6.L.2.2 Explain how plants respond to external stimuli (including dormancy and forms of tropism) to enhance survival in an environment.

What are plant responses?

A stimulus is anything in the environment that causes a response in an organism.

A stimulus may come from outside (external) or inside (internal) the organism.

All living organisms, including plants, respond to stimuli.

A Venus’s-flytrap hasthree small trigger hairs on thesurface of its toothed leaves. Whentwo hairs are touched at the sametime, the plant responds by closingits trap in less than 1 second.

Plants can change their growth in response to their environment. These changes are called tropisms.

Positive tropism - a plant growing toward a stimulus. Negative tropism – a plant growing away from a stimulus.

Tropisms

Plants can exhibit the following kinds of tropisms:– Phototropism - the way a plant grows or bends in response to light.

– Geotropism - the way a plant grows or bends in response to gravity.

– Hydrotropism - the way a plant grows or bends in response to water.

– Thigmotropism - the way a plant grows or bends in response to touch.

Tropisms (Cont.)

Phototropism

Positive phototropism - a plant growing or bending toward the light.

When a plant responds to light, the cells on the side of the plant opposite the light get longer than the cells facing the light. Because of this uneven growth, the plant bends toward the light.

Geotropism

The downward growth of plant roots is a positive response to gravity or positive geotropism.

A stem growing upward is a negative response to gravity

or negative geotropism.

Hydrotropism

Hydrotropism Turning or bending towards moisture, as

roots.

The most common example is that of plant roots growing in humid air bending toward a higher relative humidity level.

Thigmotropism

Thigmotropism - is the directional response of a plant

organ to touch or physical contact with a solid object. The plant’s stem bends and twists around any object it touches.

Plant Hormones Hormones control the changes in growth that result from tropisms

and affect other plant growth.

Ethylene: Many plants produce the hormone ethylene gas and release it into

the air around them. Ethylene is produced in cells of ripening fruit, which stimulates the ripening process.

Fruits such as oranges and bananas are picked when they are unripe and the green fruits are exposed to ethylene during shipping so they will ripen.

Plant Hormones(Cont.)

Auxin: A plant growth-regulating substance found in

plants that stimulates cell elongation in plant tissues. It promotes root formation and bud growth. It also causes plant leaves and stems to exhibit positive phototropisms.

Plant Hormones(Cont.)

Gibberellins: Are plant growth substances involved in promotion of stem

elongation, mobilization of food reserves in seeds and other processes. Its absence results in the dwarfism of some plant varieties.

Cytokinins: Are a class of plant growth substances (plant hormones) active in

promoting cell division, and are also involved in cell growth.

Plant Hormones(Cont.)

Abscisic Acid: The substance that keeps seeds from sprouting and buds from

developing during the winter. It also causes the stomata to close and helps plants respond to water loss on hot summer days.

Photoperiods

Some plant species produce flowers at specific times during the year. Ex.) Sunflowers bloom in the summer, and cherry trees flower in the spring.

Photoperiodism is the effect of day and night length on plant flowering. Some plants are long day, requiring 14 - 16 hours of sunlight per day to flower. Others are short day requiring only 8 - 9 hours. Others are day neutral and unaffected by day length.

Darkness and Flowers Long-day plant is a plant that generally

requires short nights—less than 10 to 12 hours of darkness—to begin the flowering process.Ex.) Spinach, lettuce, and beets

Short-day plant is a plant that generally requires long nights—12 or more hours of darkness—to begin the flowering process. Ex.) Poinsettias, strawberries, and ragweed

Day-Neutral Plants

Day-Neutral Plant is a plant that doesn’t require a specific photoperiod and can begin the flowering process over a range of night lengths.

Questions A plant is placed inside near a window. Over time, it grows toward the window. Why does the plant grow toward the window?

A. to receive more sunlight

B. to receive more fresh air

C. to get away from the air conditioning

D. to get away from the light in the room

A student places a small plant on a shelf for three weeks.

What has most likely happened to the plant? A. The plant was growing toward the source of light. B. The plant was too heavy to be supported by its stem. C. The plant was blown by air from a vent in the house. D. The plant was moved toward the window by the student.

Which is the primary stimulus that makes a stem from a seed grow up and out of the ground, instead of down into it?

A. air

B. gravity

C. light

D. pressure

The End