6.Budhwar, Pawan S., and Yaw A. Debrah. Human Resource Management in Developing Countries..doc

8/10/2019 6.Budhwar, Pawan S., and Yaw A. Debrah. Human Resource Management in Developing Countries..doc

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Human Resource Management in Developing Countries

Pawan S. Budhwar and Yaw A. Debrah INTRODUCTION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND HRM FACTORS DETERMINING HRM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING HRM RESEARCH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CONCLUSION ENTRY CITATION

!"R#D$C" #!

Until recent years, t e st!"y #$ !%an res#!rce %ana&e%ent 'HRM( in "e)el#*in&c#!ntries +as #)ers a"#+e" y t at #$ internati#nal !%an res#!rce %ana&e%ent-I%*licit in t e "#%inance #$ internati#nal !%an res#!rce %ana&e%ent +as t ec#nce*ti#n t at #nly as*ects #$ HRM in %!ltinati#nal $ir%s 'MNCs( in "e)el#*in&c#!ntries +ere +#rt y #$ t e attenti#n #$ researc ers- In *arallel, t is )ie+"#+n*laye" t e e.istence an" i%*#rtance #$ HRM *ractices in l#cal 'in"i&en#!s($ir%s in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries- T is +as "!e t# t e $act t at %#st l#cal $ir%s +ere&enerally s%all an" %icr# enter*rises #$ten %ana&e" y $a%ily %e% ers an"e%*l#yin& relati)es #r $rien"s- In s!c #r&anisati#ns, *e#*le %ana&e%ent +as %ainlyin$#r%al rat er t an $#r%al an" as s!c %eanin&$!l HRM *ractices +ere c#ns*ic!#!s

y t eir a sence 'N&!yen an" /ryant, 0112(- H#+e)er, +it increasin& ec#n#%ic

&l# alisati#n an" its ass#ciate" internati#nal c#%*etiti)eness, as +ell as t e *ri)atisati#n #$ *! lic enter*rises in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries, t e i%*#rtance #$ l#cal$ir%s in c#%*etin& in t e &l# al ec#n#%y as c#%e t# t e $#re- 3it t is as c#%et e realisati#n #$ t e i%*#rtance #$ l#cal $ir%s "e)el#*in& t eir HRM $!ncti#ns t#&i)e t e% a c#%*etiti)e e"&e 'Steel, 4550(- M#re#)er, +it t e e%er&ence #$"e)el#*in& c#!ntries s!c as C ina an" In"ia as i%*#rtant ec#n#%ic *#+ers, it is n#+)ery ti%ely t# !n"erstan" t e nat!re #$ HRM in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries-

In )ie+ #$ t ese "e)el#*%ents, t is c a*ter "#es t ree t in&s- First, it e.*lains t ec#nce*t #$ "e)el#*in& c#!ntries an" i& li& ts t e nee", in t e &l# alise" era, t#!n"erstan" HRM in t ese c#!ntries- Sec#n", it assesses t e c#nce*t!al %#"els t ata)e een e%*l#ye" t# e.*lain t e "yna%ics #$ HRM in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries- T is"ra+s #n e.a%*les $r#% "i$$erent *arts #$ t e +#rl" t# enli& ten !s #n t e %ain$act#rs in$l!encin& HRM in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries- Finally, it i& li& ts t e 6eyc allen&es $acin& HRM in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries an" *resents *r#*#siti#ns al#n&+ ic $!t!re researc t at can e c#n"!cte" t# en ance #!r !n"erstan"in& #$ t e r#lean" nat!re #$ HRM in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries-

D%&%'#P !( C#$!"R %S A!D HRM

T ere is less c#nsens!s #n t e "e$initi#n #$ t e ter% 7"e)el#*in& c#!ntry8- Many

a!t #rs !se ter%s s!c as 7less "e)el#*e" c#!ntries8, 7ne+ly in"!strialise" c#!ntries8,7t ir" +#rl" c#!ntries8, 7e%er&in& nati#ns8, 7e%er&in& %ar6ets8, an" 7transiti#nal
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ec#n#%ies8 interc an&ea ly $#r "e)el#*in& c#!ntries '$#r "etails see /!" +ar an"De ra , 0112, 0119(- F#r t e *!r*#ses #$ t is c a*ter, 7"e)el#*in& c#!ntries8 are t e#nes + ic are in t eir early &r#+t sta&es #$ ec#n#%ic "e)el#*%ent an" are in t e

