Fire pump house

Introduction

For a fire to starts - 3 things needed

1. A source of ignition

2. Fuel

3. Oxygen

Any of the above missing , fire cannot start taking steps to avoid the three coming together

will therefore reducethe chance of a fire occuring.

Once a fire starts it can grow quickly and spread from one source of fuel to another ,as it

grows the amount of heat it gives off will increase and this can cause other fuels to self -

ignite

Identifying sources of ignition

Can be identified anywhere by looking for possible sources of heat which could get hot enough to

ignite the material in the office.

1. Naked flame:smokers material cigarettes and matches

2. Hot surfaces: (office equipment)hot surfaces and obstruction of equipments ventilation ,

3. Mechnically generated spark: (welding and grinding work)

4. Electrically generated spark: (halogen lamps and loose electrical connections)faulty or

mis use of electrical equipment lighting equipment.

Identifying a sources of fuel

Any thing that burns is fuel for fire . So we need to look for the thing that will burn reasonably

easily and are in sufficient quantityto provide fuel for firesome of the common fuels found in

workplace are –

1. Flammable liquid based products such as paints, varnish , thinner, and adhessives.

2. Flammable liquids and solvents such as petrol , white spirits, and paraffins.

3. Flammable chemicals

4. Wood

5. paper and card board

6. Plastics, rubber and foam such as polysterene e.g the foam used in upholstered furniture.

7. Flammable gasess such liquified petroleum gases

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Ignition sources

1. Hot surfaces

2. Electrical equipment

3. Static electricity

4. Smoking/ naked flame

5. Textiles

6. Loose packaging materials

7. Sparks created by loose connections

Fuel

Anything that burns is fuel for a fire

a. flammable gases

b. flammable liquids

c. flammable solids

G

Flammable liquid based products such as paints , varnish, thinnersand adhsives

Petrol,white spirit,parrafin

Flammable chemicals

Wood

Paper , card board

Flammable gases such aslpgand acetylene

Oxygen

Always present in the air

Additional source of oxidising substances

Identifying sources of oxygen

It is in the air around us

In an enclosed building provided with ventilation

Mainly falls in one of the two categories

1. Natural air flow through doors and windows and other openings

2. Mechanical air conditioning system and air handling systems

In many buildings there will be combination of systems , , which will be capable of introducing /

extracting air to and from the building additional sources of o2 can be found in materials used as

Some chemicals (oxidising material) which can provide a fire with additional o2 and so assist it to

burn. These chemicals should be identified on their container by the manufacturer or supplier who

can advice as to their safe use and storage.

2. O2 supplies from cylinder storage and piped system , e.g o2 used in welding processesor

health care purposes

Types of fires

A. CLASS “A”fires: in volving combustible materials of organic nature such as wood,paper,

rubber and many plastics etc where cooling effect of water is essentil for extinguishing fire

(water co2 shoud be used

B. CLASS “B”fires:involving flammable liquids like petroleum productswhere blanketting

effect is essential(foam should be sed) d.c.p

C. CLASS “C” fires:involving flammable gassesunder pressure including liquefied gasses

wher it is necessary to inhibit the burning gas at a rapid rate with an inert gas,powder or

vaporised liquid (d.c.p. should be used )

D. CLASS “D” fires:involving combustible metals such as mg,k,na…..

Class ‗d‖fire s fires involving combustable metals such as mg, al, zn, na, p,etc when the

burning metals are reactive to water and water containing agents .

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Electrical fires fires involving electrical equipments/cables etc which can be extinguished

with the help of co2 type or d.c.p.type extinguisher.

FIRE FIGHTING:FIRE

EXTINGUISHER

Fire extinguisher should be installed

as per the indian standards

code(is:2190-1971)

Portable extinguishers are fitted at

various locations in the common area

to fight different types of fire:

1. Dry powder type :is:2171-1962

2. Fire buckets :as per isi

3. Carbon di oxide: is:2878/1976

4. Water carbondi oxide: is:940/1976

5. Mech foam type: is:10204

FIRE DETECTION & FIGHTING SYSTEM

It includes the smoke detection and fire alarm system according to the indian standards and

national electrical code

Is-2175 : Heat Sensitive Fire Detectors For Use In Automatic Fire Alarm System

Is-2189 : Code Of Practice For Selection, Installation And Maintenance Of Automatic Fire

Detection And Alarm System

Is-11360 : For Smoke Detectors Used In Automatic Electrical Fire Alarm System

Bs-5839 : For Manual Call Points

Fire detection system

The equipment is designed to take care of fire protection for 30 minutes before fire department

take over .a fire and life safety matrix(enclosed sketch). The fire detection , alarm and

communication system are non coded, zoned and electrically supervised .

Fire alarm initiating and alerting device.

A control panel are located in security room and in ground level . The security personnel will

be trained to relay all water flow alarm

Combined audible and visual alerting devices are provide throughout all floors with

speakers having maximum sound level of 10lbs

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CENTRAILISED FIRE ALARM SYSTEM Automatic smoke detection and fire alarm system

comprises of the follwing:

1. Control Panel

2. Smoke Detectors

3. Heat Detectors

4. Response indicators

1.Control panel

It should be suitable for a number of zones . The fire alarm

panel shall be micraprocessor based.

Central fire panel: they respond to smoke and activate alarm/hooter signal from them are also

received in fire panel/bms for effective deal the client must appoint their own fire coordinator on

a 24/7 basis .

The following action will be taken by the fire coordinator……….

2.Smoke detectors

2 types

1.dual chamber ionisation type

it is a solid state type working on ionisation principle and prefers a dual chamber and a dual

source.

this detector shall be protected against dust accumulation/ ingress.it has a insect resistant

alarm to prevent from nuisance alarm

2. Photoelectric/ optical type

works on the principle of light scattering ,

utilizing a light emitting diode

3.Heat detectors

They are of dual thermostat (negetive temperature co oeefcient resistor)/bimetallic/electro-

pneumatic/thermoelectric)

Works on two methods :

rate of rise

fixed temperature

Rate of rise can be carefully calibrated to ignore any normal fluctuation in temperature but to

respond quickly when temperature rise is 60 degree c fixed temperature feature should be

entirely independent of the rate of rise element the opening temperature of fixed temperature

element should be factory set as 57c + 5c.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 5

HEAT DETECTORS

Manual call points

The break glass shall be fabricated out of 14 guage cold rolled sheet steel

It may also be made of die cast aluminium alloy.

It has ip-55 enclosure and weather proof construction for out door installation.

It has a minimum dimension of 100*100*80 mm

Hooters/ loop sounders \

The unit consist of:

solid state circuity on a printed circuit board

flashing lamp housed in a weather proofed dust right

wall mounting type enclosure

The hooter shall atleast have 102lbs (a) output maesured at 1 meter distance

In the event of fire , the hooter shall raise pulsating audio alarm and the lamp shall flash

4. Response indicators

Suitable for flush with false ceiling

They are connected to the detectors directly and shall complete with terminal block suitable

to accept cables with upto 2.5mm copper conductor

Normal state – led flicker

In alarm condition – led in red colour with 5mm dia as minimum

SYSTEMS IN FIRE DETECTION

Hydrant system/wet raiser system

Sprinkler system

First aid fire extinguisher at

Transformer, control panel, generation and lift

Water curtain system

Fire trace system

Hydrant system/wet raiser system

Piping: ms pipes

So well designed that minimum pressure maintained 3.5kg/cm

Ms pipes conform to is:1239with fittings to is:part ii (medium grade)

Under ground pipes for ms medium class . The pipes shall be laid not less than 1 metre

below ground level

Above ground piping shall be ms medium unless other wise specified and shall conform to

is:1239part i

Sprinkler system

It is provide for the entire building and every floor is provided flow switch to give an alarm in the

event of its operation . It is also taking care of the required pressure to ensure the system works in

the event of fire and all sprinklers are used are an approved make and the temperature set 68

degree centigrade. This is an independent system as per the standard.

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Water curtain system

It is provided water curtain system around the building . One at the terrace and other at the 36 mtr

height i.e at 12th floor to ensure cooling of the tower to put of fire effectively

Fire terrace system desgned for a simple installation, the capacity about 10, 000 ltrs in emergency

if fire pumps fail to operates then this stored water can be pumped having booster pump installed

in line pressure of ware at 4to 4.5 kg /cm2.

Deluge valve;- a water deluge system consists of a net work of dry pipe work and open nozzles

water is introduses into the system by means of a fast acting specifically engineerd deluge valve.

The‖ deluge valve ― is the automatic water control valve that is used to control water flow into

deluge ,preaction and special types of fire protection systems in response to a fire.

Anticorrosive treatment for underground piping

Pipes laid outdoor in trenches , buried in earth shall be wrapped with pypkote‖ make 4mm

thick membranes consisting 7 layers of poly ethylene polymerised bitumen and polyester

mat laid over suitable primer of fibre and solvent based rubbermodified bituminous primer of

density 0.9gms/cum applied at the rate of approx 200-250gm/sq.m.

Material to be laid strictly as per manufacturers specifications .

The pipeline running below floor shall be given anticorrosive treatmant same as for

underground piping

Hydrant valves

Landing valves should be of gun metal

construction and of 63mm dia oblique female

instantaneous pattern with caps and chains

Landing valves conform to is-5290 in all respects

Double headed landing valves shall have

separate control valves

Landing valves shall be connected to the wet riser

stand pipes by means of suitable tee,cost of

which is deemed to be included in the unit rate for

piping

Types of Hydrant valves

1. Non return valves : swing check type with cost iron body without bypass arrangement. The

valves shall conform to is-5312 with latest amendments

2. Gun metal sluice valves: they are provided with female threaded ends for priming

connection to the delivery of pump. They shall conform to is-778with latest amendments

3. Gun metal non return valves: they are with female threaded ends for priming connection

to delivery of the pump

4. Air cushion vessel: shall be fabricated with 1 m long 250mm dia class b ms piped and

provided with automatic air release cock , 25mm dia . Drain vakve and a shut off valve

5. Stand post: ms doubled flanged stand post for seating hydrant valves made of 80mm dia

and of length 2 mtrs

6. Hose pipes: they shall be of63 mm diameter made as per is-636 , type 1

7. Branch pipes: gun metal short branch pipes with 63 mm female instantaneous inlet . Male

threaded outlet complete with hexagonal based nozzle heavy quality conforming to is-903

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8. Fire hose coupling : gun metal fire hose coupling of 63mm size with multiseperated tail

and double instantaneous spring lock arrangement comprising of male and female half and

rubber washer conforming to is-903

9. Hose reel: hydraulic hose reel construction on decorative lines , full swing type finish black

and red heavy stove enamel fitted with 30 mtrs (90‘)long 19mm (3/4) size hose terminating

with hand controlled nozzle with suitable bracket for fixing on the wall

10. Hose cabinet: to accommodate two pieces of 15mtrs long hoses along with one pair of

male and female coupling and one branch pipe. The cabinet is made up of ms sheet glass

with front hinged door and lock . The cabinet is spray painted to scarlet red colour . Size

30‖*24‖*10‖

11. Butterfly valves :Should conform the following specifications

Body: high duty cast iron to is 210 gr.fg 220 and bs 1452

gr 220

Seating:moulded resilient lining of back nitliner rubber

Disk: nylon coated s.g.iron to is: 1865 /sg400/12 and

bs2729 gr. 420/12

Shaft: made of stainless steel aisi431 valves shall be

capable of being locked in opening and closing . Key rods

with m.s . Coated extended spindles to be provided

whenever the valves shall be installed

Butterfly valve : type of connections

Fire brigade inlet connection

The inlet into the tank comprises of 4 instantaneous pattern 63 mm dia

Make inlets with caps and chains complete with non returnvalves housed in a 16 gauge ms

Cabinet with 4mm thick glass fronted door .

The cabinet shall be 1000*300*400mm size for recess mounting

Siamese connection

1 no. Fire brigade inlet connection to the riser comprised of 4 instantaneous pattern 63mm dia .

Inlets with 4 non return valves and cap with chains complete with 6‖ sluice valve

The manifold will be mounted in a mild steel cabinet with a glass fronted door

Cabinet suitable for wall/floor mounting

FIRE PUMP HOUSE

Pump driven by diesel engine

Requirement of the engine

It shall be of 4 cylinder type with indiviual head assemblies

It should be water cooled and shal include radiator, water pump,and connecting pipe

strainer,isolating and pressure reducing valves , by pass line completer in all aspects.

It shall be direct injection type with low noise and exhaust omission type

It should be self starting type and shall be provided with 12 volts heavy duty batteries ,dynamo

starters cutouts, starter, cutout battery leads complete in all aspects

Speed of the engine shall match the pump speed for direct drive

It shall be provided with a automatic fully connected battery recharger as required

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System should be designed such that both batteries connected and are indiviually able to

provide automatic pump starting

The battery circuit should be arranged to alternately attempt starting on one circuit first , then

other battery could be charged be an alternator on the engine with the other one charged by

an independent means

Engine shall be provided with a oil bath air cleaner

Engine should be suitable for running on high speed diesel oil

The entire system shall be mounted on a common structural base plate with anti vibration

mounting and flexible connections on the suction and delivery piping

Providing one fully mounted and supported day oil tank fabricated from 5m thick ms sheet of

capacity (size 1m*1m*0.7m) 500 lt with inlet , outlet with valves , gauge glass , manhole cover

Priming tank

Capacity 100 ltrs

Provided with suitable inlets , outlets scour and drain pipes

It should be with the level controller float to indicate/annuciate low water level inside tank

It is displayed in fire pump panel with audio visual indications

Pump driven by electric motors

Electrically driven by centrifugal pump of capacity 47.5 lps against 7kg/cm2 pump shall be

automatic and driven by a totally enclosed fan cooled induction electric motor of 100hp at

1500 rpm

2 types

a. Jockey pump

b. terrace pump

Jockey pump

o Electrically driven centrifugal pump of capacity 3.0 lps at

70mtrs head

o Pump shall be automatic in operation and driven by dip

squirrel cage electrical motor of 5hp at 2860 rpm

Terrace pump

o Electically driven centrifugal pump of capacity 15lps at 30mtrs head

o Pump shall be automatic in operation driven by dip proof squirrel cage electrical of 12.5hp

at 2900 rpm

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 9

ELEVATOR WORK

Introduction

Types of Elevators with Clear Lift Pit and Machine Room Sizes

Installation Procedures

Civil Work for Lift Pit

Civil Work for Lift Well

Electrical Work

Erection Work

Checklist of Elevator Work

Precautions and Maintenance of Elevator

Legal Formalities for Elevators

Introduction

An elevator (lift) is a cabin which moves vertically. It is used for transporting persons/goods, up

and down. It is a substitute for the staircase. It occupies a lesser space. It is the most convenient

way of vertical circulation in multi-storeyed buildings.

Types of Elevators with Clear Lift Pit and Machine Room Sizes

Types of elevators are

Passenger Elevator

Freight Elevator

Hospital Elevator

Dumb Elevator

Usually, passenger elevators are used in building construction. For

residential buildings, passenger elevator of 5 to 8 persons capacity,

with collapsible or swing door shutter and single speed is used. In

commercial buildings elevators of 5 to 20 persons capacity, automatic

door, with single/double/high speed is used.

As per the rules and regulations of the Corporations, an elevator is a must for buildings with G+5

floors.

A typical plan and elevations of passenger elevator is shown in the figure.

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ELEVATORS

Installation Procedures

Refer elevator drawings before

execution of any work.

Civil Work for Lift Pit

All hoist way walls should be

minimum 23cm brick or 150mm

R.C.C.

Centre opening doors are

recommended.

Depth should be 1.40m (4‘6‖)

below the lowest landing level. The

lift pit should be taken to landing

level. The lift pit should be taken to

a hard strata of ground. If the clear

depth from top of (bottom) raft upto

the lowest landing level is more

than 1.40m (4‘6‖), then extra depth

should be completely watertight

and rough Shahabad box type

water-proofing treatment should be

provided.

M.S. ladder should be provided for

access to the lift pit.

Provide 40cm x 40cm x 75cm,

1:2:4, concrete block in the lift pit

at a place shown in the elevator

drawing. To carry buffer spring.

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Civil Work for Lift Well

Scaffolding should be provided for lift erection in the shaft and should be removed after the

erection work is complete. The horizontal supports of scaffolding should be 0.90m to 1.05m

(3‘0‖ to 3‘6‖) and should exceed 1.05m (3‘6‖).

Provide pockets for the inside and backside walls, at the locations shown by the erection

agency. Grout the same after fixing the rag bolts for guide rails. Alternately, the guide rails

can also be fixed with fasteners at these locations. This is an easier but time consuming

and expensive procedure.

It cannot be adopted where the lift pit is more than 1.7m x 1.40m (5‘6‖ x 4‘6‖) size and

requires bracket supports for guide rails.

The fasteners or rag bolts should be provided at a distance not exceeding 2.1m (7‘0‘‘).

(Conformation from elevator agency is required).

To make the guide rails sturdy, they should be fixed on the concrete surface and NOT on

the block/brick masonry works. For this, the vertical distances between two R.C.C. bracer

beams should not exceed 2.1m (7‘0‘‘).

Make pockets and grout them for rails, brackets, indicator, boxes etc. in position.

During construction, provide 4 nos. 10cmx10cm (4‘‘ x4‖) pockets in R.C.C. pardi /block/brick

masonry wall at 90cm (3‘0‖) below the machine room bottom slab, for fixing supports of the

template.

C.P. teak wood template should be provided. The erection agency will fix up the template

and plumb. The door positions can be fixed accordingly.

For door frames designs on the ground floor and upper floors, Refer Figure Nos. 1 and 2.

Provide door frames in C.P. teak wood only.

In case of brick/block masonry, all R.C.C. beams (in lift well) should be marked with red oil

paint. 15cm (6‖) stripes on all three sides (top and bottom of beam). This helps in locating

the R.C.C beam portion. The rag bolt fasteners can be fixed accordingly in the R.C.C.

portion.

The block masonry for the adjoining frames should be done with 15cm (6‖) wide blocks, to

prevent any chipping later on and for avoiding offset in finished plaster/tiles.

The door frames and other adjoining masonry frames should be done for all floors, except

for ground floor. The door frame should be erected after lift car erection and completion of

all works of the entrance hall/passage.

For the landing flooring near entrance door of the lift, consider the sill of collapsible gate

after fixing of collapsible gate.

Two coats of white wash to be provided for all the walls of the lift well.

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ELECTRICAL WORK

Electrical Meter

Three phase separate electric meter is required for an individual lift.

Cables

4.0mm2 x 3.5 core copper armoured cable or (equivalent capacity aluminum cable) to be

provided from meter room at G.F. to the machine room.

2.5mm2 x 3 core copper unarmoured cable to be provided from meter room to machine

Room and again to the bottom of the lift well.

Main Switches

2 Nos. 32 Amp capacity I.C.T.P. (Iron Clad Triple Pole) one in the meter room of the

ground floor and other in the machine room. 3 Nos. 16 Amps D.P., on e in the meter

room of the ground floor and 2 in the machine room should be provided.

Light Points

One tube light point in machine room with one additional socket and switch.

One external point at the entrance door of machine room.

In the lift well, one wooden block containing a bulb with switch and a 3-pin socket

with switch, at the level of one and half feet below each floor level, except for the

ground floor should be provided. In addition, a similar bock at the machine room floor

level and one on 0.9m (3‘0‖) below F.F.L. at the ground floor should be provided.

Earthing

8 Gauge copper double earthing from the earth pit to the machine room, I.C.T.P. motor

and controller should be provided.

Locations

Underground cable should run from the ground floor meter to the lift well. Inside the lift

well, cable should run on the back side wall, near a of the corner of the lift, upto the

location of main switches in the machine room adjoining these cables. The lighting point

should also be provided inside the lift well.

Saddling of the cables at 0.6m (2‘0‖) interval in succession should be provided.

Erection Work

Erection of all the machines as per the P.W.D. rules and regulations should be carried out

by an authorized agency.

Precautions and Maintenance of Elevator

A single authorized agency should handle the work, right from the start to the completion,

of erecting the machines.

For electrical and installation work, appoint agencies with the authorized licenses, as per

the rules laid down by the inspectors.

Ensure that there is no water seepage in the lift pit, machine room and hoist way.

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Checklist of Elevator Work

Check the size of lift pit as per the standard dimensions, specified by the manufacturer‘s

requirements.

Check lift shaft for perfect right angles, plumb from top to bottom.

Check the position, size, line, level, plumb of lift door frames.

Check the depth of the lift pit form parking F. F. ., as per the manufacturer‘s requirements.

Check the quality of wood and the correct design, as per the drawing for the door frame.

Ensure that the door frame is flush to the plaster inside the lift shaft.

Ensure that the bottom slab of the machine room, with all openings, is as per the requirements

of manufacturer. (The manufacturer should be present at the time of slab casting).

Check the hooks in the top slab, required to set the pulley at the time of erection.

Lift machine room flooring should be of I.P.S.

Check the rigidity of the foundation concrete and the bolts provided to the lift machine.

Ensure that the opening for the rap door is closed properly with a good quality trap door.

Ensure that the finishing of the pockets, the lift machine room slab, is done properly.

Ensure that landing flooring is done, considering the clear required height of opening, in the

door frame.

Landing slope should be given away from the lift door.

Check the rigidity of the scaffolding during erection, to prevent any accidents.

Scaffolding should be done as per the requirement of the lift erectors.

Check the rigidity of the rails fixed with fasteners.

Check the alignment of the rail for truly in plumb.

Check the quality and size of the foundation concrete for buffer springs.

Check all the material supplied by the manufacturer for the required size, specification, quality,

effective working etc.

Check the quality of workmanship for all erection work.

Check the finishing of lift car from inside.

Check the electricity supply with a separate electric meter for the lift.

Check the safety arrangements during operation of the lift like opening, auto locking of door

etc.

Ensure that a sufficient counter weight is provided.

Check the quality and specification of the electrical cables used of the lift work.

Check the lift for smooth operation and floor to floor stop control, from inside and outside.

Check all the working of all indicators.

Ensure sufficient ventilation in the lift machine room and a weld mesh to act as a guard from

birds etc.

Check the functioning of the earthing systems.

Check the key for emergency operation of lift.

Ensure that the instruction plate is fixed.

Maintenance of Elevators

Maintenance of elevators should be entrusted to the authorized licensees. The agency will

inspect the said works every 3 months and will attend to all the calls, as and when required.

o Lubrication of wire ropes and guide rails.

o Checking the level of machine pits.

o Motor greasing.

o Clearing of all the equipments.

o Adjustment in electrical circuits, landing gate lock and car gate switch.

o Inspection of hoist way switches.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 14

Legal Formalities for Elevators

There are three formalities to be completed – A, B and C. They should be obtained from

the P.W.D. department for installation. The elevator can be installed after receiving the

approval.

