6D Gene expression the process by which the heritable information in a gene, the sequence of DNA...
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6D Gene expression
• the process by which the heritable information in a gene, the sequence of DNA base pairs, is made into a functional gene product, such as protein or RNA
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• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OEWOZS_JTgk
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Gene expression
• Controls & regulates protein synthesis (transcription & translation)
• Remember, every cell is your body contains the exact same DNA…
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…so why does a muscle cell have different function and structure than a
nerve cell?
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• Because some genes are expressed in a muscle cell that are not expressed in a nerve cell and vice versa.
• Different genes can also be expressed in response to environmental factors or during different stages of an organism’s life cycle.
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Gene expression
• Its like a light switch… certain traits are “turned on” & “turned off”
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Gene
• Segment of DNA that codes for a trait• Ex: hair color, eye color
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Intron
• any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing while the final mature RNA product of a gene is being generated
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Exon
• nucleotide sequence encoded by a gene that remains present within the final mature RNA product of that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing.
• This is the expressed genetic material… the light is turned on.
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Gene Expression in Prokaryotic Cells
• Prokaryotic cells such as…
BACTERIA
… contain operons.
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Operon
• Groups of genes that are regulated together.
• “Buddy system”• Located next to 2 regulatory regions
of DNA – promoter and operator
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Promoter• a region of DNA that initiates transcription of
a particular gene• promoters are located near the genes they
transcribe
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Operator• a gene that activates the production of
messenger RNA by adjacent structural genes
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• When RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, it is a signal that shows RNA polymerase where to begin transcription. The operator is adjacent to the promoter and it controls the rate of transcription.
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Repressor
• A protein called a repressor can bind to the operator. If the repressor binds to the operator, the RNA polymerase cannot access the operon and transcription does not occur.
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lac operon
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lac operon
• The group do 3 genes (lac Z, lac Y, lacA) MUST be turned on before the bacterium can use lactose as food.
• When lactose is not present in the bacterium’s environment, the repressor binds to the operator.
• The protein blocks the movement of RNA polymerase along the DNA, and the operon is not transcribed into RNA.
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• When lactose is present, the repressor binds to lactose instead opt to the operator. The path of DNA is cleared from transcription to occur (like a gate across a road).
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Gene Expression in Eukaryotic Cells
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• Genes are rarely found in clusters that are activated by the same promoter. Many eukaryotic genes are preceded by a short region of DNA called the TATA box.
Gene Expression in Eukaryotic Cells
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TATA box
• Positions RNA polymerase.
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Transcription Factors
• DNA-binding proteins that aid in regulating gene expression.
• Many types of transcription factors. Each type affects gene expression in different ways.
• Ex: opening tightly packed chromatin (enhancing transcription)
•Ex: opening tightly packed chromatin (enhancing transcription)
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Types of Transcription Factors
• opening tightly packed chromatin (enhancing transcription)
• Attracting RNA polymerase• Blocking access to certain genes
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• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T9Wszg7FhxE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sMFswbOgKk
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http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/gene-expression-basics
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http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/gene-machine-lac-operon