*r#cess #$ in"!strialisin& 'see /!" +ar an" De ra , 0112: Na*ier an" V!, 455;(-T is is an 7i"eal8 ty*e "escri*ti#n as all "e)el#*in& c#!ntries are at "i$$erent sta&es #$

ec#n#%ic "e)el#*%ent- T e ter% "e)el#*in& c#!ntries in t is c a*ter is, t !s, !se" ina r#a" &eneric sense t# re*resent all c#!ntries #t er t en a")ance" in"!strialise"s#cieties + ic +e re$er t# as "e)el#*e" c#!ntries- 3e als# "e$ine HRM in a r#a"sense as iss!es c#ncerne" +it t e %ana&e%ent #$ all e%*l#yees an" e%*l#y%entrelati#ns i*s in a $ir%-

In t e last t+# "eca"es #r s#, sc #lars 'see $#r e.a%*le, ( a)e "e)#te" s*ecial iss!es t# t e analysis #$ HRM in s*eci$icre&i#ns in t e "e)el#*in& +#rl"- Si%ilarly, s#%e aca"e%ic @#!rnals a)e #r&anise"

s*ecial iss!es $#r s*eci$ic c#!ntries s!c as C ina an" In"ia 'e-&-, International Journal of HRM, 0110: Human Resource Management, 0115(-


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An#t er reas#n $#r t e interest in HRM in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries is t e $act t at t e%a@#rity #$ t e +#rl" s *#*!lati#n li)e in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries an" t e *r#@ecti#n ist at, a%#n&st t e t#* ten nati#ns + ic +ill a)e &reatest *#*!lati#n increase in t ene.t $i)e "eca"es, nine are "e)el#*in& c#!ntries 'US ein& t e #nly "e)el#*e"c#!ntry( 'DNA, 011 (- Als#, "e)el#*in& c#!ntries act as 4( si&ni$icant 7 buyers : 0(

i%*#rtant 7 suppliers #$ "i$$erent res#!rces ' #t nat!ral an" !%an( t# in"!strialise"nati#ns: ?( 7 competitors t# "e)el#*e" c#!ntries +it l#+er la #!r c#sts: 2( !strategicregional centres" $#r e.*ansi#n #$ MNCs: 9( !production sites" $#r MNCs: an" (7capital users 8, i-e- $r#% *ri)ate cre"it#rs s!c as internati#nal an6s, FDI, an"$#rei&n ai" '$#r %#re "etails see /!" +ar an" De ra , 0112a: =an!n, 0111: Na*ier an" V!, 455;(-

D!e t# &l# alisati#n an" relate" $act#rs, t e %#)e%ent #$ *e#*le ar#!n" t e &l# e asincrease" si&ni$icantly- In 011 al#ne, cl#se t# 011 %illi#n *e#*le li)e" #!tsi"e t ec#!ntry #$ t eir #ri&in '//C, 011 (- T is an" t e a #)e %enti#ne" $acts i& li& t t e&reat e.tent t# + ic #t "e)el#*e" an" "e)el#*in& c#!ntries a)e n#+ ec#%einter"e*en"ent #n eac #t er- T is is als# e)i"ent $r#% t e creati#n #$ )ari#!sec#n#%ic internati#nal tra"in& l#cs an" 7 gro#t$ triangles 8 'De ra et al-, 0111(-Gr#+t trian&le is a ty*e #$ re&i#nal #r s! re&i#nal ec#n#%ic c##*erati#n an"inte&rati#n + ic %a6es it *#ssi le $#r c#%*le%entarities in $act#r en"#+%ents #$t ree #r %#re c#!ntries t# e ta**e" $#r tra"e an" in)est%ent *!r*#ses- Itisessentiallya $#r% #$ strate&ic alliance + ic relies #n t e e.*l#itati#n #$ t e *rinci*les #$c#%*arati)e a")anta&e t# attract FDI $#r t e *r#"!cti#n #$ e.*#rts '3al"r#n, 455>(-T e e.*ansi#n #$ t e E!r#*ean Uni#n as all#+e" t e $ree %#)e%ent #$ *e#*le $r#%t e less "e)el#*e" %e% er states t# "e)el#*e" c#!ntries li6e t e U=- T is, #+e)er,as create" ne+ c allen&es re&ar"in& #+ t# %ana&e s!c c!lt!rally "i)erse *e#*le-In s!c circ!%stances it is i%*#rtant t# realise t at t e 7state #$ t e art8 %ana&e%ent