1. „A‟ Form

After booking the lift, obtain a permission from the P.W.D. department for

installation. The elevator can be installed after receiving the approval.

2. „B‟ Form

After completion of all the required lift works, as per the rules and regulations laid

down by the P.W.D. department, the inspector of lifts shall visit the site and inspect

the elevator. If satisfied, he will forward he ‗B‘ form to the higher authorities.

3. „C‟ Form

After obtaining both A & B permissions, apply for the ‗C‘ form, i.e., permission for

using the lift. The P.W.D. department will issue a license for the same.

Types of arrangement

Moving staircase can be constructed in two ways

Parallel arrangement

Crisscross arrangement

In crisscross arrangement can be operated in two mode spiral and walk-around.

Whereas the parallel arrangement defines usage by the physical arrangement of the

staircases.

The major difference between two plans is that in the crisscross arrangement, the upper

and lower terminal entrances and exits to the up and down escalators are separated by the

horizontal length of an escalator, where as in either of the parallel arrangement the two

escalators face in the same direction.

Location

Because escalators are constantly moving and are generally part of a horizontal and

vertical trip, they must be placed directly in the main line of traffic.

In elevator bank since it is a vertical transportation unit can be set off as an element on its

own for people to approach and utilize.

Escalators placed in dominating area will help the potential riders to immediately

Locate the escalator

Recognize the individual escalator‘s destination

Move easily and comfortably towards the escalators.

Size, speed, capacity and rise

All escalators are generally installed at an angle of 30o from horizontal, with a minimum

vertical clearance of 7‘ for passenger. The 30o inclination means that the rise is equal to

57% of the unit‘s projected floor area for its inclined portion.

The length of horizontal portions of the stairway depends on the specific design.

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Types of lifts

1. Passenger lifts

2. Goods lifts

3. Hospital lift

4. Service lift

Passenger lifts

• Designed primarily for passengers.

• They are designed for human comfort and convenience

• They are available in car size to accommodate 4,6,8,10,16 and 20 passengers and we

consider average weight as 68 Kg.

• The standard speed are 0.7, 1.00, 1.5, 1.75, 2.50, 3.00 m / s at present in India.

Goods lifts

Mainly used for transport of materials but occasionally may be used by passengers.

These are available in Standard loading of 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 Kg

and speed of 0.25 to 1.00 m / s.

Hospital lift

These are used in hospital and designed to accommodate one number bed / stretcher

along its depth, with sufficient space all around to carry a minimum of three attendants in

addition to lift operator.

These are available in 15, 20 and 26 persons and speed of 0.5 to 1.50 m / s for high speed

micro self leveling is preferable as this ensures safe movement to beds, stretchers, x-rays

and other heavy equipments.

Service lift

These are those lifts which are exclusively used for carrying materials and shall not be carry

any person.

Its car area does not exceed 1 m2

Total inside height and capacity shall not exceed 1.25 m and 250 Kg respectively.

These are available in speeds from 0.25 to 0.5 m / s.

These are generally used in hotels and restaurants for service from kitchen to the dining

rooms, in banks for transport of bullion and in libraries for transport of books.

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S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 16

Components of Lifts

1. Breaks

Magnet operated breaks are generally used.

The breaks are generally operated by DC supply.

Break shoes are provied with break lining which is of copper woven types as used in

automobile.

In case of gear less machines the function of the break is also to hold and not only to slow

down the lift.

Some manufacturers use three phase motor for operating the breaks.

2. The tracks

The track system is built into the truss to guide the steps.

There are actually two tracks:

one for the front wheels of the steps

one for the back wheels of the steps.

The relative positions of these tracks cause the steps to form a staircase as they move out

from under the comb plate.

On the inclined portion of the escalators, the step track is positioned to create a staircase

configuration at the steps.

Then, as the steps transition at the top and bottom of the escalator, the two tracks separate

to allow the steps to "flatten out" at the floor plate.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 17

3. Sheave

It is pulley over which wire ropes pass for traction purpose.

In geared machines it is fitted to the output shaft of the gear.

In case of gear less machine it is fitted on the shaft of the hoisting motor.

The sheave is a V grooved shape.

The ratio of sheave diameter to the Rope diameter should not be less than shown below.

Class of rope Dia of sheave / pulley

6 x 19

6 x 19 Plus 6 filler wires

8 x 19 plus 6 filler wires

8 x 19 scale

D (2.96 S + 37) with a minimum of 40 D

4. Diverter pulley

It is an idler pulley to change direction of ropes or divert the ropes.

5. Counter weight

These are necessary to provide traction and balance the weight of the car plus

predetermined load, usually 40-50% of the maximum car load so as to reduce the size of

the motor.

These are hanged with the help of wire ropes passing over the driving sheave.

The weights are in the form of cast iron slabs which are fixed in a frame.

The frame is provided with four guide shoes so that the counter weights move vertically

within the guide rails.

6. Governor

The device is provided in the lift machine room to stop the lift when the speed increase

beyond the predetermined value.

It works on the principles of centrifugal force.

It is driven by rope known as governor rope.

The rope is attached to the safety gear provided below the car frame.

An electrical switch is also provided with the governor.

When the speed of lift car increases beyond the rated speed this switch gets actuated with

the help of a leaver fixed to the governor.

Actuation of the switch causes the stoppage of electric supply to the controller.

The speed of governors are set to cause the application of safety gear at a speed not less

than 115% of the rated / contract speed.

7. Guide

In lifts four types of guides are provided.

Two are for car and other two are for the counter weights.

Earlier round guide rails were provided but now a days only T guide rails are universally used.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 18

8. Buffers

Electric lifts are provided with buffers in the pit under the car counter weight.

Spring buffers are used for slow speed up to 1.5 m/ s and oil buffers are used for high speed

lifts.

These buffers are symmetrically located with reference to the vertical the center line of the car

frame with a tolerance of 50 mm.

Lift pit should not be puncher for providing buffers so as to avoid seepage of water.

These are provided on the channel which is fixed at the bottom of the guide rails.

The use of buffers are to stop the car in case lift over travels beyond terminal limits.

To restrict the car from over traveling. Terminal limit switch and final terminal limit switch are

provided.

Even so the lift car sometime over travels.

These buffers act as a emergency devices.

9. Doors and doors operators

Passenger lifts have horizontal sliding doors.

They are either single sliding or center opening types.

Central opening types are preferable as they reduce the time for operation of doors hence

reduces the round trip time and subsequently decreases waiting interval

The doors have rollers at the top which ride on a steel track for support and guidance.

The doors are guided at the bottom by shoes sliding in a machined self cleaning slotted

metal channel.

The door operator is mounted on the lift car and is driven by electric motor and coupled to

the car door by belts, chain or levers.

The hoist way doors are automatically coupled to the car doors when the lift is at the landing

and operates in synchronism with them.

The power operated doors are provided with safety shoes which when comes in contact with

a person reverses the door operation.

The opening with a force not exceeding 123 N.

The leading edges of doors are provided with soft and fire resistance materials.

10. Selector

The function of selector is to give car position information to the controller and operating

system so that automatic stops may be made at the selected landing.

Selectors are coupled to the car with the help of wire rope or perforated steel tape.

For slow speed lifts, switches in the hoist way handle the whole positioning of the car.

The selector consists of many switches which are operated with the help of cams.

It has slowing switches, stopping switches, car position switches, leveling switches etc.

11. Traveling cables

All electrical connection to the car are made by means of multi core hanging flexible cables,

one end of which are connected to a terminal box fitted under the car floor or above the car

top, the other to a terminal box fitted in the well at appropriately in middle position.

The cable of 10 cores to 22 cores construction are generally used for higher speeds as the

heavier cables gives a better running performance than lighter cables.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 19

12. Hoisting motor

Different type of motor are used for lifts and selection depends up on

Supply characteristic

Car speed

Quality of service to be provided

Usually a speed of 600-900 rpm is preferred and if speed exceed 1000 rpm it is difficult to

control noise and also due to greater kinetic energy more powerful braking efforts are

required.

But the price decreases as the speed increases.

The main requirement of a lift motor are a starting torque equal to at least twice the full load

torque, quietness and low kinetic energy. Low kinetic energy is necessary to obtain rapid

acceleration and deceleration, together with a minimum amount of break lining wear.

The theoretical power of the motor to drive any lift is calculated as

Two types of motors are used in lift.

Alternating current (AC) motor

Direct current (DC) motor

13. Controller

This is located in machine room.

Its exact position is decided to ensure sufficient clearance between the controller, walls and

other equipments so as avoid contact of the maintenance person with the moving parts of

the lifts.

Now a days microprocessor controller is used where in complete circuitry is on various

printed circuit boards.

The program logic is stored in the microprocessor which senses various parameters like

speed of the lift, over travel, position of limit switches, group control logic and gives required

commands to control the operation of the lifts.

The controller in the machine room basically perform following three functions

Motion control

Operation cont

Door control

14. Car

It is the load carrying unit, including its platform, enclosure, car frame and car door.

The car frame is the support structure frame to which the hoisting ropes or hoisting ropes

sleaves, car guides, car safety, platform and generally the door operating mechanism are

attached.

An average passenger requires about 2 sq ft of door area of feel comfortable.

On its basis, car dimensions are worked out

The car standard dimensions for various types of lifts are given in IS-3534.

15. Machines

Two types of machines are used i.e. geared and gear less machines

Geared machine consists of a worm gear reduction unit.

Shaft of the hoisting motor is coupled with the shaft of reduction gear with the help

of pulleys

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 20

The pulley system is used for breaking.

The system permits the use of a small but high speed motor.

Geared machines are generally used for speed less than 0.5 m / s. because of

excessive problems with noise, vibrations and difficulties with wear of the gear.

For high rise buildings to reduce the trip time generally gear less machines are used.

In gear less machine, a grooved sheave and a brake pulley are directly mounted on

the shaft of driving motor.

Power control An important part of the lift design include selection of the method to apply power to the

elevator. It is done as

AC resistance control: it consists of starting the elevator machine by using induction motor

directly across the AC line or through resistance steps.

Its disadvantages is that accuracy of floor leveling depends on effectiveness of

breaking system and on higher load, it varies from 50 to 75 mm. this kind of system

may be accepted for apartments but not for office / hospital.

This system is seldom used for speeds more than 0.5 m / s.

Variable voltage variable frequency Drive:

This system consists of providing a varying voltage to a DC elevator motor.

The characteristics of the DC drive motor are that it has the torque to move the

elevator load smoothly up to speed and can absorb the inertia of the moving load by

retardation.

Stopping is independent of the break with all the power being absorbed back

through the electrical system.

These systems are available up to elevator speed of 9 m / s.

Operating system

The method of causing the elevator to move in response to demands for service is known

as the operating system.

With the increasing demand for an efficient elevator system as the number of storey in a

building increases, it became very essential to operate the system in close unison within

and with external demands. Various types of operating systems are

Single automatic operation: this consists of single buttons at each landing and a button for

each floor in a car operating panel.

This system has one call button for each elevator on each floor.

This type of system is used for exclusive use of elevators like for light traffic buildings.

Full selective collective: the collective operation means to collect and answer all the calls in

one direction, reverse the elevator and then collect and answer all the calls in opposite

direction.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 21

Dimensional and structural requirement

Dimensional requirement:

To have a standard in the construction aspects of lift manufacturing and installation, the

national building code recommends the size of lift well, car size and passenger capacity.

The dimensional requirement of various categories of lift are as follows.

Plans for passenger lifts

load Cab inside Lift well Entrance

Persons Kg A (width) B (depth) C (width) D (depth) Clear opening

4

6

8

10

13

16

20

272

408

544

680

884

1088

1360

1100

1100

1300

1300

2000

2000

2000

700

1000

1100

1350

1100

1300

1500

1900

1900

1900

1900

2500

2500

2500

1300

1700

1900

2100

1900

2100

2400

700 (min)

700 (min)

800

800

900

1000

1000

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 22

ESCALATOR An escalator is a conveyor transport device for transporting people, consisting of individual,

linked steps that move up or down on tracks, which keep the treads horizontal.

As a power-driven, continuous moving stairway designed to transport passengers up and

down short vertical distances, escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian

traffic in places where elevators would be impractical. Principal areas of usage include

department stores, shopping malls, airports, transit systems, convention centers, hotels,

and public buildings.

The benefits of escalators are many. They have the capacity to move large numbers of

people, and they can be placed in the same physical space as one might install a

staircase. They have no waiting interval (except during very heavy traffic), they can be

used to guide people toward main exits or special exhibits, and they may be weather-

proofed for outdoor use.

Components

1. Top and Bottom Landing Platforms — These two platforms house the curved sections of the

tracks, as well as the gears and motors that drive the stairs. The top platform contains the

motor assembly and the main drive gear, while the bottom holds the step return idler sprockets.

These sections also anchor the ends of the escalator truss. In addition, the platforms contain a

floor plate and a comb plate. The floor plate provides a place for the passengers to stand

before they step onto the moving stairs. This plate is flush with the finished floor and is either

hinged or removable to allow easy access to the machinery below. The comb plate is the piece

between the stationary floor plate and the moving step. It is so named because its edge has a

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 23

series of cleats that resemble the teeth of a comb. These teeth mesh with matching cleats on

the edges of the steps. This design is necessary to minimize the gap between the stair and the

landing, which helps prevent objects from getting caught in the gap.

2. The Truss — The truss is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower and upper landings. It

is composed of two side sections joined together with cross braces across the bottom and just

below the top. The ends of the truss are attached to the top and bottom landing platforms via

steel or concrete supports. The truss carries all the straight track sections connecting the upper

and lower sections.

3. The Tracks — The track system is built into the truss to guide the step chain, which

continuously pulls the steps from the bottom platform and back to the top in an endless loop.

There are actually two tracks: one for the front wheels of the steps (called the step-wheel track)

and one for the back wheels of the steps (called the trailer-wheel track). The relative positions

of these tracks cause the steps to form a staircase as they move out from under the comb

plate. Along the straight section of the truss the tracks are at their maximum distance apart.

This configuration forces the back of one step to be at a 90-degree angle relative to the step

behind it. This right angle bends the steps into a stair shape. At the top and bottom of the

escalator, the two tracks converge so that the front and back wheels of the steps are almost in

a straight line. This causes the stairs to lay in a flat sheet-like arrangement, one after another,

so they can easily travel around the bend in the curved section of track. The tracks carry the

steps down along the underside of the truss until they reach the bottom landing, where they

pass through another curved section of track before exiting the bottom landing. At this point the

tracks separate and the steps once again assume a stair case configuration. This cycle is

repeated continually as the steps are pulled from bottom to top and back to the bottom again.

4. The Steps — The steps themselves are solid, one-piece, die-cast aluminum or steel. Rubber

mats may be affixed to their surface to reduce slippage, and yellow demarcation lines may be

added to clearly indicate their edges. The leading and trailing edges of each step are cleated

with comb-like protrusions that mesh with the comb plates on the top and bottom platforms.

The steps are linked by a continuous metal chain so they form a closed loop with each step

able to bend in relation to its neighbors. The front and back edges of the steps are each

connected to two wheels. The rear wheels are set further apart to fit into the back track and the

front wheels have shorter axles to fit into the narrower front track. As described above, the

position of the tracks controls the orientation of the steps.

5. The Handrail — The handrail provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are

riding the escalator. It is constructed of four distinct sections. At the center of the handrail is a

"slider," also known as a "glider ply," which is a layer of a cotton or synthetic textile. The

purpose of the slider layer is to allow the handrail to move smoothly along its track. The next

layer, known as the tension member, consists of either steel cable or flat steel tape. It

provides the handrail with the necessary tensile strength and flexibility. On top of tension

member are the inner construction components, which are made of chemically treated rubber

designed to prevent the layers from separating. Finally, the outer layer, the only part that

passengers actually see, is the rubber cover, which is a blend of synthetic polymers and

rubber. This cover is designed to resist degradation from environmental conditions,

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 24

mechanical wear and tear, and human vandalism. The handrail is constructed by feeding

rubber through a computer-controlled extrusion machine to produce layers of the required

size and type in order to match specific orders. The component layers of fabric, rubber, and

steel are shaped by skilled workers before being fed into the presses, where they are fused

together. When installed, the finished handrail is pulled along its track by a chain that is

connected to the main drive gear by a series of pulleys. o Some handrail designs consisted of a rubber bellows, with rings of smooth metal cladding

called "bracelets" placed between each coil. This gave the handrail a rigid yet flexible feel.

Each bellows section was no more than a few feet long, so if part of the handrail was

damaged, only the bad segment needed to be replaced. Bellows-type handrails fell out of

favor in the 1970s, and since then most escalators so equipped have had them replaced

with conventional fabric-and-rubber railings.

Safety features Handrails and steps travel at exactly the same speed (100 fpm) to assure steadiness and

balance and to aid stepping on or off the comb plates.

The steps are large and steady, and are designed to prevent slipping.

Step design and step leveling with the comb plates at each landing prevent tripping upon

entering or leaving the escalator. This is accomplished with two or three horizontal steps at

either end of the escalator.

The balustrade is designed to prevent catching of passenger‘s clothing or package. Close

clearances provide safety near the comb plates and step treads

Adequate illumination is provided by the building at all landing, at comb plates and

completely down all stairways. Some escalator provide built-in lighting

An automatic service brake will bring the stairway to a smooth stop if

The drive chain or the step chin is broken

A foreign object is jammed into the handrail inlet, between the skirt guard and step or

between steps, causing them to separate.

A power failure

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 25

STANDARD ESCALATOR STEP WIDTHS

Size

Width (Between

Balustrade

Panels),in

Millimeters

Width (Between

Balustrade

Panels), in Inches

Single-step

capacity Applications

Very

small

400 mm 16 in One passenger,

with feet together

An older design, extremely

rare today

Small 600 mm 24 in One passenger Low-volume sites,

uppermost levels of

department stores, when

space is limited

Medium 800 mm 32 in One passenger +

one package or one

piece of luggage.

Shopping malls,

department stores, smaller

airports

Large 1000 mm 40 in Two passengers —

one may walk past

another

Mainstay of metro

systems, larger airports,

train stations, some retail

usage

Escalator passenger capacity

Passenger per hour

Size (Inch) Tread width Speed (fpm) max normal Observed

32

48

24

40

100

100

5200

9000

4000

6750

2300

4500

Approximate maximum escalator rise

Unit size (Inch) Type supports Maximum Rise (ft)

32

48

standard Ends 24

16

32

48

Standard Ends and Center 30

20

32

48

Heavy Ends 24

18

32

48

Heavy Ends and Center 40

20

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 26

PLUMBING AND SANITATION WORK

(Maintenance of water supply and sanitary installation)

By Prof. MOHD GHOUSE

Introduction

Basics of plumbing systems

Co-ordination with other agencies

Materials used for plumbing and sanitation work

Details required in dwg

INTRODUCTION:

A house cannot be completed without plumbing and sanitary arrangements.

Regular and an adequate supply of water and an efficient system of disposal of waste is a

must for every residential building.

Plumbing and sanitary system is a necessity for every housing project big or small

Proper planning and designing serves the hygienic requirements of the occupants

Hence it is an important branch of building technology

Approx 8% of the total construction cost is devoted to plumbing and sanitation.

BASICS OF PLUMBING SYSTEM

It Includes:

1. Water Supply

2. Sanitary Drainage System… To Carry The Waste Water

From The Plumbing Fixtures To The Public And Private

Disposal System.

3. Storm Water Drainage System To Collect And Carry

Rain Water

4. Irrigation System For Landscaping Maintenance

5. Fire Fighting System For Building (G+5)

The term "sanitation" can be applied to a specific aspect,

concept, location, or strategy, such as:

Basic sanitation - refers to the management of human feces at the household level. This

terminology is the indicator used to describe the target of the Millennium Development Goal

on sanitation.

On-site sanitation - the collection and treatment of waste is done where it is deposited.

Examples are the use of pit latrines, septic tanks, and imhoff tanks.

Food sanitation - refers to the hygienic measures for ensuring food safety.

Environmental sanitation - the control of environmental factors that form links in disease

transmission. Subsets of this category are solid waste management, water and wastewater

treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise and pollution control.

Ecological sanitation - a concept and an approach of recycling to nature the nutrients

from human and animal wastes.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 27

CO-ORDINATION WITH OTHER AGENCIES

Introduction

Plumbing work of the building requires co-ordination with other activities to ensure smooth

working.

Excellent building work impossible without good team work and for good team work co-

ordination of all the agencies is essential.

TYPES OF AGENCIES INVOLVED

1. Water proofing agencies

2. Masonry and plaster agencies

3. Tiling agencies

4. Electrical agencies

5. Painting agencies

6. Department agencies

MAJOR MATERIALS FOR PLUMBING AND SANITATION

WORK

All the materials required should adhere to the IS STANDARDS

G.I pipes and fittings are available in various sizes:

15mm,20mm,25mm,32mm,40mm

G.I pipes , elbows, tees ,unions , sockets, plugs, stop cocks,

bends, double nipple gate valves etc

C.I MATERIALS

CI Pipes

Single Or Double Sockets

Single Socket / Double Socket Connectors

Plain/Plug Tee

Single/Double ‖y‖ In The Length Of 300 To 450mm

Nahani Traps (75mm,100mm,150mm)

C.I Chamber Covers

C.I Gully Trap Covers

C.I Rain Water Shoes

C.I Offsets

Cowls

STONE WARE / R.C.C ITEMS

R.C.C hume pipes (np1,np2,np3,np4 grades)

Gully traps (100mm,150mm)

Sewer traps (150mm, 250mm)

Chamber covers (square , round , rectangular)

Stone ware glazed (s.W.G pipes)

Rain water pipes ; 100,150,200mm

Packing ropes (rassi)

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 28

SANITARY WARE ITEMS

o Wash hand basin

o Indian water closet

o European water closet

o Anglo Indian water closet

o Bidet

o Urinals , sinks, soap dish etc

SANITARY FITTINGS

Full/half threaded waste coupling

Stop valves of open and concealed types

Pillar taps

Sink/ basin/ wall mixers

Extension piece with flange…….

PVC MATERIALS

Pipes- single / double socket

Plain bends , plug bends

Pvc plain / plug tees

Pvc single/double ―y‖

Pvc collars

Pvc cowls

Pvc shoes

Pvc offsets

DETAIL REQUIREMENT IN THE DWG ARE AS FOLLOWS:

Layout Drawings With Levels Of Roads And Buildings , Indicating The General Final

Contour

Details Of Total Drainage Disposal Systems On Layout

Position Of Septic Tanks , UG Water Tanks , Open Wells ,Tube Wells Etc

Storm Water Flow Patterns On Layout

Boosting System Details For Various System

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM Providing water in residential premises for requirements such as cooking washing, drinking ,

and cleaning is the main object of a water supply system.

