6.IND Pollution
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Transcript of 6.IND Pollution
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INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
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TYPES OF POLLUTION
. Water Pollution
. Air Pollution
. Land Pollution
. Noise Pollution
. Thermal Pollution
. Electro Pollution
. Visual Pollution
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Major Generators of Solid Industrial Wastes
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Industrial pollution levels (milligram/litre).
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Some Polluting Process Industries
Sulfuric Acid Plants
Thermal Power Stations
Nitric Acid Plants
Cement Plants
Foundaries
Plastic Industries
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Harmful Substances
Pharmaceutical, Petrochemical Phenols Toxic to fish andaquatic life
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Industrial Sources Responsible forInorganic Pollution
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Industrial Sources Responsible for Heavy Metal Pollution
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Sources Discharging Pathogenic Organisms
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Water Pollution
Inorganic materials - alkalis, acids, inorganic salts,ammonia, phosphates, etc.
Heavy metals - chromium, mercury, nickel, copper,cadmium etc.
Disinfection byproducts trihalomethanes
Other harmful substances - organochlorides etc.
Physical factors - turbidity, colour, temperature etc.
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Water Pollution . with what?
. Water ( about 99%)
. Solids
. Carbohydrates
. Proteins, Fats and Nutrients (Nitrogen and
Phosphorus) are referred to as organic material.
Microorganisms.(On average there are about 10 million per
ml of wastewater. Many are pathogens)
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Air is considered safe when it contains noharmful dust and gases.
Polluted air affects:HumansAnimals
VegetationMaterials
Air Pollution
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Effects from Air Pollution
. Global warming
. Ozone depletion (Ozone hole)
. Acid Rain
. Various respiratory illnesses
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H = severe problem. WHO guidelines exceeded by more than a factor;
M = Moderate to heavy pollution. WHO guidelines exceeded up to a factor;L = Low Pollution. WHO guidelines are normally met or may be exceeded
Source:WHO, UNEP, 199
Air Quality in 11 Mega Cities of the Asia and the Pacific Region
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TRANSPORTATION
80% of the air pollution load is contributed by the transport sector
Three modes of transport
. Air ( airplanes etc.)
. Sea (ships, boats etc.)
. Land (automotive & locomotive)
Products of combustion of fuels are CO, CO2, NOx, hydrocarbons,particulate matter and traces of SO2, formaldehyde and Pb.
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Sources of Air PollutionSource type category examples pollutants
Dust producing Crushing, grinding,screeningDemolitionMilling
Road mix plants
Urban renewalGrain elevators
Mineral&organicpollutants
Combustion Fuel burning
Motor vehicles
Refuse burning
Home heating unitsand power plants
Autos, buses andtrucks
Community &apartment houseincinerators, openburning dumps
Oxides ofsulphur andnitrogen,carbon
monoxides,smoke, flyash,organicvapours,metal oxide,particles andodours
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Source type Category Examples Pollutants
Manufacturingprocesses
MetallurgicalplantsChemical plants
Waste recovery
Smelters, steel mills, Aluminium refineriesPetroleumrefineries, pulp mills,cement mill, fertiliserplants
Metal scrap yards,auto body burning
Metal fumes, fluoridesand oxides of sulphurH2S, oxides of S, Fl,organic vapoursparticulates,odours
Smoke, soot, organicvapours, odours
Agriculturalactivities
Crop sprayingand dusting
Field burning
Frost damagecontrol
Pest and weedcontrol
Stubble and slashburningSmudge pots
Organic phosphates,chlorinated hydro-carbons, arsenic, lead
Smoke, flyash, andsoot
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Sourcetype
Category Examples Pollutants
Solvents Spray paintingInks
Solvent cleaning
Automobiles assembly,furniture and appliancesfinishing, photogravingand printingDry cleaning,degreasing
Hydrocarbons andother organicvapours
NuclearEnergy
Ore preparation
Fuel fabrication
Nuclear fissionSpent fuelprocessingNuclear devicetesting
Crushing, grinding andscreeningGaseous diffusion
Nuclear reactorsChemical separation
Atmospheric explosions
Uranium andberyllium dust,fluoride
Agron-41Iodine-131Radioactive fallout (Strontium-90,Casium-137,
Carbon-14)
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Land Pollution
Urbanization and Concentration of Population Municipal Solid Waste Industrial Waste and Hazardous Waste Uncontrolled .Land Treatment. Burning open dumps and forest fires Deforestation Mining and Erosion
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Noise Pollution
Exposure to prolong noise affects speech,hearing, general health and behaviour.
Noise Levels . dB
Intensityfrequencyperiods of exposure andduration
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Industrial Noise Sources
.Metal fabrication (pressing, grinding, chipping etc.)
. High pressure burners in furnaces
. Turbines
. Compressors
. Pumps
.Welding machines
. Cranes and other vehicles
. Pipe lines carrying high velocity fluids and solids
.Vibrating and grinding equipment
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Electropollution !- a growing problem
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Power Lines and Leukemia
. ... ch i ld ren l iv ing in p rox imi ty to h igh vo l tagepo w er lines are a t increased r i sk o f chi ldh oo dleukaemia , but in finding effects up to 600 metresaway, they invoke electric field corona ion effects as a
possible causal mechanism.
Prof. Denis Henshaw, Professor of Human Radiation Effects at theUniversity of Bristol
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Pollution Management
Wastewater Treatment
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Biological waste water treatment
Aerobic treatment Anaerobic treatment
Chemical Wastewater Treatment
Neutralization - NaOH, Ca(OH)2, HCl, H2SO4
. Coagulation and Flocculation - Alum, FeSO4,
. Oxidation - Sodium hypochlorite
. Disinfection - Cl2, O3, NaOCl
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Air Pollution Control
. Use tall stacks
. Source reduction by process and raw materialchanges (eg. Improved furnace design and low S fuel)
. Recover valuable material (eg. Hg)
. Bag filters, scrubbers, ESP, cyclone separators
. Absorption, adsorption, combustion and catalyticreaction
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Land Pollution Control
. Integrated Solid Waste Management
. Good agricultural practices
. Remediation of polluted soils
. Prevention of erosion and silting
. Containment of hazardous waste and waste watertreatment using land treatment techniques
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Noise Pollution Control
. Control noise at source by proper choice ofequipment, design modification, mounting and properlayout
. Isolation or use of baffles
. Use of ear protection devices
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Industrial Waste Utilization Projects
E i i f ll t t i ifi
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Emission of pollutants in some specificindustries
Fertiliser industry & aluminiummanufacturing plant
Lead casting and melting etc.,Heavy chemical industry like acid
plants,synthetic fibres etc.,Tanneries & leather industries,
cement industry,carbon blackmanufacture
Paints and pigments
Coal tar industry
Paper & paper productsRefinery & photochemical industryElectrolyte manufactureCoal burning
-Hydrogen fluoride, ammonia,
fluorides,fertiliser dust-Tin, lead etc.,fumes and oxides,
solvents,and thinners, acid fumes
-Mercaptans and sulphides,
cement& lime dust, polynuclearhydro carbons, carbon soot& H2S-Nitrobenzene and aniline, thinners,
solvents and base material-Polynuclear hydrocarbons &
aerosols of tar-Hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans-H2S,hydrocarbons,odours of ****-Chlorine-Soot