*ractices an" tec ni !es + ic are "ictate" y !ni !e c#n$i&!rati#ns #$ "i$$erentc!lt!ral an" instit!ti#nal $act#rs, e)#l)e" in t e c#nte.t #$ 3estern c!lt!ral )al!es,cann#t e !ncritically a"#*te" in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries #r t# %ana&e e$$iciently *e#*le%#)in& $r#% t e% t# "e)el#*e" nati#ns 'Men"#nca, 0111(- T ere$#re, t ere is n#+ a%#re *ressin& nee" t# researc an" i& li& t + at 6in" #$ HR *#licies an" *racticesare rele)ant $#r "e)el#*in& c#!ntries-

Fr#% a t e#retical *ers*ecti)e, t e $iel" #$ HRM as reac e" a sta&e + ere +e n#+a)e relia le in$#r%ati#n a #!t t e nat!re #$ HRM syste%s in "e)el#*e" nati#ns-H#+e)er, +e are still l##6in& $#r ans+ers t# a n!% er #$ i& !esti#ns re&ar"in& t e

$iel" #$ HRM in t e c#nte.t #$ "e)el#*in& c#!ntries- S#%e #$ t e *ri%ary !esti#nsin t is re&ar" are t# + at e.tent are HRM syste%s #$ "e)el#*e" an" "e)el#*in&nati#ns c#n)er&in& #r "i)er&in& 3 at is !ni !e a #!t HRM in "e)el#*in& c#!ntriesT# + at e.tent can MNCs s!ccess$!lly trans$er est *ractice HRM syste%s t# t eirs! si"iaries in t ese c#nte.ts 3 at are t e %ain $act#rs an" )aria les + icsi&ni$icantly "eter%ine HRM *#licies an" *ractices #$ $ir%s #*eratin& in "e)el#*in&c#!ntries 3 at are t e a**r#*riate $ra%e+#r6s, %et #"#l#&ies an" a**r#ac es $#rc#n"!ctin& HRM researc in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries Ans+ers t# s!c !esti#ns +illc#ntri !te t# t e "e)el#*%ent #$ HRM t e#ries an" rele)ant *#licies an" *ractices in"e)el#*in& c#!ntries '/!" +ar an" De ra , 0112(- T is is *artic!larly i%*erati)e in)ie+ #$ t e $act t at %#st "e)el#*in& c#!ntries a)e li eralise" t eir ec#n#%ies an"

#*ene" t eir "##rs t# $#rei&n in)est#rs- M#re#)er, $#c!sin& #n "e)el#*in& nati#ns+#!l" a"" a ne+ i%*et!s t# HRM researc an" all#+ researc ers t# ey#n" t e


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c!rrent *re"#%inant e%* asis #n researc in c#!ntries in t e E!r#*ean Uni#n an" N#rt A%erica-

In t e a sence #$ esta lis e" an" trie" researc $ra%e+#r6s, t e critical iss!e e$#reresearc ers is #+ t# c#n"!ct %eanin&$!l researc in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries- Lately

sc #lars in t e $iel" 'see Sc !ler et al-, 0110: /!" +ar an" S*arr#+, 0110( a)eree%* asiBe" t e nee" t# c#n"!ct researc t at can el* t# i& li& t t e c#nte.ts*eci$ic as*ects #$ HRM- In t is re&ar" /!" +ar an" ass#ciates 'see /!" +ar an"De ra , 0114 : /!" +ar an" S*arr#+, 455;, 0110( a)e "e)el#*e" a c#nte.t!al%#"el + ic el*s t# analyse t e c#nte.t s*eci$ic nat!re #$ HRM in a cr#ss nati#nalsettin&- T ese a!t #rs a)e i"enti$ie" t ree le)els #$ $act#rs an" )aria les, + ic are6n#+n t# in$l!ence HRM *#licies an" *ractices, an" +#rt c#nsi"erin& $#r cr#ssnati#nal in)esti&ati#ns- T ese are nati#nal $act#rs 'in)#l)in& nati#nal c!lt!re,nati#nal instit!ti#ns, !siness sect#rs an" "yna%ic !siness en)ir#n%ent(: c#ntin&ent)aria les 's!c as a&e, siBe, nat!re, #+ners i*, li$e cycle sta&e #$ #r&aniBati#n(: an"#r&aniBati#nal strate&ies 's!c as t e #nes *r#*#se" y Miles an" Sn#+ an" P#rter(an" *#licies relate" t# *ri%ary HR $!ncti#ns an" internal la #!r %ar6ets '$#r "etails#$ t e %ain as*ects #$ t ese $act#rs an" )aria les see /!" +ar an" S*arr#+, 0110(-