Water should be Free from disease causing organisms

like bacteria , virus etc.

Free of undesirable taste and odor

Clear and colorless

Free of excessive minerals

Free of poisonous materials.

In nature we get water as

Surface water in the form of rivers ,lakes and reservoirs.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 29

Underground water in the form of open wells and tube wells.

The sources are

1. Municipal corporation/locals authorities

2. Bore well at site .

3. Open well at site.

Water should be tested for standard requirements of potable water. Normally the municipal

water is supposed to be potable and no separate tests required for it.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 30

Disinfection of water

Wells must be disinfected using heavy doses of chlorine . Bleaching powder can be used for

disinfection of the water .bleaching power contains 25% to 30% chlorine. The water received from

the MC is treated at a central plant and disinfected.

U. G. W.T.

The height must be 60cm above FFL

The capacity should be 1.5 times of O.H.W.T

The bottom slab of underground water , above the ground water table and above the outlet

level of the septic tank.

A proper compartment should be made to store municipal water and bore well water

separately.

Arrangement for permanent ladder be made ,if the depth of U.G.W.T exceeds 2.5m

Distribution systems from UGT to OHT using pumping system

Normal sizes are 15, 20, 40, 50.mm

Selection , installation and maintenance , should confirm to IS2401;1973

Domestic water meter testing should be as per IS6784; 1984

Domestic water meter box should be as per IS 2104;1981

Domestic water meter should confirm to IS779;1978

Distribution from over head water tank to individual units

The capacity of over head water is adjusted by varying the depth.

The capacity can be worked out by assuming the water requirement as 135litres /person

/day. For one bed room flat five person and two bed room flat seven can be assumed.

C class G.I pipes or pvc, pp- R pipes are being used

The testing of pipes pressure 5 to 10 kg /cm2

If the height of the building is 15mtr and above fire fighting system must be installed

Do not start the plastering work of concealed GI lines before checking leakage under

pressure for all concealed joints

Standard length of pipe is 6m

In hot and cold water mixed unit hot connection should be kept on the left and cold on the

right

SANITARY SYSTEM Sanitary system and its procedure

The method of collecting and disposing the waste has been modernized and replaced by a

system, where waste are mixed with sufficient quantity of water and carried through closed

conduits under the gravity flow condition – treated their effluent may be disposed off either

in a running system in nalla. The water may be used for irrigation purposes.

Drainage system includes drainage pipes, fixtures traps, vent pipes storm water pipes

sewer lines, manholes etc. along with their devices and the necessary connections for

disposal of the waste water in a defined way.

Classification drainage system

Internal drainage system include nahani traps p traps ci/ pvc lines in sanitary units, kitchen

outlets, vertical pipes from the terrace to the ground level.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 31

External drainage system

it includes gully traps ,chambers, sewer traps ,sewer lines , septic tanks ,filter beds ,final

disposal to sewage lines.

Material MS, CI, PVC, AC, RCC, are used as per design. Types of joints are cement for CI

pipes. solution joints for pvc pipes. And testing is done by water under pressure ,smoke

test.

Storm drainage system

R.A = 3.2x D5/2

1000

R.A= roof area in m2 for a rain fall intensity of 75mm/hr water pipes in mm ie D

R.A=50x20 m2

D5/2 = R.A x 1000

3.2

D= 50 x20 x1000 2/5

3.2

D= 78125 2/5

D= 90.5

= 100mm

Fire fighting system total fire hydrant work is installation pressurized piping system in the

building with pumps as it has to work in automatic principle it is a part of services of high rise

building.

WATER AND WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Water is the most basic and fundamental component of life on earth. Approximately three

fourths of the earth's surface is covered by water. Water plays a key role in the metabolic

breakdown of essential molecule as proteins and carbohydrates. This process called

hydrolysis goes on continually in living cells.

In recent years, ground water has become the central issue in protecting our water

resources. Ground water is a great source for supplying our water needs, but it is also one

that is susceptible to contamination. Once a ground water is contaminated, it takes decades

to recover. As human consumption places greater demands on ground water resources, it

becomes increasingly important for us to keep these systems free from contamination.

Properties of Water

Heat Capacity

Water has the ability to absorb heat without becoming much warmer itself. It has greater heat

capacity than any other substance except ammonia.

Surface Tension

It is the ability of water to stick to itself and pull itself together, Water, has an extremely high

surface tension. Water molecules cling together so tightly that it can support objects heavier than

itself. This can be demonstrated on a dripping tap. As the water drips, each drip cling to the tap,

stretches, is released and forms into a tiny ball.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 32

Capillarity

Is the ability of water to climb up a surface against the pull of gravity.

Dissolving Ability

Water has the ability to dissolve almost any substance, it is known as a universal solvent,

Definitions

A. Natural Water

Readily found in nature, as impounded from precipitation, contains impurities (physical, chemical,

bacteriological or radiological)

B. Purified Water

Water which undergoes treatment, physical, biological or chemical means to improve water

quality. Purification is an artificial means of obtaining chemically pure water.

C. Contaminated Water

Water with any material or substance that affects the quality of water and affects the health

of an individual.

D. Polluted Water

Water with the presence of any foreign substance (organic, inorganic, radiological,

biological) which tends to degrade its quality so as to constitute health hazard and impair the

potability of water.

E. Hard Water

Water with the presence of elements such as Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe) and

Aluminum (AI) which causes hardness. This is characterized by the difficulty of producing lather

from detergents and the presence of scale deposits in pipes and heaters or boilers.

F. Soft Water

Water without the presence of calcium and magnesium. This is characterized by easiness

of producing lather from detergents and absence of scale formation in boilers, heaters and pipes.

G. Grey Water

Water from laundries, wash basins, sinks, shower, bathtubs.

H. Black Water

Water-plus-human waste that is flushed out of toilets and urinals.

I. Storm Water

Rain, surface run-off

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 33

Uses of Water

1. Nourishment

Much of the human body is water, the most abundant chemical in our body as well as in our diet.

2. Cleansing and Hygiene

Water is a nearly ideal medium for the dissolution and transport of organic waste, and its high heat

storage capacity makes the attainment of comfortable temperatures for bathing easy. Much larger

quantities of water are used for cleaning than for nourishment.

3. Ceremonial Uses

Largely through its association with cleaning, water acquired a ceremonial significance that

remains particularly evident in religious services.

4. Transportation Uses

Even before land transportation was discovered man had already ventured into the water as a

transportation medium. Waterways had been developed for this purpose to allow the passage of

water vessels and to be able to transport large quantities of goods as well as people.

5. Cooling Medium

Water has a remarkable cooling potential: it stores heat readily, removes large quantities of heat

when it evaporates, and vaporizes readily at temperatures commonly found at the human skin

surface. Water is also used in some devices that need the removal of heat easily and efficiently.

6. Ornamental Element

In almost any landscaping application, indoors or out, water becomes a center of interest. Our

association of water with nourishing, cleansing, and cooling make a very powerful design element

- a fact recognized by landscape designers throughout history.

7. Protective Uses

Water is an essential element in fire protection. The vast quantities of water potentially required for

firefighting must be delivered quickly; the result is pipes of enormous sizes regulated by very large

valves. Despite its size and guarantee of at least partial exposure in public places, a fire protection

water supply system is rarely treated as a visually integral design element.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 34

Water Quality 1. Physical Characteristics

Water from surface sources (roof runoff, streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, etc..) is particularly subject to physical pollutants.

1.1 Turbidity

Caused by the presence of suspended materials, such as clay, silt, other inorganic material, plankton's or finely divided organic materials.

1 .2 Color

This is often caused by dissolved organic matter, as from decaying vegetation.

1.3 Taste and Odor

it can be caused by organic compounds, inorganic salts, or dissolved gases. This condition can be treated only after a chemical analysis has

identified which source is responsible.

1.4 Temperature- In general, water supplied between 50° an; 6O° F is preferred.

2 Chemical Characteristics

Ground water is particular to chemical alteration, because as it moves downward from the surface it slowly dissolves some minerals contained in

rocks and soils.

2.1 Alkalinity

This is caused by bicarbonate, carbonate or hydroxide components. Testing for these components of water's alkalinity is key to which treatments to

use.

2.2 Hardness

Hardness is a relative term, hard water inhibits the cleaning action of soaps and detergents, and it deposit scale on the inside of hot water pipes and

cooking utensils. Hardness is caused by calcium and magnesium salts and can be classified as temporary (carbonate) and permanent

(bicarbonate). Temporary hardness is temporarily removed by heating, it forms scale. pH is a measure of water's hydrogen ion concentration, as

well as its relative acidity or alkalinity. A pH of 7 is neutral. Measurements below 7 indicate that water is acidic

2.3 Toxic Substances

Toxic substances are occasionally present in water supplies. Authorities have established information about concentration of such substances such

as arsenic (As), Barium (Ba), Cadmium (Cd), Cyanides (CNN), Fluoride (F), Lead (Pub), Selenium (Se) and Silver (Ag).

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

The demand of water due to the following main reason

1. Domestic water supply

2. Industrial demand

3. Public and fire demand and besides that there will be some wasterage

Domestic water need :

Per capital demand is estimate then total population , then quanitiy of water can be determined .

Guiding information for estimating the domestic water need/day/person

1. Water required for drinking - 2 liters

2. Cooking,washing etc 10 to 13 litres

3. For bathing and washing 40 to 60 lire

4. Flushing in W.C 30 to 40 litres

5. Others needs 10 litres

Total required water 90 to 130 litres

For fire demand storage capacity is to utilize for two hours

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 35

Total water requirement P.C.D is as follows

1. Domestic requirement 110 litres

2. Public requirement 20 litre

3. Industrial demand 40 litres

4. Fire demand 15 litres

5. Wastage and Losses 15 litres

6. Total 200 litres

For practical purpose 200 litres

If the population of city …. P

Then total demand of watet is 200 x P

The following are the normal desing periods of various units of water supply system normally

adopted.

Name of unit Design Period

1. Well for under ground source 5 years

2. Impounding resource 30 years

3. Water pumping system 10 years

4. Water treatment plant 15 years

5. On the basis of maximum hourly demand 5 years

Factors on which rate of water consumption depends

Climate conditions

Standards of livings

Industries

Pressure in the water supply system

System of sanitations

Building Water Supply

The requirement of water in different type of building are recommended as per I.S 1172 -1963 is

as follows

S.No Type of building Consumption /head/day/in litres

1 Residential building 135

2 Factories 45

3 Hospitals ( including laundary , per/bed 455

4 Hostels 135

5 Office 45

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 36

Characteristics of Available Water sources

The source of water availability is classified as follows‖

1. Rain and snow

2. Surface water

Streams

Natural ponds and lake

Impounding reservoir

3. Ground water

Springs

Shallow wells

Deep wells

Sources of water

Further information: Water supply

1. Groundwater: The water emerging from some deep ground water may have fallen as rain

many tens, hundreds, thousands or in some cases millions of years ago. Soil and rock layers

naturally filter the ground water to a high degree of clarity before the treatment plant. Such

water may emerge as springs, artesian springs, or may be extracted from boreholes or wells.

Deep ground water is generally of very high bacteriological quality (i.e., pathogenic bacteria

or the pathogenic protozoa are typically absent), but the water typically is rich in dissolved

solids, especially carbonates and sulfates of calcium and magnesium. Depending on the

strata through which the water has flowed, other ions may also be present including chloride,

and bicarbonate. There may be a requirement to reduce the iron or manganese content of

this water to make it pleasant for drinking, cooking, and laundry use. Disinfection may also be

required. Where groundwater recharge is practised; a process in which river water is injected

into an aquifer to store the water in times of plenty so that it is available in times of drought; it

is equivalent to lowland surface waters for treatment purposes.

2. Upland lakes and reservoirs: Typically located in the headwaters of river systems, upland

reservoirs are usually sited above any human habitation and may be surrounded by a

protective zone to restrict the opportunities for contamination. Bacteria and pathogen levels

are usually low, but some bacteria, protozoa or algae will be present. Where uplands are

forested or peaty, humic acids can colour the water. Many upland sources have low pH which

require adjustment.

3. Rivers, canals and low land reservoirs: Low land surface waters will have a significant

bacterial load and may also contain algae, suspended solids and a variety of dissolved

constituents.

4. Atmospheric water generation is a new technology that can provide high quality drinking

water by extracting water from the air by cooling the air and thus condensing water vapor.

5. Rainwater harvesting or fog collection which collects water from the atmosphere can be used

especially in areas with significant dry seasons and in areas which experience fog even when

there is little rain.

6. Desalination of seawater by distillation or reverse osmosis.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 37

In water supply system :

The management of water supply is divided in to various installation in are as follows‖

1. Intakes : these are first structures from the source end and are used for collection of water . I.e

UGWP . , raw water tank . from this send to treatment plant

Raw water tank should be neare to treatment plant and easy to fill by tankers if supply is not

available from municipalities

Distributions systems

1. By Gravity distributions

2. By pumping reliable method of water sypply .this method allows fairly and uniform rate of

pumping and economical

An overhead water tank has the following components parts

a) Inflow pipe and float gauge

b) Outlet pipe and over flow pipe

c) Drain off pipe with NRV

d) Ladder from ground level to the tank

e) Ladder for going ground level to tank

f) Ladder for going on roof of tank

g) Man hole and facility for going to tank base

h) Ventilators for fresh air.

PIPING SYSTEM

Distribution mains : its supply water to the fire hydrants,service pipes of the residence and other

buildings.

The velocity at max flow should not escedd 2m/secc . Normally it should be designed for 1m/sec/

1. Construction and maintenance of distribution systems.

a) Testing

b) Cleaning of water mains

c) Pipes and fitting

d) Valves in pipe lines

e) Sluice valve: also known as gate valve to control the water throudgh pipe.

f) Air relief valve

g) Pressure relief valve

h) Reflux or check valve ; ALSO known as non retrun valve.

i) Fire hydrants

j) Pump and pumping stations

k) Surge tank

2. Qualities of water supplies

3. Treatment of water

The processes below are the ones commonly used in water purification plants. Some or most may

not be used depending on the scale of the plant and quality of the water.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 38

Pre-treatment

1. Pumping and containment - The majority of water must be pumped from its source or directed into pipes or holding tanks. To avoid

adding contaminants to the water, this physical infrastructure must be made from appropriate materials and constructed so that accidental

contamination does not occur.

2. Screening (see also screen filter) - The first step in purifying surface water is to remove

large debris such as sticks, leaves, trash and other large particles which may interfere

with subsequent purification steps. Most deep groundwater does not need screening

before other purification steps.

3. Storage - Water from rivers may also be stored in bankside reservoirs for periods

between a few days and many months to allow natural biological purification to take

place. This is especially important if treatment is by slow sand filters. Storage reservoirs

also provide a buffer against short periods of drought or to allow water supply to be

maintained during transitory pollution incidents in the source river.

4. Pre-conditioning - Water rich in hardness salts is treated with soda-ash (sodium

carbonate) to precipitate calcium carbonate out utilising the common-ion effect.

5. Pre-chlorination - In many plants the incoming water was chlorinated to minimise the

growth of fouling organisms on the pipe-work and tanks. Because of the potential adverse quality effects (see chlorine below), this has

largely been discontinued.[citation needed]

Widely varied techniques are available to remove the fine solids, micro-organisms and some dissolved inorganic and organic materials. The choice

of method will depend on the quality of the water being treated, the cost of the treatment process and the quality standards expected of the

processed water.

Flocculation

Flocculation is a process which clarifies the water. Clarifying means removing any turbidity or colour so that the water is clear and colourless.

Clarification is done by causing a precipitate to form in the water which can be removed using simple physical methods. Initially the precipitate forms

as very small particles but as the water is gently stirred, these particles stick together to form bigger particles - this process is sometimes called

flocculation. Many of the small particles that were originally present in the raw water adsorb onto the surface of these small precipitate particles and

so get incorporated into the larger particles that coagulation produces. In this way the coagulated precipitate takes most of the suspended matter

out of the water and is then filtered off, generally by passing the mixture through a coarse sand filter or sometimes through a mixture of sand and

granulated anthracite (high carbon and low volatiles coal). Coagulants / flocculating agents that may be used include:

1. Iron (III) hydroxide. This is formed by adding a solution of an iron (III) compound such as iron(III) chloride to pre-treated water with a pH of

7 or greater. Iron (III) hydroxide is extremely insoluble and forms even at a pH as low as 7. Commercial formulations of iron salts were

traditionally marketed in the UK under the name Cuprus.

2. Aluminium hydroxide is also widely used as the flocculating precipitate although there have been concerns about possible health impacts

and mis-handling led to a severe poisoning incident in 1988 at Camelford in south-west UK when the coagulant was introduced directly

into the holding reservoir of final treated water.

3. PolyDADMAC is an artificially produced polymer and is one of a class of synthetic polymers that are now widely used. These polymers

have a high molecular weight and form very stable and readily removed flocs, but tend to be more expensive in use compared to

inorganic materials. The materials can also be biodegradable.

4. Sedimentation

Waters exiting the flocculation basin may enter the sedimentation basin, also called a clarifier or settling basin. It is a large tank with slow flow,

allowing floc to settle to the bottom. The sedimentation basin is best located close to the flocculation basin so the transit between does not permit

settlement or floc break up. Sedimentation basins may be rectangular, where water flows from end to end, or circular where flow is from the centre

outward. Sedimentation basin outflow is typically over a weir so only a thin top layer—that furthest from the sediment—exits. The amount of floc that

settles out of the water is dependent on basin retention time and on basin depth. The retention time of the water must therefore be balanced against

the cost of a larger basin. The minimum clarifier retention time is normally 4 hours. A deep basin will allow more floc to settle out than a shallow

basin. This is because large particles settle faster than smaller ones, so large particles collide with and integrate smaller particles as they settle. In

effect, large particles sweep vertically through the basin and clean out smaller particles on their way to the bottom.

As particles settle to the bottom of the basin, a layer of sludge is formed on the floor of the tank. This layer of sludge must be removed and treated.

The amount of sludge that is generated is significant, often 3 to 5 percent of the total volume of water that is treated. The cost of treating and

disposing of the sludge can be a significant part of the operating cost of a water treatment plant. The tank may be equipped with mechanical

cleaning devices that continually clean the bottom of the tank or the tank can be taken out of service when the bottom needs to be cleaned.

5.Filtration

After separating most floc, the water is filtered as the final step to remove remaining suspended particles and unsettled floc.

Rapid sand filters

Cutaway view of a typical rapid sand filter

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 39

The most common type of filter is a rapid sand filter. Water moves vertically through sand which often has a layer of activated carbon or anthracite

coal above the sand. The top layer removes organic compounds, which contribute to taste and odour. The space between sand particles is larger

than the smallest suspended particles, so simple filtration is not enough. Most particles pass through surface layers but are trapped in pore spaces

or adhere to sand particles. Effective filtration extends into the depth of the filter. This property of the filter is key to its operation: if the top layer of

sand were to block all the particles, the filter would quickly clog.

To clean the filter, water is passed quickly upward through the filter, opposite the normal direction (called backflushing or backwashing) to remove

embedded particles. Prior to this, compressed air may be blown up through the bottom of the filter to break up the compacted filter media to aid the

backwashing process; this is known as air scouring. This contaminated water can be disposed of, along with the sludge from the sedimentation

basin, or it can be recycled by mixing with the raw water entering the plant.

Some water treatment plants employ pressure filters. These work on the same principle as rapid gravity filters, differing in that the filter medium is

enclosed in a steel vessel and the water is forced through it under pressure.

Advantages:

Filters out much smaller particles than paper and sand filters can.

Filters out virtually all particles larger than their specified pore sizes.

They are quite thin and so liquids flow through them fairly rapidly.

They are reasonably strong and so can withstand pressure differences across them of typically 2-5 atmospheres.

They can be cleaned (back flushed) and reused.

Membrane filtration

Membrane filters are widely used for filtering both drinking water and sewage. For drinking water, membrane filters can remove virtually all particles

larger than 0.2 um—including giardia and cryptosporidium. Membrane filters are an effective form of tertiary treatment when it is desired to reuse

the water for industry, for limited domestic purposes, or before discharging the water into a river that is used by towns further downstream. They are

widely used in industry, particularly for beverage preparation (including bottled water). However no filtration can remove substances that are actually

dissolved in the water such as phosphorus, nitrates and heavy metal ions.

Slow sand filters

Slow "artificial" filtration (a variation of bank filtration) to the ground, Water purification plant

Káraný, Czech Republic

Slow sand filters may be used where there is sufficient land and space as the water must

be passed very slowly through the filters. These filters rely on biological treatment

processes for their action rather than physical filtration. The filters are carefully constructed

using graded layers of sand with the coarsest sand, along with some gravel, at the bottom

and finest sand at the top. Drains at the base convey treated water away for disinfection.

Filtration depends on the development of a thin biological layer, called the zoogleal layer or

Schmutzdecke, on the surface of the filter. An effective slow sand filter may remain in service for many weeks or even months if the pre-treatment is

well designed and produces water with a very low available nutrient level which physical methods of treatment rarely achieve. Very low nutrient

levels allow water to be safely sent through distribution system with very low disinfectant levels thereby reducing consumer irritation over offensive

levels of chlorine and chlorine by-products. Slow sand filters are not backwashed; they are maintained by having the top layer of sand scraped off

when flow is eventually obstructed by biological growth.[citation needed]

A specific 'large-scale' form of slow sand filter is the process of bank filtration, in which natural sediments in a riverbank are used to provide a first

stage of contaminant filtration. While typically not sufficiently clean enough to be used directly for drinking water, the water gained from the

associated extraction wells is much less problematic than river water taken directly from the major streams where bank filtration is often used.

6. Disinfection

Disinfection is accomplished both by filtering out harmful microbes and also by adding disinfectant chemicals in the last step in purifying drinking

water. Water is disinfected to kill any pathogens which pass through the filters. Possible pathogens include viruses, bacteria, including Escherichia

coli, Campylobacter and Shigella, and protozoa, including Giardia lamblia and other cryptosporidia. In most developed countries, public water

supplies are required to maintain a residual disinfecting agent throughout the distribution system, in which water may remain for days before

reaching the consumer. Following the introduction of any chemical disinfecting agent, the water is usually held in temporary storage - often called a

contact tank or clear well to allow the disinfecting action to complete.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 40

Maintenance of water supply and sanitary installations The plumbing requires proper maintenance and repairs from time to time to ensure that this

system will continue to give satisfactorily service. The plumbing system can be separated in two

parts broadly for maintenance purposes in high rise buildings.

1. water supply

2. sanitation

Water supply

The plumbing problems which relate to the water supply are connected with taps (faucets) and

valves which regulate water supply to the water closets and water supply piping. When there

is a leakage is noticed in the pipe a temporary repair in order to prevent the wastage of water,

and finally the total repair, which may involve closing down the system and may be got it done.

Taps ;--most of the problem which relates to the taps are on account of heavy use but to my

view when you purchase bib –cock or stop cock , or valve it should be of standard and reputed

makes of manufacturer.

When a tap does not completely stop water there are two possible causes a) a defective

handle prevents washer from being pressed against the seat b) the washer has deteriorated

and it must be attended to .once attended the problem will not occur for at least 3 to 6 months

,depending upon the quality of washer. Now a days nylon washers produced by a good

company last very much longer when compared to leather washer. A good tap should normally

run for one lakh operations of turning in and turning off.

When tap vibrates and is noisy when water is running

There are four possible causes;-

1. Washer is loose

2. Stem is worn and wobbles

3. Deterioration of packing

4. Tap base is loose.

1. Periodical cleaning of water mains;- cleaning requires a flow of 1.5 to 2 m/sec to remove

silt from 80 to 100mm diameter main and higher velocities are required for larger mains.

Flushing with fire hydrants is principally adopted for removal of dirty water after repairs.

2. Cleaning and disinfection of the supply system;-

All the pipes which are used for main and distribution must thoroughly and efficiently

disinfected before installation and also this disinfection is required to be carried out after

every major repairs. The tanks UGWT and OHWT require cleaning and disinfection at

every 6 months the chlorine used for disinfection is 50 mg/lit

3. W C Cistern;-- in the case of W.Cs flushing cisterns are provided. Many times these

cisterns do not work properly. the problem is either of water flowing continuously or the

water not flowing at all. These normally has leakage of water from float valve joints .on the

cistern because it operates under pressure to flush. It needs regular check and repair if

possible replace float valve.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 41

Sanitary Engineering : Sewage : it is the liquid waste from a community generally conveyed by a sewer.

Sewer : it is pipe or conduit generally closed but normally not flowing full.

Sewage system :

i) Collection work

ii) Treatment work

iii) Disposal work

Sewer pipes : Sewer maintenance:

i) Ventilation of sewer

ii) Inspection work

iii) Cleaning of sewer

In this should have following equipments

Major equipments:

i) 2 ½ ton trucks

ii) Power or portable winches

iii) Flexible steel cable

iv) Fire hose

v) Root cutters

vi) Turbine flushing head

vii) Interlocking sewer rods

Minor equipments :

a) Shovels, picks, hydrants and man hole tools

b) Flash light, rubber boots, gloves, buckets and ropes

c) Safety Equipments :

d) Hydrogen sulphide detector, carbon monoxide detector, combusteble gas detectors, First

Aid kits, Manhole guard rails, traffic signs flag and lamp

Sewage Pumping > Disposal of sewage > Sewage treatments

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 42

Sanitation;- in the case of sanitary drain pipe ,the chokage due to the accumulation of various

dirty matters can occur in the fitment like W.C. pan or it can occur in a stack .clearing a choked

water closet many times feasible with a force cup.

Trap , whether it is utilised with water closet urinals or to take away the waste water from

kitchen outlets , bath outlets etc. has to be properly installed in order that no maintenance

problem arise these traps are to avoid gases unwanted arise in the drain system.

Fixture traps;-fixtures like urinals, wash basins have a trap which is called bottle trap, the

trap is cleaned easily by opening it which incidentally gives access for cleaning .A urinal is

likely to get choked ofetner than a wash basin.

Where horizontal piping has bends or is longer than 3-4 meters length then it is better to

provide a cleanout.

Cleanouts ;- it is an fitment of plumbing devise and usually require at the bend portion by

removing the cap we can remove the dirt choked material.

Solid waste ---enemy of sanitary system

Any maintenance engineer, plumber will tell many tales of choked pipes, caused by

vegetable pieces, pieces of bones, waste cloths etc. in case of hospitals it is common

experience to find medicine bottles, lint, gauze, cotton, injection syringe sets in pipelines.

Why do these objects go into pipe lines simple answer is lack of facilities for solid waste

disposal. These waste is from multistory buildings offices, hospitals etc.

This can be solved by providing strainers on nahani traps, floor trap basin sinks etc. which

can not be unscrewed however this alone cannot solve the problem

portable containers have to be provided where garbage would originate like in kitchen,

W.C. etc.

The normal capacities of such are

a) Plastic buckets with lid 10 to 30 litres

b) G.I bins with lid 70 to 200 litres.

In case of larger institutions a closed glazed tile space should be provided with proper drain and

exhaust where garbage could be kept

In public premises, these bins have to be made vandal proof of chaining etc.

Disposal of solid waste is most commonly conducted in landfills, but incineration, recycling,

composting and conversion to biofuels are also avenues. In the case of landfills, advanced

countries typically have rigid protocols for daily cover with topsoil, where underdeveloped

countries customarily rely upon less stringent protocols.[10] The importance of daily cover lies in

the reduction of vector contact and spreading of pathogens. Daily cover also minimizes odor

emissions and reduces windblown litter. Likewise, developed countries typically have

requirements for perimeter sealing of the landfill with clay-type soils to minimize migration of

leachate that could contaminate groundwater (and hence jeopardize some drinking water

supplies).

For incineration options, the release of air pollutants, including certain toxic components is an

attendant adverse outcome. Recycling and biofuel conversion are the sustainable options that

generally have superior life cycle costs, particularly when total ecological consequences are

considered.[11] Composting value will ultimately be limited by the market demand for compost

product.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 43

House keeping in water sanitary installation;-- Any installation or nature of water supply

and sanitation, which are of basic importance for the purpose of personal cleaning, if these

sources are not very clean, the basic purpose is defeated.

Staff should be employed for maintaining the following areas

1. 1 toilets cleaning and servicing which includes 1 sweeping, mopping and scrubbing of

floors.

2. cleaning the urinal stalls along with partisions ,water closets, urinal wash basins.

3. cleaning tile walls, mirrors, shelves, receptacles.

4. servicing toilet paper holders ,soap dispensers, W.C. etc.

5. The staff should also be responsible for reporting improper functioning of any fittings,

sanitary ware, leakages, burnt out lights, etc.

6. Check soap

7. Towels all once a day

8. Tissues

9. Damp wipe- porcelain chrome

10. Cleaning;

11. commodes [ all twice a day]

12. urinals

13. Wash basins

14. Damp wipe spot wash

15. Walls [ once a

16. Doors [ day

17. Wash walls [once in 4 month

18. Wash light fixtures [once a year

19. Wash and rinse floor [once a day

EQUIPMENT;- WATER TREATMENT PLANT Daily maintenance;-

1. Check up water level, observe upper and lower limits for safe operation of plant.

2. Check up seals leakage in piping system.

3. Observe abnormal noise and vibration for all operating equipments

4. Check up oil level of lubrication for rotating parts.

5. Inspect guage readings and other instruments.

Weekly maintenance;--

1. check up mechanical seal or packing glands.

2. tightened loose bolts and nuts.

3. clean or back wash filters.

Monthly maintenance;--

1. check up membrane stack or stack probing

2. electrical panel board for service check up.

Half yearly maintenance;--

1. Changed bearings on motors and pumps.

2. Changed mechanical seal/and or packing glands

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 44

Equipment ;- Sewage Treatment Plant

Daily maintenance;-

1. observe operation of motors and blowers

2. check up lubricating oil level

3. observe chemical tank solution level.

4. observe noise and vibration in the system.

5. check for leaks in the piping system.

6. clean lamella filters, sieve units and plant walls.

7. check for v- belt tensions and conditions.

8. observe automatic devices, instruments if functioning properly.

Equipment ;- Lift stations Daily maintenance

1. Clean impeller from clog and foreign matter.

2. Check up lubrication on pumps and stuffing box.

3. Check up shaft coupling and alignment.

4. Inspect pipe leakage.

5. Observe abnormal noise and vibration on operating equipments

6. Inspect guage reading and other instruments.

7. Check up automatic float switch with respect to reservoir liquid level.

Weekly maintenance;--

1. Check up seals or packing glands

2. Tightened loose bolts and nuts.

3. Service check – up on electrical system/panel.

4. Clean replace air strainers.

Half yearly maintenance;--

1. change bearings on motors and blowers.

2. change v- belts.

3. change lubricating oils.

4. inspect buffer pumps and sludge pumps

5. inspection of rotary blowers every three years.

Monthly maintenance ;--

1. service check up on electrical system/panel board.

Half yearly maintenance;--

1. change motor and pump bearings.

2. change lubricating oils.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 45

AIR CONDITIONING OF GREEN BUILDING

By the time we need to size HVAC system, the orientation of the house, its passives solar

contribution, envelop insulation, and windows should have reduced the load to levels far below

current energy code standards . The result should be as small HVAC system as possible. This

can be a challenge for a mechanical contractor who is accustomed to sizing system

Using standard estimates, ‗three bedrooms a dinning and a children play room‘ he may feel like

needing 5 ton A/c where as our design may reduced the load to 2 ton only.

Designing a system

Keeping in view of many passive solar features built in to green house, HVAC design follows other

fundamental steps that can collectively reduce the size of the heating and cooling load by 30% to

50%. Solar orientation, insulation, window placement and design, even vegetation on buildings

site all directly affects heating and cooling loads designing a system on real demand, not

conventional practice is essential.

Geothermal systems

A geothermal system uses the uniform temperature of the earth to heat and cool the

temperature in the earth is constant 55degree F at some depth below ground. A heat pump

take to keep constant temp by circulating water through an underground system of tubing and

running the liquid through H.E that contains sealed refrigerant loop

In overall ground sources heat pumps is the most eco friendly heating and cooling system

available.

This actually emphasizes concern any activity for which energy efficiency, environment, water

conservation and use of recycled products and reneavable energy is defined as green. It is

clear that green is a great deal about concern for energy efficiency, environment , and water

conservation. These concerns are related to HVAC industry. Ie the use of these concerns in

design and execution becomes a ―green building‖ We have to emphasis on use of efficient

materials , equipments, and good construction practices. In HVAC system the various

elements we come across 1. equipments such as chillers , cooling tower , pumps, AHUs .

The system of air conditioning are

A) conventional A/C .

b) cold air system

c) thermal storage system, free cooling

The additional for improving efficiency

1. variable speed pumps

2. variable air volume VAVs

3. AHUs with VFDs

4. heat wheel

The orientation of building as much as possible north and south the glazing material

choosing is such to keeping in view U factor , solar heat gain coefficient.

The windows to be shaded to prevent direct entry of sunlight.

The material used for building construction is hollow bricks, aerated blocks. It has good

thermal resistance

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 46

The roof can be covered with garden , it not only gives heat break but also greening

environment.

The remaining roof is over deck insulation which prevent heat entry. Then roof insulation

material can be polyurethene foam.

So by having in mind about A/C load it is because of sun load . The above facts are kept in

mind to reduce load inside the rooms .

For a green building concepts the selection of chillers are main task ;- the chiller is the heart of

an air conditioning plant. Water cooled chiller accounts for 62% of the total HVAC power

requirment , In air cooled it is 82% .

The chiller used must be of refrigerent to do away with CFCs to avoid ozone depletion.but now

technology has so developed the leakage of refrigerant is totally under controlled by having air

tight system. But still refrigent used must be CFC free.

Equipments and systems . Besides chillers, there are other elements of equipments too in an

HVAC system. We need to look at them also to see how they consume energy and what can be

done to enhance their efficiencies.

Using variable water flow and air flow;-the use of variable flow pumping for chilled water system

is well known,

Use of VAVs and variable air flow system involves use of variable speed drives (for the fan) in

this case power consumed(by chilled water pumps and as well as AHUs ) works out to about

0.4 kw / TR.

If variable operation is not incorporated , this power is consumed more or less all the time

regardless of load . Doing away like this cuts down the system kw /TR and also brings down

the cost of the plant. Which naturally has a cascading effect on the energy consumption-and

the cost too.

Provide heat recovery chillers and save power for reheat .in order to control RH of air

entering in condenser heat recovery chiller are preferable

Which do not need out side source of energy and saving of 0.8kw/tr . This way the heat that

would be normally rejected to the atmosphere either directly as in air cooled condenser or via

a cooling tower in a water cooled system is trapped and used to provide the necessary reheat

to the supply air. Keeping RH under control without consuming a single watt of extra power.

.

Select the right type of fan for AHUs fans incorporate several types of fan blades- forward

curved , backward curved, aerofoil blades, etc. the right type of fan it is backward curved fan is

best suited for better efficiency.

Variable fan in cooling tower speed. Energy saving in cooling towers can be achieved by taking

care to select the right tower (with the right airflow rate) , fans can be run at reduced speed during

part load conditions.

Free cooling ; in a conventional air conditioning plant, OA provided is minimum- or

recommended OA and it cannot be increased. During period of mild weather, however OA can be

raised upto 100% to provide free cooling. This is very easy to apply and has spectacular energy

savings.

Cold air system (CAS) benefits. The conventional air conditioning system is based on water

flow rate of 2.4gpm/TR, if we select the chilled water flow rate of 1.2gpm/TR will reduce flow rate

by half. This does not affect the chiller performance to any significant extent- in fact all major

manufacturers of chillers now offer machines , which will operate at such flow rates. In addition ,

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 47

lower pumping power demand , lower cost of pumps , piping, pipe insulation etc. are a big bonus

in turn energy savings.

Similar considerations also apply to air distribution side lowering of the supply air temp for the

same room temp results in a flow rate of air by as much as 40 -50%. Which leads to smaller

AHUs, reduced ducting, this system is called cold air system (CAS)

Heat wheels heat recovery wheels are quite commonly in use in our country today. They reduce

the plant capacity requirments by as much as 70% to 80%of the total ventilation load. Thus

spectacular energy savings.]

Thermal storage system (TSS).

Then there is also thermal storage system (TSS). The CAS requires water temperature as low

as 2 degree C or even less. That the CAS manages even that requirement and stays

competitive all by itself is another matter, but, in the TSS, water in any case is already

available at about that temperature, so that the two system can go hand to hand, thus we see

that while the TSS reduces installed capacity of the plant by 40 to 50%, a further reduction of

about 7 to 10% is contributed by the CAS. thus the reduction in plant capacity and the

reduction in power requirment , is one of the great attractions of TSS

The TSS, as we have seen , reduces plant capacity by 30 to 40% with a corresponding

reduction in connected power requirement. To the owners , it yields plenty of benefits, lowers

first cost on electrical works , to the power generating companies , it means that the peak load

on their plants is reduced- which enables them to generate more energy, with the same

installed capacityto put it more briefly, more kWh is generated for the same KW installed.

CAS+TSS From what has been said above, it is clear that while both CAS and TSS are

attractive on their own, the attraction is all the greater when they combine

BMS ( building management system). Now in order to look after a number of technologies and

energy saving strategies like variable flow air and water systems, heat recovery chillers CAS,

TSS, and free cooling BMS is essential.

Energy costs;- energy conservation is must . Almost any plant buyer wants to minimize the

operating cost it is worth notingthat the HVAC plant often accounts for as much as 60%of the total

building energy consumption

While buying a plant , the most frequently adopted criterion is the lowest first cost. But for the

plant with lower first cost may cost some what more to operate . The cost and quality of

equipment has to be thougly studied before selecting to have less maintennace and durable

It is an integrated design process to reduce energy demand and maximize efficiency.

Negative impact of the environment are reduced if green design measures are implemented

in buildings as an integrated part of the design and construction process.

Green buildings can reduced operational cost of building significantly.

A green building may be defined as a building which depletes the natural resources to the

minimum during construction and opertion. It maximizes use of efficient materials building

And construction process.

It uses minimum energy to power itself

It uses efficient equipments to meet its lighting, air conditioning and other needs,

It uses efficient waste and water management practices and provide comfortable and hygienic

indoor working conditions.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 48

It is evolved through design process that requires all the concerned persons i.e

1. architects

2. land scalping designers

3. air conditioning

4. electrical

5. plumbing consultants and energy consultants to work in a team to look into all aspects of

the building system planning, design construction and operation, critically evaluate the

impact of each design decision on the environment and at viable design solutions to

minimize the negative impact of and enhance the positive impacts on the environment .

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN A GREEN BUILDING

one of the primary requirements of a green building is that it should have optimum energy

performance and yet provide the desirable thermal and visual comfort.

The three fundamental strategies adopted to optimize energy performance in a proposed building

can be broadly classified as

1. reduction in energy demand

2. use of onsite sources and sinks

3. maximize system efficiency

1. The first step to reduce energy demand is to design for micro climate of the site by adoption

of bio climate design principles . A building in cold climate zone has to adopt measures to

harness the sun to the maximum extent by adoption of measures like 1. maximum

exposure to south

2. windows to capture heat

3. dark coloured surfaces

4. high thermal mass and insulation to retain to capture d the warmth of the sun.

A building designed for hot climate needs to reduce solar gain

1. Minimum exposure to west and east

2. External walls and roof insulation.

To increase humidity we have to make arrangement to cool building by providing water bodies ,

like fountains and roof garding

Onsite sources and sinks;- each building site should have vegetation, wind flow pattern , solar

and day light access

Maximum system efficiency;- use of efficient lighting, air conditioning and service water heating

system. Reduce energy use in a building by 30 to 40 %

Conclusion;- everything that has been said has to do something or other with either energy or

water or environment – all of which tied up closely with the task of making a building‖ green‖ . We

have seen that the HVAC industry is seized of the problem- unveiling new refrigerants.raising

chiller efficiencies making chiller tighter, introducing system technologies like CAS

And TSS, incorporating system features like variable flow pumping, VAVs and ,and applying

energy saving strategies, putting BMS to good use ultematly the HVAC engineer has to be more

professional in his approach, more focussed to ensuring that the design concepts and goals are

fully realized.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 49

It is an integrated design process to reduce energy demand and maximize efficiency

Negative impact of the environment are reduced if green design measure are implemented in

buildings as an integrated part of the design and construction process.

Green buildings can reduce operational cost of a building significantly.

A green building may be defined as a building, which depletes the natural resources

To the minimum during construction and operation. It maximizes use of efficient buildings and

construction practices

It uses minimum energy to power itself. It uses efficient equipments to meet its lighting, air

conditioning and other needs , it uses efficient waste and water management practices and

provide comfortable and hygienic indoor working conditions.

It evolves through design process that require all the concerned persons ie

1. Architects

2. Landscape designers

3. Air conditioners

4. Electrical

5. Plumbing consultants and energy consultants to work in a team to look into all aspects of

buildings system planning , design , construction and operation, critically evolutes the impact of

each design decision on the environment and arrive at viable design solutions to minimize the

negative impact of and enhance the positive impacts on the environment.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 50

Ventilation system

The V word in HVAC, is too often the missing link in design. We may think of heating and

cooling first , but in some respect ventilation is the most important part of the system . Unless

fresh air is introduced and polluted air is discharged , even a well cooled room won‘t be

comfortable for long

Ventilating a house can be accomplished on a spot basis with a kitchen or bathroom fan or

with a heat recovery ventilator (HRV) design to circulate fresh out door air through the house

as per ASHRAE a minimum of 0.35 air change per hour ie all the air in the house

Would be changed roughly every three hours, but a better rule suggest ventilating rate of 15

cu ft per minutes (CFM) i.e. the rate of air change is .5 to .6 per hour

ventilation can be in the form exhaust , supply , balanced systems. The exhaust fans should

be provided in both the kitchen, bath rooms, larger exhausting appliances my require their

own make up air.

There also is the issue of air filtration , an important component of indoor air quality. It can

from inexpensive fiber glass to those of HEPA filters.

Three approaches to fresh air

A simple exhaust system is what most homes have fans in the bathroom and kitchen suck

polluted air out of the house . As long as the fans are used regularly, at least grease ,

unburned hydrocarbons , and cooking odors can be eliminated. In the kitchen, and very damp

air exhausted from bathrooms.

Fan should be big enough to handle the job . For small bath room a minimum of 50 cu ft

capacity is required. The scale of 1 cu ft per

Every square foot of floor space upto 100 ft 2 for large building centralised exhaust system is

preferable

Heat recovery ventilators

Taking a much trouble to get the house cool and the turning o fans to suck the heat out of

the house may not make a lot of sense. The heat of exhaust can be recovered by providing

heat recovery ventilators (HRV) which can recover between 60 to 85 % of the heat from

exhaust air. One good purpose of this energy is to heat water for domestic use with a

ventilating heat pump water heater.

Energy collected in ventilating heat pump water is enough to provide all the hot water for a

family of four when it operates for eight hours per day.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 51

AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION

CONTENTS :

1. Introduction

2. Definition

3. Advantages

4. HVACs system

5. Refrigeration cycle

6. Cooling tower

7. Air distribution system

8. Duct insulation

9. Types of outlets

10. Installation

11. Fabrication of duct

12. Testing of leakage

13. Commissioning and checklist

INTRODUCTION:

One of the greatest invention of the century, contributed a lot to the society and we should be

proud of the industry we belong to Hvacr engineer must have a through knowledge of basic

principles Should also do work or extract work in all its branches

DEFINATION

AIR CONDITIONING is defined as a process which

heats , cools cleans circulates air as well as

controlling the moisture content of air

Ideally it does all of the task at the same time

Advantages:

It makes human being work harder and more

effectively play longer and enjoy more leisure and

comfort…….i.e… to change the condition of the air

in an enclosed area…. As people spend most of

their time in enclosed area

HVAC SYSTEM

Main parts of the air conditioning system include:

1. The fan

2. Supply duct

3. Supply outlet

4. Room

5. Return duct

6. Filter

7. Heating coil/cooling coil

1. Fan moves the air

2. Supply duct guides the air to the room outlet

3. Room outlet directs the air flow into the room

4. Room provides an enclosed space in which the air can be confined

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 52

5. Return outlets allows the to pass from the room

6. Return duct guides the air back to the fan usually contains the filter and the heating or

cooling devices .