Per a*s, )ery lar&e *r#@ects, s*annin& a l#n& *eri#" #$ ti%e can e$$ecti)ely e.a%inet e in$l!ence #$ all t e t ree sets #$ $act#rs an" )aria les #n HRM syste%s #$ a

*artic!lar nati#n at a &i)en *eri#" #$ ti%e- H#+e)er, c#nsi"erin& t e in$ancy sta&e #$HRM in %any "e)el#*in& c#!ntries an" t e ar&!%ent t at HRM in a cr#ss nati#nalc#nte.t can e est analyse" y e.a%inin& t e in$l!ence #$ nati#nal $act#rs '/re+steret al-, 455 : /!" +ar an" S*arr#+, 455;(, it +#!l" e sensi le t# initially e.a%inet e i%*act #$ t e %ain nati#nal $act#rs #n HRM in "i$$erent "e)el#*in& c#!ntries-T is +ill el* t# "ra+ !se$!l cr#ss nati#nal c#%*aris#ns re&ar"in& t e scenari# #$HRM in s!c c#!ntries- T e nati#nal $act#rs s!c as c!lt!re an" instit!ti#ns $#r% t e%acr# en)ir#n%ent #$ #r&anisati#ns in a nati#nal c#nte.t- T is a**r#ac as eenrecently a"#*te" y /!" +aran" De ra '0112(, /!" +ar '0112( an" /!" +ar an"Mella i '011 ( t# e.a%ine t e HRM syste%s in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries an" t# i& li& tt e c#nte.t s*eci$ic nat!re #$ HRM, "e)el#*in& in Asia, t e Mi""le East an" A$rica-T e ne.t secti#n *r#)i"es e.a%*les $r#% t ese analyses in t e $#r% #$ nat!re #$ HRM$!ncti#ns an" t e 6ey $act#rs in$l!encin& t e HRM in "i$$erent nati#nal c#nte.ts-

)AC"#RS D%"%RM ! !( HRM !

D%&%'#P !( C#$!"R %SIn a re)ie+ #$ t e i%*act #$ t e %ain iss!es a$$ectin& HRM in t irteen "e)el#*in&c#!ntries, De ra an" /!" +ar '0112 ( i"enti$ie" t ree %a@#r in$l!ences- T ese area( reli&i#!s in$l!ences 'Isla%, Hin"!is%, /!"" is%, an" tra"iti#nal elie$s in s*irits,$etis es an" "s(: ( tra"iti#nal c!lt!ral elie$s 'e-&-, C#n$!cianis%, A$ricantra"iti#nal *ractices an" instit!ti#ns, caste in In"ia, etc(: an" c( +estern c#l#nial an"%#"ern in$l!ences-

Al#n& si%ilar lines, Mella i an" /!" +ar '011 ( analyse" HR relate" st!"ies in t eMi""le East an" s!&&este" t at "es*ite t e acceleratin& &l# alisati#n #$ !siness,

*e#*le in t e re&i#n a)e retaine" t eir +#r6 relate" c!lt!ral )al!es an" as a res!lta)e "i$$erent attit!"es t#+ar"s e%*l#y%ent an" +#r6- T is is %ainly "!e t# t e $act


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t at in$l!ences #$ tra"iti#nal c!lt!ral )al!es #n +#r6 *r#cesses is "ee*ly r##te",es*ecially in t e a sence #$ $#r%al, str!ct!re" an" rati#nalise" syste%s an" "# n#tc an&e in s #rt t# %e"i!% ter%- F#r e.a%*le c#!ntries li6e =!+ait, E&y*t, Iran,Sa!"i Ara ia, T!r6ey an" M#r#cc# s #+ a "e&ree #$ #%#&eneity ar#!n" i& *#+er "istance, c#llecti)is%, Isla%ic )al!es an" Ara tra"iti#ns- F!rt er, t e i& *#+er

"istance e. i ite" in s#%e Mi""le Eastern c#!ntries 's!c as =!+ait, Sa!"i Ara ia,M#r#cc# an" E&y*t( as an i%*act #n %ana&ers8 *erce*ti#n t#+ar"s t e "ele&ati#n #$ a!t #rity t# l#+er le)els in t e #r&anisati#n an" +ays #$ interacti#n +it e%*l#yees-It als# ten"st#*r#"!ce centralise" "ecisi#n %a6in& *r#cesses, !n+illin&ness t#"ele&ate res*#nsi ility, an" ri&i"ly "esi&ne" an" e.*ecte" t# e $#ll#+e" HRM