7. Filter cleans the air removing dirt dust and dirt particles

8. Heating coil heats the air for winter operation

9. Cooling coil cools AND DRIES THE AIR ( FOR SUMMER OPERATION )

REFRIGERATION CYCLE

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 53

For winter indoor comfort , the preferable combination of relative humidity and dry – bulb

temperature is 30% to 35% and 72f to 75f

For summer indoor comfort , the preferred combination of relative humidity and dry bulb

temperature is 45% to 50% rh and approx 75f to 78f

COOLING TOWER

Main purpose is to dispose of heat removed from the refrigerant by the water in the condenser.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 54

COOLING LOAD HEAT SOURCES

Major part of the summer cooling load arises from heat sources outside structure

The greatest heat source is sun…. This heat is known as solar heat

Indoor heat source include:

People

Light

Motors , appliances and office machines

HEAT RESOURCE

PRODUCE HEAT ACCORDING TO THE ENERGY OR FUEL CONSUMED

TOTAL Q = U * AREA * (Tw-Tc)

Heat load reduction can be reduced by addition of insulation , weather stripping and double

pane glass windows

2-3‖ INSULATION FOR WALLS

4-6‖ INSULATION FOR ROOFS

building size , shape and material of contruction affects the load

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 55

AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

It directs the air from the air conditioning equipment to the space to be conditioned and return the

air to the equipment

The system includes mainly :

Fans

Duct work

Outlets

The additional parts are:

Elbows ,

Bends,

Size reduction…

And other restrictions such as dampers , louvers, turning vanes and intricately design outlets,

propeller fan, centrifugal fans are used in AC

Usually ducts for ac are fabricated of galvanised iron sheet fastened together with special

seams and locks.

Now a days- prefabricated ducts- plastics, asbestos, celotex and fiber glass

RATIO OF WIDTH TO DEPTH NOT TO EXCEED 6: 1

Canvas or asbestos connections provided at fan discharge and suction opening

Fire dampers with fusible link set for about 160f or 72degree c must be installed in ducts which

pass through firewalls

Residual noise level can be reduced by lining the inner surfaces of ducts with acoustical board

along the path of the air flow

Static pressure is the pressure in a duct which require to overcome the frictional resistance to

air flow

It can be measured by u tube manometer

the instrument used for measuring CFM is bollometer and duct velocity is vellometer

DUCT INSULATION

Material used is fibre glass

Available in the form of rolls of about 1‖

Weight of galvanised steel sheet is 277-1977

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 56

For duct supports:

Angles steel , sizes usually depends upon load of ducts.

1. 20*20*3mm/4mm

2. 25*25*3mm/4mm/5mm

3. 30*30*3mm/4mm/5mm

Hanger , threaded rods usually 8mm,10mm,12mm nuts &bolts, plate nuts washers

Anchor bolts , rivets

Gaskets , straps

TYPES OF OUTLETS

Supply outlets opening in a wall , ceiling , floor

Return outlets opening in a wall , ceiling floor

Ceiling diffusers , grills are fitted

Thermostat to control valves are fitted

Volume dampers G.I powder coated balancing of air are fitted

In air flow as per standard for comfort conditioning 400 CFM for 1 ton – 1.4 kw

Space for one person is 60 sqft

Inside temperature required is 24+/- 1c

Usually 1tr for 150sqft

Fresh air / person 20cfm

INSTALLTION

In HVAC installation drg there is an HVAC opening /conducting drg is made which shows

wherever wall openings are required in the walls its sizes for passages of ducts ,chilled

water pipes, cables etc of HVACs systems. when civil work is going on provide conduits or

to check the opening is made to avoid double work . In case of outdoor unit installation

also the location of out door unit is fixed and the foundation work has to be got it done or

fabricated work it has to be got it done .so that after procuring units the installation work

can be started.

The indoor and outdoor units must be provided with shock absorbing pads , coil spring

footings for anti vibration of the system, for sound proof accousting insulation is done or

sound attenuators are provided in the duct system]

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 57

In the case of central air distribution system there is ahu room where ahu is installed and

AHU room needs acoustic insulation for absorbing sound as well as heat insulation. And

AHU unit is installed as per drg prepared. The room has fresh air opening grill with louvers

and fitted with bag filters the fresh air and return air both are mixed in mixing chamber. 10

to 15 percent of fresh air and remaining return air, filters are provided for before entering

mixing chamber. then blower is there and heat exchanger unit ,to which chilled water

supply , return piping connection are to be done , from blower to heat exchanger unit the

cooled and filtered air is supplied .temperature , pressure gauges ,sensors, control valves

to check and maintain the required temperature outlets

FABRICATION OF DUCTS

The ducts are rectangular in section . The standared sizes available in the market is 8‘*4‘ and

guages required are24,22,20.as per drg it has to be fabricated the duct length is 1.2 meter it is

done as per smacna std . Then applied sealant on complete joint portion the sealant protect

from leakage of air . But if the opening is big then duct sealant cannot take care such ducts

must be rejected the reducers elbows double elbowes , collers for branch ducts etc are

fabricated and riveted

These fabricated ducts nstalled as per dwg the ht of ducts are maintained as per dwg

threaded rods anchored and flanged sopports with gaskets nuts bolts are used for

installation. The sopports givrn at every i.5m distance i as such supply ,return ,exaust duct

work is done.

TESTING FOR LEAKAGE]

The leakage test is done portable air blower from one end it is connected with flexible duct and

other end sealed with sheet metal cap and pressure guage is fittedto m/c .test is done part by part

pressurised to 2bar observation for 3hrs .

INSULATION

When test is ok then insulation is started fiber glass material is used which normally comes in

rolls with al foils and of i‖ thickness is used

CONTROLS AND SAFETY DEVICES

In the ducts the controls required are installed such as splitters ,v.d‘s ,vfd‘s ,f.d as per dwg fire

dampers for safety incase of emergency. The room temerature is set by thermostat fitted , controls

the air flow to vfd‘s for air balancing splitters ,vd‘s are used then supply return diffusers are

installed as per dwg

COMMISIONING CHECKLIST

1. All electrical controls connected must be required voltage and current rating insulated and

earthing is done.

2. Checked the refrigerant is charged

3. Check the mounting pads ,fasteners for any loose fittings,damping vibrations.

4. Check plenum ,flexible connection, air tight fitments ,accoustic insulation if required as per

dwg.

5. Check control sensor‘s properly connected and in working conditions with electrician.

6. Check water supply, return controls in

7. Open condition and float switch in working order

8. Check filters clean condition installed properly

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 58

9. Check for drain pipe connected slope and leakproof joint

10. The room must be air tight,avoid infiltration of air,doors,windows closed,provide curtains

on windows to reduced heat conduction

11. The rooms/halls to be dustproof otherwise filter gets choked

12. Paper sticker to supply ,return outletsfor manual observation of air flow,air return.

Now from PLANT ROOM unit can be started Air balancing as per standard designe is to be done In plant room

Chiller units having condensers , compressors, evaporators, primary secondary pumps,

condensor pumps, cooling tower air ,water cooled expansion tank etc

Chilled water supply return pipes MS class C as per DWG sizes usually 250Q, 200Q , 100Q,

75Q , 50Q

EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION: WATER CHILLER

DAILY MAINTAINENCE

1. Check the bearing oil pressure for compressor

2. Check the entering and leaving condensor water pressures and temperatures

3. Check the entering and leaving chilled water pressures and temperatures

4. Check the liquid refridgerant temperatures leaving the condensor

5. Check the compressor discharge temperatures

6. Check the compressor motor ampere

WEEKLY MAINTINENCE

Check the refridgerant charge

Chemical analysis of condensor water

YEARLY MAINTAINENCE

Drain and replace oil in the compressor reservoir

Replace oil filter element

Change filter drier in the oil return system

Change filter drier in the purge unit

Clean and check all the valves

Drain and flush the oil and refrigerant from the purge unit shell

Clean orifices of the purge unit

Inspect the foul gas inlet of check valve for purge unit

Cleaning of condensor tubes

Cleaning of cooler tubes

Megger test for motor winding

Check all electrical controls for malfunction

Check motor mounting screws

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 59

EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION: STEAM BOILER

DAILY MAINTAINENCE

Test waterlevel limiters (float column)

Test flame guard

Clean water level indicator

Remove mud at steam boiler (blow down)

Test boiler relief valve for easy running

Retighten all leaky flanges and closures stuffing boxes etc.. At the boiler and at the lines

and seal them

MONTHLY MAINTAINENCE

Drain boiler water approx up to 20cm below low level mark

Open and clean feed pump float switch , remove mud from connection sockets

Push through the socket of the water level indicator and clean it from mud

Clean fuel oil filter

Seal all leaky flanges , fittings, lines and stuffing boxes etc … and pack them if required

Cause testing of switching devices and automatic system

Cleaning of ignition electrodes and check for proper adjustment

Cleaning of nozzle regulator

Open from fuel gas chamber doors and clean the fuel tubes by means of brusher

YEARLY MAINTAINENCE

Drain the boiler completely

Open all manholes and handholes

Clean the boilers interior , rinse throughly using string jets of water

Check combustion chamber (brick lining )get it repaired or replaced

Regrease all bearings for motor

Close manhole and handholes and insert new packing

Refill boiler with water , water fed must be treated such as softened and degasified water

After start up and in operation of boiler retighten all the bolts and nuts on manhole and hand

hole

Blower wheel cleaning

COOLING TOWER

MODEL : 375 – 102

SERIAL NO : 375 – KG – 88027 – 78A

MANUFACTURER : MARELY COOLING TOWER GMBH – W.GERMAN

DAILY MAINTENENCE

Check for unusual noise/ vibration of fan

Check for unusual noise/vibration of drive shaft

Check for unusual noise/ vibration gear reducer

Check water level for cold water basin

Check water level for hot water basin

Check for unusual noise/vibration of motor

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 60

WEEKLY MAINTAINENCE

Inspect for clogging of hot wter basin

Inspect for clogging of suction screen

Inspect for clogging of drift elemenators

Inspect for clogging of fill

Check for leakage in gear reducer

Check oil level for gear reducer

MONTHLY MAINTAINENCE

Lubricate with grease the controlvalve

Check oil for the presence of water and sludge

Inspect general condition of fan

HALF YEARLY MAINTAINENCE

Tighten loose bolts of fan

Tighten loose bolts of motor

Tighten loose bolts of drive shaft

Tighten loose bolts of gear reducer

Check fan blade tip clearence

Completely open and close control valve

YEARLY MAINTAINENCE

Inspect general condition of motor

Inspect general condition of drive shaft

Inspect general condition of gear reducer

Change of new oil for gear reducer

Inspect kets and keyways of motor

Inspect general condition of structural member

Inspect general condition of fan cylinder

Inspect general condition of suction screen

FANCOIL UNIT : EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION

DAILY MAINTAINENCE

Temperature in –out

WEEKLY MAINTAINENCE

Check the operation of controls

MONTHLY MAINTAINENCE

Check and clean air filter

Check the ampere reading

YEARLY MAINTAINENCE

Check the operation of fan system

check up motor bearing

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 61

EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION: AIR HANDLING UNIT

DAILY MAINTAINENCE

Check the temperature in and out

Check up the supply voltage

WEEKLY MAINTAINENCE

Check up controls for its operation

MONTHLY MAINTAINENCE

Check and clean cooling coils

Check up ampere reading

Check and clean air filter

QUARTERLY MAINTAINENCE

Check the fan belt

HALF YEARLY MAINTAINENCE

Check clean and operation of fire dampers

YEARLY MAINTAINENCE

Check clean blower, blower bearings

Check operation of motor and motr bearings

Check the operation of air filter gauge

Check the operation of motorized damper

Check and clean the grill supply and return

Check and clean duct work supply and return

Check operation of controller freeze statua

Check the operation of control fire status

Check the operation of relay

Check the operation of chilled water strainer

Check the operation of motorized valve

EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION :ICE MAKERS AND REFRIGERATORS

DAILY MAINTAINENCE

Inspect units on operation including accessories

Observe readings on apparatus , instruments and other devices

Adjust cooling demands , if necessary

Check up water lines drains or circulation cooling system for respective units

WEEKLY MAINTAINENCE

Check up compressor , fans and water pumps

Check up control panel especially for cold store

MONTHLY MAINTAINENCE

Service cleaning for all units

Check up refrigerant gas pressure in the system

EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION : EXHAUST FAN

WEEKLY MAINTAINENCE

Check up controls for its operation

YEARLY MAINTAINENCE

Check up the operation of fan

Check up the fan bearing

Check up motor bearing

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 62

HEATING SYSTEM

In central heating system the additions such as hot water boilers or hot water coils or strip

heater banks are used

The heating equipments are as follows

HOT WATER HEATING COILS

In central heating systems using hot water usually requires one or two rows of tubes in the

direction of air flow,to produce the desired heating capacity.the ressitance to the hot water

flow through the heater not to exceed 4kpa in hot water installation.

The flow connections to the heater are generally at the lowest point of the heater and return

connections at the highest , thermometer wells should be fitted in the pipes near the inlets

and outletsd of air heating coilsso that the temperature drop through the heater can be

readily observed.

ELECTRIC AIR HEATER

The air velocity over the face of the heater is of importance in the design of electric air

heaters care should be taken as the risk of fire under abnormal conditions operatiosns to

cut of electrical supply .the velocity through the heater must be sufficient to permit the

absorption of the rated output of the finned tube heaters.

HYDRONIC HEATING SYSTEM

Hot water systems for carrying heat to occupied spaces have been in usefor many years. In

some systems, the hot water circulates by thermal convection the circulating is under

atmospheric pressure, the changes in volume is by explanation tanks

Most hot water systems use a circulating pump. The pump increases waterflow and carries

more heat/ unit time to the heat transfer units.

A piping arrangement when one pump is used and with three zones as shown it has

pressure relief valve which is required in all pressurised heating systems.

HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEMUSE ONE OF SEVERAL DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE

CONTROLS DEVICES.

1. single control, which starts and stop the pump.

2. zone control,using two or more controlls. Each controls opertes one pump

3. individual radiator controls for individual room controls

A Hot Water System Using A Flow Switch Controls System Is Shown In. The Main Circuit Is

Shown in solid linesif the water ceases to flow , the flow switch will the electrical circuit and

shut off the burner . Some system use a recirculation system within the boiler if water flow

stops in this water circuit the flow switch shut down the system

In many establishments it is desirable to maintain different temperature in different rooms

.for instantce the bed rooms be kept at different temperatures than the living room, the

laundry at a different temperature than the kitchen. This is accomplished by

thermostatiscally controlling the heating or cooling media for these areas.

HYDRONIC SYSTEMS ARE CONTROLLEDIN FOUR BASIC WAYS

1. The heat is turned on at the same time the pump is turned

2. The pump is cycled to provide heat.

3. The pump is operated continously and the zone valves are cycled

4. The zone valves are and turn on the pump or heater

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 63

When a hydronic system delivers hot water totwo or more heating units , the water flow

must be balanced.to insure that each system recieves its designe quantityof water per unit

time. This balancing is done by using gate valves in the pipingopening and closing these

valves obtains balance.

Flow meters are used to accurately measure quantity of flow.

Water used in hydronic systems must be added with chemicals which lower the freezing

temperature and raise the boiling temperature .these chemicals also keeps away from

forming deposits in the pipes.

Water has impurities that causes scales, corrosion, embrittlement

Scale is formed from salts in the water. the salts settle on the metal surface as the water

passes through temperature changes these salts should be removed before water entering

the heater. The chemicals are added to conditioning the sludge and purged the system

Corrosion takes place when the water is acidic or gasses dissolved in the water. Corrsion is

reduced by neutralising acid conditioning withan alkaliand removing the gasses by

deaerosion process

Corrosion inhibitors are also added. The usually disslved gasses are hydrogen sulphide,

Co2 ,O2 organic matter and oil causes foaming of water.

MAXIMUM AVAIBLE IMPURITIES IN BOILER WATER

CHEMICAL NAME PPM

NaSo3 1.0

Nacl 10.0

Po4 5.0

NaSo4 25.0

Sio2 0.20

TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS 50.0

STEAM HEATING SYSTEM

It is a means of distributing heat to occupied areas . Steam is generated in a boiler. The

steam (vapors) being lighter, travel to the upper parts of the piping circuitthis steam is at

100degree centigrade or higher. As it releases heat to the occupied areas,the steam

condenses. The condensed water being heavier returns to the furnace boiler. The steam

releases about 1000btufor each pound that condenses

The basic systems are in use; the single pipe system uses the same pipe to carry steam to

the radiators and return to the condensate. The two pipe system uses one pipe to carry

steam to the radiator and another pipe to return to the condensate.

For domestic purposes these systemoperatesat low pressures at 100psi . Commercial ,

industrial purpose use at higher pressure 1000psi

A steam boiler must have pressure safety valve water level guage, presure and

temperature gauge.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 64

VENTILATION

Ventilation is a process of changing air in an enclosed space. A prop[ortion of the air in the

space should be continously withdrawn and replaced by fresh air drawn frome outside to

maintain the required level of air purity.in any space occupied by people, the breathing of

air reduces o2 content .activities in the space may add some polluntants to the

environment. The most economical way of maintain the health and comfort conditionsof the

spaceis by replacing air .

Ventilation is required to control O2 , Co2 and moisture, contaminated bacteria ,heat etc.

Mechanical ventilation is one of several forms of ventilation option available it consists of

fans filters ducts air diffusers and outlets for air distribution within the building . It includes

mechanical exhaust system or exhaust can occur through natural means

INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION

Industrial buildings form a major application of mechanical ventilation

In industrial building ventilation is needed to provide the fresh air required for health and

hygiene and also in removal of surplus heat due to equipment people and building heat gains

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SYSTEM DESIGN

1. Supply system is not satisfactory without an exaust system.

2. Air should be supplied equallythrough grills,diffusure ,draft should be avoided

3. Exhaust hoods , canopies designed to capture the unwanted fumes or dust right at the

source. Irrespective of other air currents in the area,

.

TYPES OF VENTILATION SYSTEMS

1. MECHANICAL EXTRACT /NATURAL SUPPLY

It comprises one or more fans usually of the propeller, axial flow or mixed flow type

installed in outside walls or on the roof.

The system comprises of ductwork arranged for general extraction of the air such

duct work is connected to centrifugal or axial flow fans

2. KITCHEN VENTILATION(INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERTIALS)

Ventilation rates depends upon type of equipments in use and the released impurity

loads (includes surplus heat )ventilation standards set up the guide line for ventilation

volume.the design for kition air flow must allow for sufficient ventilation

A STANDARD FOR GAS BASED EQUIPMENT ARE AS FOLLOWS

designee exhaust airflow l/s from different equipment based on input power is as follows

S.NO KITCHEN EQPT FLOW RATES

1. Cooking pot 12

2. Roasted oven 33

3. Frying pan 35

4. Cooker stove 35

5. Grill 61

CAR PARKING

Ventilation is essential in car parking areas to take care of pollution due to emmission of

co2 , n20, , presence of oil and petrol fumes, diesel engine smoke.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 65

ELECTRICAL WORK FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Electricity supply is a basic need of the modern world , since all appliances from lights ,

fans … etc. work on electricity .

The licensed person , in charge of the electrical work, should be given right instructions

and layout plans for completing the electrical work satisfactory and safely.

It is necessary to study how the various types of loads are connected to the supply.

This helps in planning the requirement of materials , tools , equipments etc. before

starting any work

TOOLS REQUIRED FOR ELECTRICAL WORK

1. Screw driver set

2. Wire cutting pliers set

3. Hack – saw frame/ blade

4. Drill machine with drill bits or bit punch

holder

5. Chisel

6. Hammer

7. Knife

8. Tester / test lamp

9. Plumb bob

10. Level tube

11. Spirit level

12. Line dort

13. Measuring tape

14. Wire stripper

15. Set of files

16. Hand drill machine

17. Die/ vice set

Average watt RATINGS /LOAD on each point are as follows

1. Light point ---- 40 w

2. Fan point---- 60w

3. Plug on board --- 100w

4. Bell point-- 100w

5. Power point plug ----1500w

6. Power point bath ----500w

Average watt rating used by HOUSE HOLDERS are as follows;---

1. A/c --- 1500 w

2. Iron automatic--- 1000w.

3. Rapid cooker --- 1500w

4. Ref--- 300w

5. Radio system --- 200w

6.range kitchen --- 8000w

7. Washing m/c without heater—300w

8. Water heater ----- 2500w.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 66

PLANNING OF INTERNAL ELECTRICAL WORK

Planning is the most important factor before commencing any electrical work

Design and planning should take into consideration the prevailing conditions at the site and

the requirements of the consumers. Before starting the project , electrical drawings should

be prepared along with all the drawings

Planning at the initial stages will help to decide the locations of each point in each room ,

specification of materials , required load for each flat and each building

By planning in the initial stages and preparing the drawings accordingly , chances of

mistakes by an engineer are reduced considerably .

This results in economy of electrification work

(1) POSITION AND REQUIREMENTS OF ELECTRICAL POINTS

Position of the points depends on the requirements of individual flats .

Following points will act as guideline…

Fan points should be diagonally in the centre of the room , excluding the loft

Width

Switch boards should be nearest to the entrance , opposite the door opening

Switches for the bathroom should be outside the door

Consider the probable furniture arrangement before deciding the switch board and light

points in the rooms

Power point in the kitchen should be nearest to the kitchen platform

REQUIREMENTS OF ELECTRICAL POINTS

SNO LOCATION LIGHT

POINT

FAN

POINT

POWER

POINT

PLUG

ON

BOARD

PLUG

POINT

BELL

POINT

T V

POINT

TEL

POINT

1 Living room 2 1 - 1 1 1 1 1

2 bedroom 2 1 - 1 - - - -

3 Kitchen

room 1 1 1 1 - - - -

4 Balcony 1 -- - - - - - -

5 Water

closet 1 - - - - - - -

6 Bathroom 1 - 1 - - - - -

7 Passage 1 - - - - - - -

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 67

(2) HEIGHTS OF ELECTRICAL POINTS

If the electricians fix the electrcal points and boards arbitarily, it will prove in convinient to the

users .

After practical studies of their requirements . some standards have been recommended for

fixing the heights of various electrical points

STANDARD HEIGHTS OF ELECTRICAL POINTS FROM FINISHED FLOOR LEVEL

SNO NAME OF POINT RECOMMENDED POSITIONS

1 Angle holder (bracket point ) 2.25m (7‘6‖) from FFL

2 Fan point On ceiling , centrally ay diagonals crossing of

rooms

3 Switch board 1.35m (4‘6‖) from FFL

4 t. v / telephone and 5amp point 0.6m (2‘0‖) from FFL

5 Bell push 1.35m (4‘6‖) From FFL

6 DB (distribution box) Above the entrance door or in passage 2.4m

(8‘0‖) from FFL

7 POWER POINT IN BATH 1.5m (5‘5‖) from FFL

(3) SIZES OF BOARDS

Wooden switch boards for surface mounting are usually available in standard sizes

SNO TYPE OF BOARD SIZE IN MM SIZE IN INCH

1 Distribution board 350mm * 305mm 14‖ *12‖

2 Switch board in living / kitchen/bedroom 200mm * 250mm 8‖ * 10‖

3 Switch board outside WC /bath 180mm * 100mm 7‖ * 4‖

4 Switch board refrigerator in kitchen 155mm * 100mm 6‖ * 5‖

5 Bell push 100mm * 100mm 4‖ *4‖

6 Bracket light point and fan point 100mm diameter 4‖

7 T.v / telephone socket 100mm * 100 mm 4‖ *4‖

8 T.v electrical point 100mm * 100mm 4‖ * 4‖

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 68

(4) GAUGES OF WIRES

Electrical wires directly carry the electrical current.

So, it is essential to know the current carrying capacity of the wire for safe working.

SNO TYPE AND

GAUGE OF WIRE

SIZE OF WIRE

AVAILABLE IN

MARKET

SIZE OF WIRE IN

mm

WEIGHT OF WIRE

PER 100M

1 1/18 1/036 1/0.914 1.4kg

2 1/18 1/038 1/0.965 1.5kg

3 1/18 1/042 1/1.067 1.7kg

4 1/18 special 1/044 1/1.120 2.0kg

TWISTED COPPER

5 3/22 3/029 3/0.737 2.2kg

6 3/20 3/032 3/0.813 2.4kg

7 3/20 3/034 3/0.864 2.7kg

8 3/20special 3/036 3/0.914 3.1kg

9 7/22 7/029 7/0.737 4.4kg

10 7/20 7/032 7/0.813 5.0kg

11 7/20 7/034 7/0.864 5.5kg

12 7/20 special 7/036 7/0.914 6.5kg

13 7/18 7/040 7/1.016 9.0kg

14 7/18 special 7/044 7/1.120 10.0kg

P.V.C TO P.V.C (FOR C.T.S WIRING)

(5) SIZES OF WIRES FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES

(6) COLOR CODES OF WIRES IN SINGLE PHASE

Phase Wire - Red,

Neutral - Black

Earthing Green In Three Phase - 1.Red 2. Yellow 3 Blue

Neutral - Black

Earthing - Green.

15 1/18 1/036 1/0.914 2.2Kg

16 1/18 1/042 1/1.067 2.8kg

17 3/20 3/034 3/0.864 3.8kg

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 69

RECOMMENDED RATING OF SWITCH SOCKETS AND CABLE SIZE ARE AS

FOLLOWS :

1. Light electric loads less than 250w such as lamps tubes radio switch / sockets outlets

capacity is 5 amps suggested core size of copper cable is 1.5 mm square

2. Medium electric load between 250w to 1000w such as washing machine, refrigerator ,iron etc

is switch /socket outlet is 2.5 mm square and suggested core size of copper cable is 2.5mm

square

3. Heavy electric loads between 1000w to 3000w such as geysor, air conditioners etc also sub

distribution board is 15 amps switch / socket outlet and suggested core size of copper cable4

mm square

4. Sophisticated equipment such as computer is 5amps and suggested core size of copper cable

is 1,5 mm square

5. Specific equipments working on batteries on main power failure such as fax / answering

machine is 15 amps and suggested core size of copper cable is 4.0 mmsquare

6. Telecommunication equipment like telephone fax etc is switch socket outlets is telephone wire

and suggested core size of copper cable is 4 or 6 core

7. Safety and protection equipment like alarms etc is 5 amps and suggestd core size of copper

cable is 1.5 mm square.

Load and cable size calculation for one building of 14 flats

Suppose grand total load for one flat is 3000wor 3kw

For 14 flats ------------------------------------- 3kw*14 =42 kw

For common lightis--------------------------2kw*1 = 2 kw

For pumps -----------------------------------6 kw*1= 6kw

-----------------

50kw

Current carrying capacity =50kw*2.84amps /kw

= 142 amps

(note 2.84amps /kw considering 0.8 as power factor

Net current =142amps*.75 (diversity factor)

=106.5amps

Total net current required is 106.5 ampsfor building on 3 phase 3 ½ core cable

Current on each phase = 106.5

106.5

--------------- _=61.56amps say 62 amps

Root3

Required Al conductor cable size will be 25 sq mm*3 1/2core to carry 62amps current per

phaserecommended cable size one higher , considering factor of safety

Provide al cable armored of 35 sq mm*31/2 core

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 70

PLANNING FOR EXTERNAL ELECTRICAL WORK

(1) FLOW CHART FOR ELECTRIC SUPPLY FROM ELECTRICITY BOARD TO CONSUMER ELECTRICITY BOARD

TRANSFORMER

L . T ROOM

FEEDER PIL

BUS BAR OF EACH BUILDING

INDIVIUAL METRE OF FLAT

CUT OUT / FUSES

MAIN SWITCH OF EACH FLAT IN METRE CABINET MAINS

DISTRIBUTION BOX IN FLAT CIRCUITS

ROOM SWITCH BOARDS INTERNAL WIRING

INDIVIUAL ELECTRIC POINT

(2) TRANSFORMER AND L.T (LOW TENSION) ROOM

Loads above 50 kw require a transformer and L.T room . the following points should be

considered while planning the location of the transformer place and L.T room

Location of an electrical transformer / L.T room, for a group of buildings , should be at

the nearest convenient place on the ground floor.

The floor level of the transformer / low tension room shall be above the highest flood

level of the locality

The availability of nearby power lines may also be kept in view while deciding the

location of the transformer / low tension room

In the L. T room , provision for cable trench , for passing cables from the transformer

room should be provided

Plinth for the transformer should be constructed in rubble masonry , at the required

height and side.

The capacity of the transformer depends upon the load of the building

The load should be calculated from the electrical points in each flat and each building

(3) FEEDER PILLAR

Feeder pillar is a distribution box. It is generally fixed in common convenient place . the

cable from the main supply board (L.T room) comes in the feeder pillar and is

distributed to various outgoing and other points of supply

Feeder pillar should be fixed on a firm concrete platform

Feeder pillar should be painted in red and marking of the building number for feeder

pillar should always be intact

Feeder pillars are available in 200 , 400 , 600 and 1000amp capacity

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 71

(4) BUS – BAR

Bus – bar is a distribution box which provides tappings to different electrical metres

The main supply to bus bar is provided from the feeder pillar by suitable cable

Bus bars are available in 100 , 200 , 400 amp capacity

(5) ELECTRICAL METER CABINET

Meter cabinet is required to contain the meters of each building

Generally , meter cabinet is made of a wooden frame , covered with wooden

shutters and weld mesh . for proper ventilation , meter cabinet should be located

near the entrance of the building . this also allows easy access for the readings.

Meter box should be fixed above 45 cm( 1‘6‖) from the floor level

Size of the meter box should be decided as per the number of metres to be fixed

For one meter about 0.28sq.m (3sft) space is required to accommodate fuse , main

switch and the meter

Meter cabinet should always be locked to prevent any mishaps

All the meters in the cabinet should display the correct name and the flat number ,

for easy maintenance

Wiring in the meter box should be safe and done properly , with the required size

and colour codes of the wires

Building number should be painted on the bus bar in the meter box

M.C.B should be provided for every electrical meter

Meter cabinet should be painted with primer and oil paint to avoid decay and termite

attack

(7) EARTHING

Earthing is the term used for the electrical connection to the general mass of earth

There are various methods of earthing but the most common method is earthing by

plate electrodes

Plate electrodes are made of copper or galvanized iron

The size of copper plate shall not be less than 600mm * 600mm* 3.15mm and the

thickness of the iron plate should not be less than 6.30mm

Earthing plate should be placed vertically on its edge

The top edge of the plate should not be less than 1.5m below the surface of the

ground

Resistance of the earth electrodes depends upon the resistance of the soil

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 72

PROCEDURE OF EARTHING

1. Dig a pit of size 90cm * 90cm * 90cm , 1.5cm below the ground

2. Put a 15 cm layer of charcoal and salt to reduce the resistance of the soil

3. Tie the copper wire / galvanized iron wire to the earthing plate and put the plate In the

pit

4. Size of the wire should not be less than 3sqmm in case of copper wire and 6sqmm . in

case of G.I wire . fix a funnel from the pit to the ground level to pour water , to

maintain a safe value of earth resistance. The earth resistance value should not

exceed 0.7ohms

5. Provide another G.I pipes of 25mm diameter to pass the earth wire upto and above

ground level

6. Fill the pit (90cm*90cm*90cm) with charcoal and salt , 40kg each. Refill the balance

pit with soil and compact it properly

PROTECTION AGAINST LIGHTNING;-

1. The owner of every overhead line (sub- station or general station) which is

expected as to be liable to injury from lightning shall adopt efficient means for

diverting to earth any electrical surges due lighting.

2. The earthing lead for any lightening – arrestor shall not pass through any iron or

steel pipe . But shall be taken as directly as possible from the lightning arrestor to a

separate earth electrode and / or junction of the earth mat already provided for the

high and extra voltage sub station to the avoidance of bends wherever practicable.

3. Note ---a vertical ground electrode shall be connected to this junction of the earth

mat.

(7)CABLING AND DUCTING

Once the location of the transformer , L.T room feeder pillar , meter cabinets etc.

are finalized , decide on the cabling ducting

Most of the cables are laid under ground in conduits

In case of a cable without conduits , lay it carefully . ensure a brick layer and sand

cushion, with an excavation of minimum 1m depth

A chamber should be provided at each junction and turning . it should be covered

properly about 15cm (6‖) from the ground level , to prevent mud and water from

entering.

(8) CONSTRUCTION QUALITY IN ELECTRICAL WORKS.

To follow IS specifications to cover various items internal electrification fittings and

code of practice for execution IE rules 1956

IS732 ; code of practice for electrical wiring installation, having part 1,2,3, which

cover definitions and general requirements design and construction, inspection and

testing of installations

IS4648 guide lines for layouts in residential buildings

IS 694; PVC insulated cables for working voltages upto including1100 volts

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 73

(9) ELECTRICAL LOADING OF FITTINGS

½ HP to 1HP ; 240 volts single phase (3.5 amps ) cable size 2 to 2.5 mm2

3HP to 5 HP 416 volts 3 phase ( 8 amps ) cable size 3 core 4 mm2

Ton to 1.5 ton AC 240 V single phase (10 Amps) cable size 3 core 4 mm2

Light incandes cent 40, 60 Watt ,fluorescent 40W kitchen fan 50W

Ceiling fan 100W refrigerator 100W geyser 1500W Mixer 200W washing

Machine 200W electric iron 500W

1. INSULATION RESISTANCE OF COMPLETE INSTALLATION WITH EARTHING

To ensure that the wires used are correct size quite sound now to avoid leakage the

insulation resistance has to be checked keeping the main switch in off position with

all fuses in distribution board and all lamps put in position and test is done with 500V

meggar . The measure resistance live conductor and neutral at the out going terminal

of the main switch earth should not be less than 50 Mega ohms divided by no of points

(fan ,light, sockets) it should be more than 1 Mega ohm

Insulation resistance between conductors

Keeping the main switch in off position with all fuses in distribution board in position with

all lamps removed from holder the insulation resistance between phase and neutral

conductor checked by 500V meggar should not be less than 1 Mega ohm

Extract s of IE rules the following IE rules 1956 which are given at the end are to be

read thoroughly and follow while executing and operating the installations

Chapter 1b :Rules 29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,38,,40,,41,42,43,44,44A

Chapter 5 : rules 47,48,49,50,51,58,

Chapter 6 : rules 61,62,

Chapter 7 : rules 63,64,65,66,67,68,69,

Chapter 8 : rules 74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,

Some High Lights Of Rules

Rule 29 construction, installation, operation and maintenance of electric supply lines

and application

Rule No 29 From “ The Indian Electricity Rule , 1956” 29. Construction, installation, protection, operation and maintenance of electric supply lines and apparatus-

1) All electric supply lines and apparatus shall be of sufficient ratings for power, insulation and estimated

fault current and of sufficient mechanical strength, for the duty which they may be required to perform

under the environmental conditions of installation, and shall be constructed, installed, protected, worked

and maintained in such a manner as to ensure safety of human beings, animals and property.

2) Save as otherwise provided in these rules, the relevant code of practice of the Bureau of Indian Standards

including National Electrical Code if any may be followed to carry out the purposes of this rule and in the

event of any inconsistency, the provision of these rules shall prevail.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 74

3) The material and apparatus used shall conform to the relevant specifications of the Bureau of Indian

Standards where such specifications have already been laid down.

1. Subs. by GSR 358, dt. 30.4.1987, w.e.f. 9.5.1987.

2. Subs. by GSR 45, dt. 1.1.1993, w.e.f. 23.1.1993.

3. Subs. by GR. 466, dt. 18.7.1991, w.e.f. 17.8.1991.

4. Ins. by GSR 358, dt. 30.4.1987, w.e.f. 5.9.1987.

1. All electric supply lines and apparatus has to be of sufficient ratings for power insulation

and estimated fault current and of sufficient mechanical strength for duty which they

may require to perform under the environmental conditions of installation and shall be

constructed, installed , and protected, worked and maintained in such a manner as to

ensure safety of human being , animal s and property

2. The material and apparatus used must conform to relevant specifications of BIS rules

30 service lines and apparatus on consumers premises

POWER FACTOR

Depending upon circuits current usually flows less than the electromotive force I.e when e.m.f is

50% of its max , the current flow may be 35 to 50% of its max

Therefore the wattage power of A.C circuit W= E* I * P.F.

In A.C circuit , voltage and current and current are in phase . the current and voltage are at its

max

Voltmeter reads ---120v ammeter reads ------------ 10 amps

So V*I = 1200 watts I.e P.F is 100%

If the current lagging behind the voltage 1/8 th of a cycle

In this case V READS 120 and I reads 10 amps but wattmeter reads 1000w and not 1200w

P.F ----= wattmeter reading 1000

------------------------------------------------------- = -------------- = .83

Ammeter reading * voltmeter reading 120 * 10

The inductive load affects the P.F

Ex 1. electric motors 2. transformers welders do affects the P.F

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MCM 614: UTILITES AND FACILITES MANAGEMENT:

Definitions:

Facilites : Facilities are provisions given for fulfilling a need. Facilities need services for operation.

Services : services are life lines for enabling the facility operational. Like electricity, water, compressed air,

telephone lines, cable lines, satellite lines, treatment plants etc.

Utilties. : utilites are auxiliary services or service plants. For example : water service plant, compressed air

supply from an compressed air plant, steam for use in kitchen coming for cooking purpose from a boiler

utility plant , Hot water from a calorifier to be used in fabric washing in Washing machine.

Standards : standards are specifications or norms established and followed. There are company

standards, Industry standards, Association standards, National standards and International standards.

Standards are evolved based on experience and body of knowledge. BIS, IS, GMA, CMFA, BHEL, HAL,

HMT, BS, JIS, DIN, ISO, IEC.

There are standards for items, products, part , component etc.

Codes : codes are working practices evolved based on experiences gained from implementation. For ex:

National building code-2005, Building energy conservation code.

Guidelines : are prescribed rules to follow as good practice. Guidelines cannot be enforced. The are

purely optional or prescriptive practices.eg AP Environmental guide lines. Guidelines are the fore runners

for code formation.

Bye laws.: These are statutory and regulatory in nature for example Building Bye laws implemented by the

Local authorities of the state.

PLANNING NORMS FOR VARIOUS BUILDINGS

(Domestic, Commercial, Institutional, Multi storey, township)

An approach to planning norms for Hospitals, Hotels, Schools, Malls, clubs and other facilites.)

Reference: Building by laws, Law of licences, Housing laws in India.)

Planning Guidelines for Buildings.

Every agency undertaking to construct buildings to be used for different purposes or application shall apply

for sanction of Building plan to approve authority. The planning shall conform to Building Legislation

applicable in the particular area, region, division, segment etc. In Andhra Pradesh and in cities the

authority is Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation which sanction as per the Bye laws framed by the

Township Planning Authority within the jurisdiction of GHMC by the Hyderbad Metropolitan Development

Authority.

No agency can build or commence works on Buildings without first obtaining the Building Plan sanctioned.

An unauthorized or unsanctioned Building is liable to be demolished coupled with Penalty or fine.

The Building Plan along with all necessary papers as prescribed by the local authority is be sanctioned by

Local corporation or Municipality or Panchayat or Township authority within whose jurisdiction the Building

or property is to be erected strictly in conformity with the rules, regulations applicable in the area. The initial

sanction may be provisional or in certain cases the approval is denied in which case no construction can

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 80

take place. In case of corporation or Municipality the plan must be authenticated before submission by

licensed architect who act as licensed Building architect.

a) Rules of Building:

1) Means of access

2) Height of Building

3) Lifts , stair cases and parking spaces

4) Emergency exits

5) Multi storey buildings

6) Building Materials

7) Fire protection

8) Approval s from Electricity authority

9) Approvals from Metropolitan water and sewage board. (HMWWS)

10) Occupancy certificate

How do you Plan for facilities and utilities and services for

a) Hospitals

b) Hotels

c) International school.

1. Step : 1 know the facility and its capacity

2. Step: 2 what are the a) services b) facilities and Utilities required.

3. Step: 3 for how many it needs to cater. Both fixed and floating.

4. Step: 4 develop a flow diagram to get the scope of the facility

5. Step: 5 Identify the various facilites and the requirement of space ie space planning

6. Step :6 Incorporate the Norms for each entity

7. Step: 7 Now synthesise and arrive at the aggregate ie the rough capacity.

8. Step 8: add on requirement for any contingency or for any immediate future expansions

Under this consider the peak requirement from the fluctuation in demand by studying the

past of similar facilities.

9. Step 9: Arrive at the final plan for the Facility.

//

How do you Plan for facilities and utilities and services for Hospitals ?.

Maintenance and Testing of Utility Systems / Components:

Drawings, specifications and O&M manuals are kept in the E&O Administration office, the Facility

Planning, Design and Construction office, and are available online via secured intranet.

System specific manuals and drawings are kept in the associated maintenance shops.

Preventive maintenance and routine maintenance records are kept in the computerized

maintenance management system (CMMS). This system provides a variety of reports to assist the

managers, foremen, and mechanics in managing, evaluating and improving utility systems.

PM tasks are determined and scheduled utilizing recommendations, industry standards, current

experiences and evaluations, not to exceed annually.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 81

Systems are installed and tested according to the manufacturer‘s recommendations, codes and

standards prior to use.

Appliances such as computers, microwaves, TVs, coffee pots, copiers, etc. are not part of the Utility

Management Program. When purchased, appliances should be UL Listed or have equivalent

approval. If appliances do not work properly, have frayed cords, or otherwise appear to be

damaged, they should be identified for repair/replacement by the appropriate department.

Employees and/or Departments that have questions about the safety or performance of such

equipment may contact Engineering and Operations.

Inventory:

Rather than select utility components for inclusion in the program based on set criteria, Engineering &

Operations includes all utilities in the preventive maintenance database. The following is a list of

systems/components covered by the Utility Management Plan:

I. Life Support Systems

a. Medical Gas Systems (Air, Oxygen, Nitrous Oxide, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide)

b. Medical Vacuum Systems

c. Emergency Power Systems

II. Infection Control Systems

a. Sterilizers and Related Equipment

b. Ventilation and exhaust systems, high efficiency and other filtration

c. Backflow preventers

d. Water treatment

III. Environmental Support Systems

a. Air Handling Units

b. Exhaust Fans

c. Chillers/Chilled Water Systems

d. Refrigeration Equipment (including daily recording of temperatures in medication

refrigerators)

e. Heat Exchanger

f. Cooling Towers

g. Plumbing Systems

h. Trash and Linen Systems

IV. Equipment Support

A. Emergency Generators

B. Electrical Distribution System

C. Pneumatic Tube System

D. Elevators / Escalators

E. Sprinkler Systems

V. Communication Systems

a) Patient Call Systems (Hill Rom call systems are the responsibility of DHTS)

b) Fire Alarm Systems

c) Building Automation Systems

d) Medical Gas Alarm Systems

e) Telephone/Paging/Radio Systems (Maintained by Duke University Office of Information

Technology)\

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 82

Responsibilities:

The following addresses the primary areas of support as it relates to the Utility Management

Plan. Engineering & Operations provides Environment of Care support to these areas. The

following summarizes the key responsibilities covered by the plan:

1. Maintain Utility System Component Inventory

2. Insure Routine Maintenance is performed in a timely manner.

3. Promote a safe, controlled, comfortable environment of care.

4. Maintain reliable Utility Systems.

5. Maintain reliable Life Safety Systems.

6. Identification of a maintenance provider for each component and assure this service is provided

within an appropriate time period.

7. Provision for emergency repair service on a 24-hour basis.

8. Assess utility failures to minimize occurrences.

Facilities Services Work Group

Engineering and Operations actively participates in the Facilities Services Work Group, which

provides oversight and guidance to the construction related activities and their impact on patient

care and operations.

LECTURE NO. 2

BUILDING SERVICES AND UTILTIES

1.0 DEFINITION:

Facilities Management is a profession that encompasses multiple disciplines to ensure

functionality of the Built environment by integrating people, process and technology

2.0 Facilities Management includes:

1) Building services

2) Maintenance operations

3) Energy Management

4) Land care

5) Building system automation

6) Quality

7) Work control.

According to one of the leading facility Management company in India ( M/s Chestorton Meghraj

Property consultant private limited) . Facility Management is defined as

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 83

― The integrated control of all facility related services within an Organisation, supporting clients

with adequate space, resources, services and protection, based on productivity and Cost

Management‖

Facilites Management business is also expressed by the term ― Work Place Management‖ by

some companies in the facility Management Business.

The services offered under the Business would include:

Property and facility management

Property audit and evaluations

Mall Management

Tenant relationship/ Occupant Management.

In any facilities - services would also include two major areas ie. Managing Wastes and Managing

Energy consumed by the facility as well as energy generated in a facility. A typical facility like

Hotel or Hospital generates wastes and Managing waste has been added under the functions of

facility management.

Waste Management: this responsibility would include Collection of all wastes generated in a

facility, transportation of generated wastes in all its forms ( ie. solid wastes and liquid wastes),

Disposing wastes in an approved location, - there are a number of variations of disposal, land

filling, neutralizing and disposing in public sewers, burning or incenerating them, or packing them

and sending to a independent facilites for neutralizing them and using as manures ( sugar

industry- black liquor coming out of fermented tanks in distilleries.)

Energy Management: This involves setting up an Energy Management team which would go into

the usage of Energy efficient technology

Improving energy efficiency in the operating systems

reducing dependence on sources supplying non renewable energy.

Further it also includes one or all of the following.:

switching off light when not in use ( Manual and automation)

Setting to turn off equipment when not in use ( eg computers)

Buying energy efficient products ( star labeled products)

ref: www.energymanager training.com

Incorporate or specify operation control features which can save energy ( like

thermostat in an AC room.)

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 84

3.0 Jobs Performed By Building Maintenance And Facilites Management Team:

1. Organise and Implement Planned Maintenance programme

2. Management of Reactive and Unplanned Maintenance issues

3. Refurbishment, alterations , and extension

4. Life cycle cost management

5. Construction Monitoring

6. Estimates , Budget, costing

7. Condition surveys

8. Schedules of dilapidation ( similar to scrapping of assets)

9. Risk Management

10. Health and safety plans

11. Conservation and restoration of assets

12. Building services control and Management.

4.0 SCOPE OF SERVICES UNDER THE BUILDING UTILITIES AND SERVICES:

A) UTILTIY MANAGEMENT:

a) HVAC

b) Fire detection and fire fighting systems

c) Lifts and elevators

d) Water pumps

e) Pneumating –Hydraulic system (accumulators)

f) Closed circuit television system

g) Access control system

h) Vertical elevator system

i) Back up power and supply system (UPS)

j) Communication system

k) TV cabling , dished antenna services

l) Operations and Maintenance of the above systems broadly comes under Utility

management.

B) SERVICE MANAGEMENT:

Security services

Electro Mechanical works

DG/ HVAC operations and Management

Telephone and Communications (inter and external)

House keeping

Sanitary and plumbing

Pest control

Landscape Management

Mail and fax ( receipts and dispensing)

Catering , vending and cafeteria mangement

Staffing services

Water distribution and sewer lines, and effl. Treatment plant maintenance.

Parking Maintenance.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 85

Service Management –may include Minor repairs of:

Equipments

Civil works

Carpentry

Masonry

Furniture

Painting and touch ups

Trouble shooting of small machineries in the facility.

C) MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS IN FACILITY ENVIRONMENT:

1. Quality control

2. Health and Fire safety

3. Preventive Management

4. Energy Management

5. Help Desk

6. Vendor Management and procurements

7. Tender processing

8. Liaison with Building Managers

9. Stock audits and controls

10. Office equipment Management

11. Occupant Management

12. Customer Management

FUNCTIONS OF FACLITIES AND SERVICE MANAGER

The functions of facility Manager Managing an Asset can be broadly categorized as

a) Primary functions

b) Secondary functions

Primary functions would include:

Secondary functions include:

1. Operation and maintenance of existing

facilites and services

2. Maintenance and upkeep of buildings

3. Equipment inspection and lubrication

4. Alteration to existing building and facilities

5. Space planning, real estate projects

6. Outsourcing services

7. Management of contracts.

1. Building security including fire safety

2. Waste disposal

3. Salvage

4. Insurance administration

5. Janitorial services

6. Property accounting ( tracking)

7. Environmental compliances

8. Liaising with statutory and regulatory

authorities.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 86

ORGANISATION OF FACILITES DEPARTMENT

IS BASED ON THE SIZE OF THE ORGANISATION and also to a great extent on the scope of

the work defined and included.

ASSIGNMENT :

A facility has to be planned ( HOTEL, MALL, RESTAURANT, TOWNSHIP) and implemented:

Make your assumptions and list the Norms, Facilities, services and utilities.

Write down the steps in the planning and implementation of the proposed facility.

ORGANISATION CHART OF FACILITY MANAGEMENT

A CASE STUDY

Budgeting of Services for a 5 Star Hotel Asset.

a) This case study presents the Budget Projections of Engineering Department mostly dedicated to

Services and Facilities Management in a Hotel Industry.

Description of the property: This is a five star hotel property taken for study. The occupancy capacity of

the 5 star property is 189 rooms and comprises of the following:

a) 4 restaurants

b) 1 bar

c) 1 pub

d) 1 health club

e) 3 banquet halls

f) 1 swimming pool

g) 1 business centre

h) 1 shopping arcade

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 87

Total used floor area 21,000 sq. meters the hotel used to operate and maintain its services and facilities by

its own staff (engineering and house keeping). Over the years it has gradually reduced the staff in the

engineering department who is exclusively taking care of the operation and maintenance of the hotel

facilities and services (presently 25% of work load is outsourced). The following is the present level of

manpower for services and facilities management.

Table-1: Levels of staffing for service and maintenance works

S. No Proportion of staff Number of

persons

1

Hotel staff- in permanent rolls

Chief engineer, engineer, foreman, supervisor,

technicians

17 nos

2 Out Sourced staff – on contract 50 o

s

Note: Total Hotel staff = 400 NOS.\

1. A comparative figure of a 5 star Hotel in Europe having 780 occupancy rooms will have Engineering

staffing of 11 Nos. with most of the services being outsourced.

Budget projections of the 5 star hotel properties (2002-2003)

S. No. Budget head

Budget projections in Lakh

IRS

Percentage

(%)

1 Operation budget (energy) 280.8 65

2 Revenue budget (maintenance works,

consumables, spares)

95.04 22

3 Administration & OH (salaries, wages,

benefits)

38.9 9

4 Product up gradation budget 12.96 3

5 Laundry services budget 4.3 1

Total 432.0 100

Note: Capital budgeting is included in the hotel total operations budget

Some vital statistics of the above hotel industry

Total operating budget of the hotel = 2553 lakhs

Food & beverage services = 18% of the total operating budget

Services and facilities (engineering) = 16.9 % of the total operating budget.

Energy (operation of services) = 11% of total operations budget.

Out sourcing of services = 0.97 % of total services and facilities budget

(Rs. 4.2 lakhs)

Total floor area 21000 sq. meters (Rs. 20 per sq. meter)

\

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 88

(Taj GVK hotels and resorts limited annual report figures for 2001-2002)

Taj Krishna, Taj Banjara, Taj Residency

a) Total operating expenses posted 4835.04 lakhs

b) Capital expenditure 1070 lakhs ( 22% of toe)

c) Expenditure for services Rs 34.84 lakhs ( .72% of toe)

Works outsourced are:

a) Operation and maintenance of the entire building HVAC system

b) Major repair works on buildings (civil works and Building repair works)

c) Carpentry / wood works, signages

d) Painting and touch up works.

Note: The entire out door lawns and plants are maintained by a separate group, Who are Hotel staff

& who have been trained in horticulture.

Evaluation of services and performance:

(Examples of some key services and operations)

a) Laundry operation = Rupees per piece of item

b) Diesel Generator operation= specific power generation kwh/ litre of diesel consumed

c) Boiler operation= specific steam generation kg of steam / per litre of ldo

d) Room service norms= Rooms services/ person or Number of persons servicing a Banaquet Hall.

e) HVAC operation= kwh/ ton of refrigeration

f) Electricity= KWH/ SQ.METER/ YEAR –(Building energy performance index)

g) Energy Consumption= GJ/sq.meters/ year (total hotel energy)

h) Water consumption = cubic meter/ 100 guest/day

i) GHG emission= kg of CO2/sq.meter/year.

Points to be considered while making operations (energy) budget of building services and facilities.

a) Operation/ energy budget for a 5 star hotel 150 occupant room

Annual energy bill= Rs 60 to 140 lakhs per annum

Daily energy consumption will be in the range of 7000 to 10,000 units (8000 units per day) say Rs. 30,000

to 32,000 per month

Energy break up:

1) HVAC load (AC, ventilation-compressor, condenser,

Fans, pumps etc.)

50% to 60%

2) Lighting

3) Health club and swimming pool

4) Kitchen

5) Others (Lifts, Pumps etc)

20% to 30%

16% to 5%

10% to 3%

4% to 2%

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 89

In Delhi winter (energy distribution for hotels would be)

1. HVAC 40%

2. Lighting 30%

3. Others 30%

b) Operation (energy) Budget for a 800 to 1000 bed corporate hospital which is

centrally air conditioned

Billing will be in the range of 100 to 140 lakhs per annum energy distribution would be as follows:

1) HVAC load - 50%

2) Lighting - 20%

3) Medical equipment and theatre requirement - 20%

4) Others - 10% ( pumping, lifts etc.)

In hospitals medical equipment will have high energy requirement but their usage time is less and hence

forms a small proportion of the total electrical energy billing.

Listing of works performed by Engineering department: in Hospitals

a) Plant operations

b) Building operation and Maintenance

c) Mechanical and electrical maintenance

d) Preventive Maintenance

e) Clinical Engg and Bio-medical eqpt and electronic Maintenance

f) Landscaping and ground maintenance

g) Elevator and lifts

h) Plumbing, water supply and sanitary system

i) Contracted services

j) Carpentry, painting and sign shop

k) Solid waste disposal and incinerators

l) Electrical system including equipment, machinery, power, lighting, emergency generators

,UPS and refrigerator maintenance

m) Communication systems

n) Fire prevention, fire detection and fire fighting devices

o) Minor plant alteration, renovation and repairs

p) Equipment and instrumentation evaluation

q) Equipment pre-acceptance check

r) Condemnation and disposal

Utilities in Hospitals:

a) Electrical supply service

b) Water- cold, ice cubes and hot water

service

c) Steam for sterilization

d) Laundry services

e) Compressed air service

f) Supply of Gas - Oxygen- liquid/ gaseous,

Nitrogen

g) Vacuum

h) Solar heating systems for canteens

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 90

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:

Basics of electricity

Building electrical – Classification

a) AC and DC Supply

b) single phase and poly phase supply

c) HT and LT Supply

d) Single line diagram - Incoming feeder, Transformer, switching yard, electrical sub station, Main

supply board (main panel), sub panels, power control centre and Motor control centre.

e) Captive power- Diesel generator and Emergency Diesel generator set.

Check list for Inspection of Electrical installation in a building.

Electrical safety.

BASICS OF ELECTRICITY:

AC, DC power, CURRENT, VOLTAGE, RESISTANCE, OHMS LAW, CAPACITOR, INDUCTION COIL.

AC; ALTERNATING POWER SUPPLY

DC: DIRECT POWER SUPPLY.

Current = rate of charge . Charge in columbs/ time.

Voltage = Potential difference at the terminal

Resistance = Voltage / current ( ohms law) ( this is applied to the path ie. Conductor carrying the

charge ie. Current)

Capacitance = an element or component in a circuit to store the charge

Inductance = an element or component in a circuit for inducting the current to the secondary coil.

Transformer= a electrical Eqpt or gadget for changing the voltage.

Power transformer, distribution transformer etc.

SUPPLY: SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE SUPPLY

Power in single phase= V x I x COS O ( VI KVA, VI X COSPHIE is in KW)

Power in three phase supply = sq.root 3 x Vp x Ip x cos o

Phase current in 3 phase star = line current

Phase current in 3 phase Delta = Line current / 1.732

Power ( KW) = KVA X Power Factor ( PF) = HP x 746 / 1000 x efficiency of Machine.

= Line amps x Line volts x 1.732 x PF / 1000 ( IN 3 PHASE SUPPLY)

KVA = KW / PF OR KW= KVA X COS PHI.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 91

Line current in amps for three phase circuit = kw x 1000 / line volts x 1.732 x PF

= KVA X 1000/ LINE VOLTS X 1.732

Line current in amps for a single phase circuit = HP x 746 x 100 / line voltsx PF x efficiency

Voltage Drop in 3 phase circuit = 1.732 x line amps x Resistance of 1 core.

Units of Measurement in Electricals:

1 watt = 1 Joule / second

1 Kilo watt = 1000 watts = 1.341 HP

1 kilo watt = 44.240 feet lb/ minute.

1 HP = 746 WATTS

1 HP = 33,000 FEET LB/ Minute.

1 KG METER = 7.327 feet lbs.

Power transmission of shaft = HP X TORQUE ( FT-LB) X RPM / 5250

Power to drive pumps = HP X GALLONS PER MINUTE X TOTAL HEAD (FT)

----------------------------------------------------------------------

3960 X EFFICIENCY OF PUMP

Total head includes friction head and friction head to be taken as 0.02 of pipe total length.

Efficiency of pump varies from 0.5 to 0.85

Power to Hoist a load =

HP = wt in lbs x hoist speed in feet per minute x sine theta/ 33000

Theta is the angle of hoist line with the horizontal.

Power to drive fans =

HP = Cu feet of gas or air/ min. x water gauge pr (inch)/ 6350 x efficincy

POWER FOR ELEVATORS OR LIFTS

HP = UNBALANCE LOAD(LBS) X SPEED IN FT PER MINUTE/ 33000 X EFFICIENCY.

Efficiency assume approx 0.5.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 92

APPROXIMATE POWER CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRICAL APPARATUS:

Kettes:

1 litre = 1000 watts.

Electric iron:

3 lbs = 250 watt

20 lbs = 750 to 850 watts.

Small motors.

For drilling 9/16 inch hole = 250 watts.

For drilling 1 inch hole= 750 watts.

Hair drier : 550 watts.

Electric bathroom geyser 25 L = 1500

watts.

Toaster : 1 slice bread = 550 watts

Oven = 14x14x12 inch inside = 1500

watts.

Vacuum cleaner = 600 watts.

Fans ceiling= 60 watts.

CFL = 20 WATTS.

Refrigerator 165 litre = 600 watts.

Norms:

Upto 3 kw - single phase supply

Above 3 kw upto 10 kw – three phase supply All connection above 50 kw load needs to be

regulated with transformer.

Loads upto 50 kw for domestic application has single or one part tariff. The charges are based on

units consumed. Incoming supply is 400 or 440 volts.

Load upto 75 HP ( 56 kw) is LT lines

CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL LOADS.

1. LT less than 75 HP – mainly used for domestic, commercial application and restaurants.

2 part tariff applied to Big malls and Big Hotels which are falling in this range.

2. HT above 75 HP and above exclusively given to Industrial application

Tariff is 2 part , first part is fixed one based on energy consumed and the second is based on an

agreed demand ( the demand has to be fixed based on loading and penalty for lower demand and

surcharge for higher demand figure.)

Measured by Trivector meter for Units in Kw and Demand in KVA.

Incomer supply for HT is from 11000 Volt source.

Application for Small scale industry.

3. HT lines of 1500 to 5000 kva for this incomers if from a 33000 KVA source

Application for Medium scale industry

4) EHT Extra High Tension consumer greater than 5000 KVA

Application for Heavy Industry , incomer feeder supply from substation 110000/132000 volatage

substation.

Power Factor: to be maintained at 0.9 ( a factor for considering the lagging of current with voltage.

There is a penality for not maintaining power factor in an installation.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 93

ELECTRICAL METER RATING:

For domestic a) single phase – 10, 16 amps

b) Three phase – 10,16,20 amps

For commercial: a) 3 phase = 30 amps.

DOMESTIC SOCKETS RATING “:

5 AMP, 10 AMP, 15 AMP, 26 AMPS THIS IS BASED ON THE ELECTRICAL GADJET RATING

AND LOAD.

ELECTRICAL ITEMS:

Cables

Switches

Sockets

Isolators

Moulded case circuit braker

Electrical leakage circuit breaker

Fuses of various types.

Mcbs with thermal settings. For current. Ie. Relays.

Timers

Auto switching, group switching

Sensors- light and thermal.

Check list for Inspection of Electrical Installations

While inspecting a Building or facility for electrical installation the following

needs to checked.

Connection and Identification of conductors

Selection of conductors for current carrying capacity and voltage drop.

Provision of single pole devices for protection or switching in phase conductors.

Correct connection of socket outlets and lamp holders.

Provision of Fire barriers between floor of building for isolating fires due to electrical shorting

and thermal effects.

Safe distances to be maintained in live conductors of different voltage against electrical

shocks when in contact.

Adequacy of insulation – measuring insulation resistance.

Choice and setting of protective and monitoring devices.

Labelling of circuits: ie. Fuses, switches and terminals.

Selection of equipment ( Motors, transformers,capacitors etc.) and protective measures (

motor controls, transformer protection etc.)

Lock out and tag out fixtures in place for safety isolation of equipment.

Adequacy of electrical earthing ( neutral and body).

Electrical warning notices.

Single line diagrams, operating instructions and safety instructions.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 94

Electrical Safety Safety in Electricity

The electricity has become so cardinal that it is no more luxury but an economic

necessity for the nation. Electricity is basically essential for continuous

development & progress in many a field and indispensable for human prosperity

& scientific advancements.

Electricity is a good servant, but bad master. The person, who receives electric

shock hardly, survives. He immediately passes away.

In other type of hazards like a person falling from height in most of the cases he will survive with a fracture

or a broken limb. With electricity there are only two things, either he will be thrown clear of the line or the

world, no way in between.

Hazards associated with electricity:

Electric shock

Electric fire and explosion

Electric fire and burns

Joules burns

Flash burns

There are other types of hazards, which are not directly related to electricity, but may occur. These may be

termed as ‗secondary hazards‘. These are:

1. Person falling from height

2. Dropping of the tools & objects

3. Health hazards due to release of toxic gas and production of UV rays

4. Psychological effects

Emotionally anxious

Distracted

And more prone to accidents.

Electric shock:

It is sudden and accidental stimulation of body‘s nervous system by the passage of electric current. Shock

is felt when person becomes part of electric circuit.

The severity of the electric shock depends on:

1. Amount of current passing through the body

2. Duration of flow

3. Path of flow of the current

4. Type of energy

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 95

Body resistance:

A person‘s main resistance to current flow is skin‘s surface. Callous or dry skin has a fairly high resistance.

A sharp decrease in resistance takes place, however, when the skin is moist. Once the skin‘s resistance is

broken down, the current flows readily through the blood and the body‘s tissues.

The resistance of dry skin of human body is of the order of 1, 00,000 to 6, 00,000 Ω. However, when wet

this may drop to below 5, 000Ω. Similarly the resistance of the skin of feet is high when dry and low when

wet.

Hence the wet surroundings are dangerous.

Effect of Electric Shock on Human Body:

Dangerous Contact Current

Level Effect on human Contact current levels rms 50 Hz

children women Men

1

Shock, let-go border line of shock,

muscle still under control

<= 4mA

>=5mA

<= 6mA

>=7mA

<= 10mA

>=10mA

2 Muscle control affected 6 mA 10 mA 15 mA

3 Breathing difficulties start 10 mA 15 mA 20 mA

4 Respiratory titany & breathing difficulties 10 mA 15 mA 20 mA

5 Fibrillation of muscles with 3 sec

fibrillation current

30 mA

3 sec

50 mA

3 sec

80 mA

3 sec

6 Severe shock & possible death due to

rapid, contraction of heart muscle

causing irregular heart beat (fibrillation) &

possible death

40 mA

>3 sec

50 mA

>3 sec

60 mA

>3 sec

7 Severe burns, muscular contraction,

stoppage of heart beat. Death certain

50 mA

>10 Sec

80 mA

>10 Sec

100 mA

>10 Sec

Respiratory Titany (medical):

Sharp flexation, switching, cramps of muscles in respiratory system localized inspiration/expiration for

longer time than normal.

Fibrillation (medical):

A small local involuntary contraction due to spontaneous activation of muscle cells or muscle fibres.

Also rapid irregularity in arterial ventricular heart muscle.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 96

How shock occurs:

1. By simultaneously touching the phase and the neutral conductor thus completing the circuit

through his body.

2. By touching the phase conductor and standing on the ground.

3. By touching the metallic part that has become live by itself being in contact with the energized

wire and standing on the ground.

Shock protection methods:

1. Isolation:All electrical equipment should be isolated from accidental contact and approach by

unauthorized men, providing barrier. Panel boards, generators, large motors, batteries should be

enclosed. Low & medium voltage OH lines should be kept 19‖ above the ground.

2. Isolation switches:The switches should be connected in phase only. The switches should be easy and

free to operate. Body of the metallic switches should be earthed. Every DB should be provided with a

switch. It is advisable to keep switch as near as possible to the work place. It switch is connected in

neutral, person who repairs the equipment, could get shock though the supply is cut using switch.

3. Isolation transformer:Power can be trapped from isolation transformer for the power tools and for

testing electric equipment (in working condition).

4. Low voltage:To provide the equipment with low voltage the dangerous effects are considerably

reduced. This low or safe voltage is 24V. This voltage is accepted as being sufficiently low to avoid

injury to person coming directly into contact with it.

For electrically driven portables equipment like, grinding machines, drilling machines, vibrators

(used in concreting works) etc. The 230V centre-tapped transformer system can be used. By

earthing the mid point of a single phase transformer, the line to earth voltage is reduced to 115V

while the full supply (230V) is available to the apparatus

5. Double insulation:In addition to the normal insulation required for functioning of the equipment, a

second layer of insulation known as protective insulation is interposed between functional insulation and

any accessible metal body. These need not be earthed two point plug is sufficient

6. Earthing :Earthing is of two types:

Neutral Earthing (system grounding):

Intentional connection of neutral point to earth is called neutral or system earthing. If neutral point is

earthed, the phase to ground voltages under earth fault conditions does not rise to high value. Earth

fault protection becomes easy. Hence it is universal practice to have a neutral earthing at each

voltage level.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 97

Equipment earthing:

It is quite different from neutral earthing. Connecting to earth the non-current carrying metal parts

of equipment is equipment earthing. The potential of earthed body does not reach to dangerously

high value since it is connected to earth. Earth fault current flow through the earthing and may

readily cause operation of fuse of an earth fault relay.

Equipment earthing ensures safety: the potential of earthed body does not reach to dangerously

high values since it is connected to earth secondly the earth fault current flow through the

earthing & may readily cause operation of fuse or no earth fault relay.

―THE EQUIPMENT EARTHING IS THE ESSENTIAL MEASURE‖

7.Fuses:

Fuses are proven safety devices for overload conditions. Circuit breakers and fuses open the circuit

with large amount of current, which is fatal to human beings. So ELCB‘s of small current sensitivity

are used (generally 30mA). Check the fuses for their current ratings. Never replace fuse wire with

ordinary copper or aluminum wire. High rupturable cartridge fuses are now a days easily available

and has advantage over traditional fuses.

Current limitation:

Safety is assured by purposely limiting the shock intensity from a device (ELCB) to a value known to

be reasonably safe. Circuit breakers and fuses will open under comparatively large current, which is

fatal to human beings. ELCB‘s are sensitive to small currents and hence isolate the supply within

very short time.

For portable power tools power supply should be taken through ELCB. ELCB‘s of 30mA sensitivity

to be used. See to current rating of ELCB. It is normally 63A. Depending on that the number of

ELCB‘s to be determined. It is uneconomical to go for large number of ELCB for few connections.

Test the ELCB weekly and record it.

Cables:

Colour identification of cores of non-flexible cables and bare conductors for fixed

wiring:

Function Colour Identification To Be Applied To

Conductor Or Cable

Earthing Green and Yellow or Green

Live a.c. single phase circuit Red or Yellow or Blue

Neutral of a.c. single or three phase circuit Black

Phase R of 3 phase a.c. circuit Red

Phase Y of 3 phase a.c. circuit Yellow

Phase B of 3 phase a.c. circuit Blue

Positive of d.c. 2 wire circuit Red

Negative of d.c. 2 wire circuit Black

Outer(positive or negative) of d.c.2 wire circuit derived from 3 wire system Red

Positive of 3 wire d.c. circuit Red

Middle wire of 3 wire d.c. circuit Black

Negative of 3 wire d.c. circuit Blue

Fifth (special purpose) core in 5 core armoured p.v.c. cables Orange

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 98

Colour identification of cores of flexible cables and flexible cords:

Number Of Cores Function Of Core Colour Of Core

1 Live Brown

Neutral Blue

Earthing Green-And- Yellow

2 Live Brown

Neutral Blue

3 Live Brown

Neutral Blue

Earthing Green-And- Yellow

4 Or 5 Live Brown Or Black

Neutral Blue

Earthing Green-And- Yellow

Cable routing: All electrical cables should be run either overhead (7 feet) or underground. Cable routing

layout map to be prepared so that it does not cause tripping hazards. Welding and power cables not to be

overlapped. Protect cables against mechanical damages, heat.

Cable joints: Staggered joints: Joints not be overlapped. One primary insulation and an overall secondary

insulation are to be done. Proper insulation tapes to be used. For high voltage cables use jointing kits.

Manpower:Employ qualified electrician, preferably ‗B‘ license holders. Identification of the electrician-red

helmets.

Hand lamps: Only 24V hand lamps are to be used. Totally enclosed and protected hand lamps are to be

used. Hand lamps used for confined space work should be of all insulated type with no joints.

Electrical Fires:

Causes of electrical fires are:

1. Selection of improper/substandard equipment and materials.

2. Electrical installations not in accordance with statutory regulations.

3. Overloading of equipment.

4. Maintenance negligence.

5. Failure of insulation level.

6. Damage due to rodents, termites and pests.

7. Lighting

8. Water seepage

9. Static electricity.

Extinguishing electrical fires:

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 99

There are two methods to combat the fires of electrical origin or involving electrical equipment:

Use of hand appliances---- CO2 type of fire extinguishers

Use of fixed installations:

Automatic DCP type extinguisher installation

Multifire system installation

Halon/CO2 flooding system installation

Welding:

The body of the welding machine should be earthed. The terminals of the welding cables should be

provided with lugs and kept tight. The joints in the cables should be made with ferrules, kept tight and well

insulated with heat-resistant tape. The cable should be free from joints at least for a length of three meters

from electrode holder to avoid shock hazard. Other electrical cables should not be kept laid with welding

cables, to avoid insulation damage. For the return lead only proper cable should be used. Using rods,

angles, channels, etc. should be avoided. The carbon particles, settled between the terminals of the starter,

should be removed periodically. In case of oil-cooled welding transformer the vent hole should be kept open

always so that no oil vapour gets accumulated inside. Accumulation of oil vapour could cause blasting of

the transformer. Di-electric capacity of the transformer oil should be periodically checked and when it

exceeds its limit, the oil should be changed.

Electric flash:

It is the result of the breaking of circuit of electric current. Higher the current, slower the rate of separation

of parts, the greater is the flash. It is the result of arcing. Preventive measures like magnetic blow out coil

arc chutes. Electric flash generally affects the eyes, if a person sees with the naked eyes. Personal

protective equipment has to be used.

Electric burns:

1. Electric flash

2. Electric heat

Joule burns:

The passage of electric circuit along any conductor is accompanied by dissipation of heat. According to

joule‘s law the heat dissipated is directly proportional to I2RT, where I is current in amps, R resistance in

ohms and t is time in seconds.

As the skin is the site of highest resistance in the body it is here the burning is most likely to occur when

contact is made with a line conductor. Such burns may be deeper than they first appear on clinical

examination. Consequently healing is often slow and may be accompanied by such scarring.

Flash Burns:

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 100

Is an earthed conductor is brought close to another conductor at a high voltage; the insulation of the air

between them may break down giving rise to a spark. This ionizes the air considerably lowering its

distance, which in turn allows the current to increase and an electric arc is set up. If the earthed conductor

is a human being too close to a high voltage line, he will be burn by the arc without actually coming into

contact with the conductor. Because of the reduced electrical resistance of the air and the large area of the

skin burning (which reduces the skin resistance)large currents may flow. Thus the victim is the subject of a

double event, a flame burn from the arc and an electric shock from the current which passes.

Working near overhead lines:

Rated voltage Minimum height of overhead cable

400 KV 7.3 M (24ft)

275 KV 7.0 M (23ft)

132 KV 6.7M (22ft)

33-66 KV 6.0 M (19ft 9 in)

11-33 KV 5.2 M (17ft)

Minimum safe clearance values for various rated voltages:

Rated voltage KV Minimum safe clearance

Metre Feet

>6.6 KV 2.57 8.50

>6.6 KV <=11 KV 2.59 8.50

>11 KV <=22 KV 2.64 8.75

>22 KV <=33 KV 2.75 9.00

>33 KV <=66 KV 3.00 9.75

>66 KV <=132 KV 3.43 11.25

>132 KV <=245 KV 4.57 15.00

>245 KV <=400 KV 5.48 18.00

Electrical safety:

Employ qualified electrician

Plan and display electrical equipment & cables routing layout

All electrical installations to be tested & commissioned as per IS codes and Indian Electricity

Rules. .

All Distribution Boards ( DB‘s) should be covered and protected from rain.

Earthing of all electrical installations

Use fuse puller for HRC fuse

Only correct rating fuse to be used, do not use copper wires as fuse wires

Regular maintenance

Records to be maintained

Display caution boards

Provide ELCB for portable equipment

24 V hand lamp

Follow rules and regulations

Follow safety measures

Adopt protective system

Insulation

Regular inspection

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 101

BASIC ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRACTICES

The Institute requires everyone who uses electrical equipment to understand these safety precautions to

comply with the OSHA Electrical Safety-Related Work Practices standard and MIT's electrical safety

policies. The following safe work practices can prevent electrical shock. Contact your supervisor for

additional safety training if your job involves repairing, installing or working on energized parts.

A. Safe Work Practices

1. Turn off and unplug equipment (instead of relying on interlocks that can fail) before removing the

protective cover to clear a jam, replace a part, adjust or troubleshoot. Ask a qualified person to do

the work if it involves opening equipment and creating an exposure to energized parts operating at 50

volts or more.

2. Don't use an electrical outlet or switch if the protective cover is ajar, cracked or missing. Call FIXIT

(x3-4948) and report this.

3. Only use DRY hands and tools and stand on a DRY surface when using electrical equipment,

plugging in an electric cord, etc.

4. Never put conductive metal objects into energized equipment.

5. Always pick up and carry portable equipment by the handle and/or base. Carrying equipment by the

cord damages the cord's insulation.

6. Unplug cords from electrical outlets by pulling on the plug instead of pulling on the cord.

7. Use extension cords temporarily. The cord should be appropriately rated for the job.

8. Use extension cords with 3 prong plugs to ensure that equipment is grounded.

9. Never remove the grounding post from a 3 prong plug so you can plug it into a 2 prong, wall outlet or

extension cord.

10. Re-route electrical cords or extension cords so they aren't run across the floor, under rugs or through

doorways, etc. Stepping on, pinching or rolling over a cord will break down the insulation and will

create shock and fire hazards.

11. Don't overload extension cords, multi-outlet strips and wall outlets.

12. Heed the warning signs, barricades and/or guards that are posted when equipment or wiring is being

repaired or installed or if electrical components are exposed.

B. Check for Unsafe Conditions (either before or while you're using equipment:)

1. Is the cord's insulation frayed, cracked or damaged, exposing the internal wiring?

2. Are the plug's prongs bent, broken or missing, especially the third prong?

3. Is the plug or outlet blackened by arcing?

4. Was liquid spilled on or around the equipment?

5. Are any protective parts (or covers) broken, cracked or missing?

6. Do you feel a slight shock when you use the equipment?

7. Does the equipment or the cord overheat when it is running?

8. Does the equipment spark when it is plugged in or when switches or controls are used?

C. If you observe any of these unsafe conditions:

1. Don't use (or stop using) the equipment.

2. Tag/label the equipment UNSAFE--DO NOT USE and describe the problem.

3. Notify your supervisor, FIXIT or the service company, as appropriate.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 102

Electrical safety is for everyone because even contact with the standard 117 volt electrical circuits,

which we constantly use, can be lethal under certain conditions.

QUALITY STANDARDS IN CONSTRUCTION-

“STANDARDS FOR VARIOUS BUILDING MATERIALS “

QUALITY STANDARDS IN CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING

RELEVANCE OF NATIONAL BUILDING CODE:

QUALITY STANDARDS:

QUALITY ASSURANCE

Quality is not just, what you can see with your naked eye? It is much deeper thank that, It is not

just the expensive marble or the flashy façade or the fancy fittings that indicate quality, While it is

true that good painting is essential and good interiors do impress and they are important for a

building, but more than these external, superficial factors it is the internal, basic construction of the

building, which is equally important.

The durability of a building depends upon the

Design

Workmanship

Quality control

Selection of its construction materials

Buildings constructed with inferior or sub-standard material or with poor workmanship will

ultimately lead to a sub-standard structure with leaky, damp roof, uneven flooring, jammed

doors/windows, leakage in toilets, water stagnation and many such problems. The rectification of

these defects will not only be very expensive but also cause lot of inconvenience to occupants.

Quality is always the result of earnest and intelligent effort to achieve a superior result and is never

an accident.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 103

Meticulous planning, selection, inspection and testing of materials of construction and

workmanship ensure quality of built environment.

The following points needs to be focused:

1) Design in form and function

A good design forms the core of quality. It ensures maximum utilization of space , adequate light,

ventilation, architects and structural engineers to ensure this , the structural design of the building

is prepared after testing the soil conditions, which are verified by reputed Geo-technical agencies.

2) Selection of Materials:

Every Material chosen for construction undergoes stringent checks. When material inputs is

inferior, no amount of careful workmanship is capable of turning out a superior product, the

materials must be tested according to a certain set pattern and with desirable frequency. Only

reputed brands of materials must be used at all stages to ensure quality control.

3) Quality of workmanship:

It is the quality of workmanship that makes construction superior

National Building code of India 2005

Bureau Of Indian Standards

Planning commission of India set up a Panel of expert to study the whole gamut of construction

activities. The outlay on construction works and particularly on building forms a very large portion

of the National Investment . One of the facets of Building Construction, namely , controlling and

regulating Buildings through Municipal Bye-laws and departmental handbooks received the

attention

In the past the methods of construction were outmoded, some design were overburdened with

safety factors and there were other design criteria which , in the light of newer techniques and

methodologies, could be rationalized. They did not cater to the use of New Building Materials and

the latest developments in Building Designs and construction techniques. It also became clear

that these codes and bye-laws lacked uniformity and they were more often than not ―specification

oriented‖ thereby hindering the use of modern techniques and also restricting the creative faculties

of Architects, Engineers and Structural engineers.

Thus the development of Unified Building code emerged at the National level. The National Building code

which was formulated reflected the latest trends in Building construction activity. This task was taken by

the Burea of Indian Standards at the request of the Planning commission of India . The Guiding committee

of the BIS finalized the code to serve as guide to all Private and Government agencies controlling Building

activities. Expertise was drawn from all over the country in preparing the national Building code- ie the

Central and state govts. , local bodies, professional institutions and Private agencies.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 104

First edition of the code was released in 1970

Second edition in 1983

Third and current edition in force is edition 2005.

The major revisions were made in 1983 and 2005 edition covering the following:

1) Part-0 ie Integrated Approach – containing prerequisite for applying the provisions of the code

emphasizing on Multi disciplinary team approach for the successfully accomplishing Development

Project has been incorporated.

2) New changes in significant areas like structural design sing bamboo, mixed/composite construction

and landscaping have been added.

3) Provisions relating to Performance to structural efficiency of Buildings have been prescribed to

facilitate implementation and safety aspects relating to natural disaster like earth quake.

4) Detail planning norms for large number of amenities have been incorporated.

5) Fire safety aspects in Built environment has been given a detailed treatment based on current

International development and latest practices.

6) Aspects like energy conservation and sustainable development have been consistently dealt .

7) Earth quake code: IS 1893 (Part1): 2002 ―criteria for earth quake resistant design of structures: has

been incorporated.

The new code published and released in 2005 the third version represents the present state of

Knowledge on various aspects of Building construction.

The new 2005 NBC contains the following Groups:

( GROUP-PART-SECTIONS)

GROUP-1: Development, Building Planning and related aspects, Contains Part 0,2,3,4,5,10

GROUP-2: For structural design and related aspects.Contains Part 0 and 6 – section 1 to 7

GROUP-3: For construction related aspects including safety,Contains Part 0,7

GROUP-4: FOR Aspects relating to Building services,Contains part 0, 8 – sectons 1 to 5

GROUP-5: For aspects relating to Plumbing services including solid waste Mangement,

Contains part 0 , 9 – section1,3

Part-0: integrated approach

Part-1 Definitions

Part-2 Administration

Part-3 Development control rules and general building requirements

Part-4: Fire and life safety

Part-5 Building Materials

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 105

Part-6: structural design

Section-1: loads, forces and effects

Section-2: soils and foundations

Section-3: Timber and Bamboos , 3A Timber, 3B-Bamboo

Section-4: Masonry

Section-5: concrete- plain, reinforced, prestressed

Section-6: steel

Section-7: 7a)Prefabricaiton,

7b) systems Building and Mixed/composite construction

Part-7: Constructional practices and safety

Part-8: Building Services:

Section1: lighting and ventilation

Section 2: Electrical and allied installations

Section 3: Air conditioning, Heating and Mech.ventilation.

Section 4: Acoustics, sound insulation and Noise control

Section 5: Installation of Lifts and escalators

Part-9 : Plumbing services

Section 1: Water supply, Drainage and sanitation ( including solid waste mangement)

Section 2: Gas supply

Part-10 Land scaping, signs and outdoor display structures

Section 1: Land scape Planning and design

Section 2 : signs and outdoor display structures.

PART-0: INTEGRATED APPROACH- PREREQUIRSITES FOR APPLY PROVISIONS OF THE CODE

PART-2: ADMINISTRATION

PART-3: DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES AND GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS

PART 4: FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY

PART 5: BUILDING MATERIALS

PART10: LANDSCAPING, SIGNS AND OUTDOOR DISPLAY STRUCTURES

Secton1: land scape planning and design

Section 2: signs and outdoor display structures.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 106

PART-5: BUILDING MATERIALS

This part of the code covers the requirements of Building Materials and components, and criteria

for accepting new or alternative building materials and components.

New or alternative material

Third party certification

Used material

Storage of material

Methods of test

Following are the IS for various building materials and components, to be compiled within

fulfillment of the requirement of the code.

LIST OF STANDARDS: 1 TO 29

LIST ARRANGED IN ALPHABETIC ORDER:

1. Aluminium And Other Light Materials

2. Bitument And Tar Products

3. Builders Hardwares

4. Builders Chemicals

5. Building Lime And Products

6. Burnt Clay Products

7. Cement And Concrete

8. Composite Matrix Product ( Eg. Cement Matrix Product)

9. Conductors And Cables

10. Doors , Windows And Ventilators

11. Electrical Wiring, Fittings And Accessoreis

12. Fillers , Stoppers And Putties

13. Floor Covering, Roofing And Other Finishes

14. Glass

15. Gypsum Based Materials

16. Lingnocellulosic Building Materials (Including Timber, Baboo Products)

17. Paints And Allied Products

18. Polymers, Plastics And Geo Synthetics/ Geo Textiles

19. Sanitary Appliances And Water Fitings.

20. Soil Based Products

21. Steel And Its Alloys

22. Stones

23. Structural Sections

24. Thermal Insulation Materials

25. Threaded Fastners And Rivets

26. Unit Weights Of Building Materials

27. Water Proofing And Damp Proofing Materials

28. Wire Ropes And Wire Proudcts.

(REFER TO NBC-GROUP-1 – PART 5: BUILDING MATERIALS PAGE 5 TO 40)

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 107

Questions:

1) What is the reference Item reference, parts and group for Aluminum Materials

GROUP-1,PART-5, ITEM 1

2) Welding electrodes and wires

group-1, part-5, item 28

4) signages and outdoor display structure

Group- 1 Part- 10 Section - 2

5) solid waste management

Group-5,part-9, section-1

CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS

Domestic

Commercial-single or multi occupancy

Institutional

Industrial-light, medium , heavy

Ware houses

7. PUMPS AND PUMPING SYSTEM 6.1 Pump Types

Pumps come in a variety of sizes for a wide range of applications. They can be classified according to their

basic operating principle as dynamic or displacement pumps. Dynamic pumps can be sub-classified as

centrifugal and special effect pumps. Displacement pumps can be sub-classified as rotary or reciprocating

pumps.

In principle, any liquid can be handled by any of the pump designs. Where different pump designs could be

used, the centrifugal pump is generally the most economical followed by rotary and reciprocating pumps.

Although, positive displacement pumps are generally more efficient than centrifugal pumps, the benefit of

higher efficiency tends to be offset by increased maintenance costs.

Since, worldwide, centrifugal pumps account for the majority of electricity used by pumps, the focus of this

chapter is on centrifugal pump.

Centrifugal Pumps

A centrifugal pump is of a very simple design. The two main parts of the pump are the impeller and the

diffuser. Impeller, which is the only moving part, is attached to a shaft and driven by a motor. Impellers are

generally made of bronze, polycarbonate, cast iron, stainless steel as well as other materials. The diffuser

(also called as volute) houses the impeller and captures and directs the water off the impeller.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 108

Figure 6.1 Centrifugal pump

Water enters the center (eye) of the impeller and exits the impeller with

the help of centrifugal force. As water leaves the eye of the impeller a

low-pressure area is created, causing more water to flow into the eye.

Atmospheric pressure and centrifugal force cause this to happen.

Velocity is developed as the water flows through the impeller spinning at

high speed. The water velocity is collected by the diffuser and converted

to pressure by specially designed passageways that direct the flow to the

discharge of the pump, or to the next impeller should the pump have a

multi-stage configuration.

The pressure (head) that a pump will develop is in direct relationship to the impeller diameter, the number

of impellers, the size of impeller eye, and shaft speed. Capacity is determined by the exit width of the

impeller. The head and capacity are the main factors, which affect the horsepower size of the motor to be

used. The more the quantity of water to be pumped, the more energy is required.

A centrifugal pump is not positive acting; it will not pump the same volume always. The greater the depth of

the water, the lesser is the flow from the pump. Also, when it pumps against increasing pressure, the less it

will pump. For these reasons it is important to select a centrifugal pump that is designed to do a particular

job.

Hydraulic power, pump shaft power and electrical input power

Hydraulic power Ph = Q (m3/s) x Total head, hd - hs (m) x ρ (kg/m3) x g (m/s2) / 1000

Where hd - discharge head, hs – suction head, ρ - density of the fluid, g – acceleration due to gravity

Pump shaft power Ps = Hydraulic power, Ph / pump efficiency, ηPump

Electrical input power = Pump shaft power Ps / ηMotor.

ROLE OF CONSULTANTS.

Consultants play an important role in providing a variety of services – be it a feasibility study, Design or

specialized aspects like providing a facility with Facility Management with all the attended features required

to run a facility effectively and productively. Consultants also contribute towards Finanacial, technological

or administrative aspects. In larger organizations, there are specialists available todeal with each and

every aspect.

Smaller organizations depend upon associates and / or whenever necessary draw upon the pool of

specialists for specific matters. The following list gives a list of such services available. In case of Turnkey

projects all these aspects will be covered by the Main contractors or consultants as a Package. However ,

if there be need, the services of individual specialists can be obtained for attending to a specific problem.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 109

CHARACTERESTICS AND JOB SCOPE OF CONSULTANTS.

Consultants are a special breed who have acquired skill and knowledge after a long association with and

deep study of the aspects of their specialization. If any engineer desires to be a specialist or a consultant,

he should concentrate on some of the following aspects.

a) Project study, Economic evaluation and Appraisals

End users specific requirements

Initial survey

Viability and feasibility studies

Market studies , demand and supply

Estimate of capital required for project and working

Funding studies

Techno economical evaluation

Cost – Benefit analysis.

b) Planning

Site selection

Site and soil investigations-topographic, hydrographic and geo technical survey

Master / Block planning

Lay out planning – Detailed planning

Construction equipment and system selection.

c) Design engineering and documentation

Structural design, CAD

Construction methods – constructability studies.

Supply of drawings , spects and BOQs

Specs for Construction Equipment to be procured.

Service design – communication system, electrical power distribution, water supply, sewage

and surface drainage, fire fighting, security system, internal roads for the layout, Materials

movement.

Tender evaluation on behalf of customer or client.

d) Environmental engineering

Pollution control

Energy Management

Land Management.

e) Supervision and Operation

Site supervision, issue of payment certificate to contractors.

Inspection of incoming materials

Handing over of works and complete construction record after successful commissioning of

various Building systems ( Facilities, Utilites and services. )

Plant Maintenance scheduling

f) General.

Design of forms, reports, information system

Manual of procedures

Accident prevention guidelines and safety measures to be adopted.

Preparation of Material flow and Material balance charts.

Climate control – HVAC

Work station design – ergonomic considerations

Land scaping

Built facility

Sewage and effluent treatment plant/ utilites.

S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 110

In the areas of ENERGY MANAGEMENT due to growing need for innovative financial models as well as

executing models ENERGY SUPPLY COMPANY (ESCO) consultancy is becoming popular. Under this ,

the Energy consultancy firms play a vital role by first studying the system, assessing the potential for

saving, making a cost benefit analysis, computing the pay back periods. Once the project is feasible and

attractive., the consultants now takes an active role by obtaining a equipment or utility supplier, a financier

for financing the energy implementation project. More over the Consultant goes beyond mere consultancy

but by assisting the plant or facility owners/ clients in operating the newly introduced system into the facility

in a efficient way such that the saving accrued is shared proportionately between the client, consultant and

equipment or system supplier. Just like innovative financial models in projects like BOT, BOLT BOOT, etc ,

ESCOs are innovative financial and executing models for ENERGY SAVING PROJECTS which are

introduced in any FACILITY/ UTILITY.

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSULTANCY SERVICES

Consultancy services are classified in many was but broadly they are.

A) PROJECT ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY for example DESIGN, DETAILING , etc.

B) PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANCY – eg: PMC,s, who take the role of third party

inspectors, project safety implementers, Project Monitoring and control specialists.

The other classification is based on the areas

a) Engineering

b) Process – A Strong Need In The Areas Of Chemical, Petrochemical, Metallurgy. And Oil Industries.

c) Plant Building Consultants.

d) Plant Refurbishment And Plant Upgrading Consultants.