*#licies 'als# see /ens#n an" Al Ar6#! i, 011 : Ali an" Al =aBe%i, 011 : Hate%,011 (- S!c in$l!ences are an #!tc#%e #$ a &i)en s#ci# c!lt!ral, *#litical an"ec#n#%ic c#nte.t 'a*art $r#% #t er $act#rs( + ic ta6e a l#n& ti%e t# c an&e,es*ecially in t e case #$ "e)el#*in& c#!ntries- H#+e)er, as c#!ntries an" re&i#ns #$t e +#rl" "e)el#* ec#n#%ically, *#litically an" tec n#l#&ically, +e can see s!ci%*acts t# "i%inis an" ta6en #)er y a %#re *r#$essi#nal an" rati#nalise" a**r#act# HRM- Hence, s!c in$l!ences are less )isi le in "e)el#*e" nati#ns-

F!rt er, Mella i '011 ( an" A "alla '011 ( i& li& t t e str#n& *re)alence #$c#llecti)is% an" Ara 'an" T!r6is an" Persian( tra"iti#ns in Sa!"i Ara ia an" atar,+ ere l#yalty t# #ne s $a%ily an" $rien"s is e.*ecte" t# #)erri"e l#yalty t##r&anisati#nal *r#ce"!res an" as s!c as res!lte" in t e !se #$ ine !ita le criteria inrecr!it%ent, *r#%#ti#n an" c#%*ensati#n- T e in$l!ence #$ Isla%ic )al!es an"

*rinci*les #$ S$ura i-e-, c#ns!ltati#n, s#cial ar%#ny an" res*ect are %ani$este" inc#nsens!s "ecisi#n %a6in& styles- E !ally, res*ect $#r a!t #rity an" a&e an" c#ncern$#r t e +ell ein& #$ e%*l#yees an" s#ciety at lar&e are als# e)i"ent in HRM *#liciesan" *ractices in #r&anisati#ns in t e Mi""le East 'see Mella i an" /!" +ar, 011 (-

De ra an" /!" +ar '0112( i& li& t t e in$l!ence #$ Isla%ic reli&i#n #n HR%ana&e%ent in c#!ntries li6e Iran, Pa6istan, Sa!"i Ara ia an" Al&eria- Ar&!a ly, #$all t e $act#rs in$l!encin& HRM in t ese c#!ntries, t e Isla%ic in$l!ence is *r# a lyt e "#%inant #ne- T eir $!rt er analysis #$ HRM in t e S! Sa aran A$ricanc#!ntries re)eals t at tra"iti#nal A$rican c!lt!re e.erts str#n& in$l!ence #n HRM- InG ana, Ni&eria, =enya an" else+ ere in A$rica, *e#*le in #r&anisati#ns still *lace al#t #$ e%* asis #n tra"iti#nal elie$s s!c as s*irits, +itc cra$t, $etis es, an" "s 'seeGar"iner, 455 (, tra"iti#ns an" instit!ti#ns, c!st#%s an" s#ci# c!lt!ral iss!es'De ra , 0111(- In =i&&!n"! s '45;5( )ie+ t ese tra"iti#nal *ractices ten" t# a)e

ne&ati)e e$$ects #n #r&anisati#nal *er$#r%ance- In *artic!lar, t ey c#%*r#%ise t einte&rity an" e$$iciency #$ $#r%al !rea!cratic syste%, in@ectin& an ele%ent #$s! @ecti)ity in HR $!ncti#ns s!c as recr!it%ent an" selecti#n, *er$#r%ance a**raisal,

*r#%#ti#n, "e%#ti#n an" c#%*ensati#n- S!c *ractices re%#)e $airness $r#% t etreat%ent #$ e%*l#yees an" HR "ecisi#n %a6in& in #r&anisati#ns '/e!&re an"O$$#"ile, 0114(-

Si%ilar t# #t er "e)el#*in& c#!ntries, HRM in #t In"ia an" Ne*al is si&ni$icantlyin$l!ence" #t y nati#nal c!lt!re an" nati#nal instit!ti#ns- Hin"!is%, as t e"#%inant reli&i#n in #t t ese c#!ntries, e.erts *ress!res #n HRM- /!" +ar'0112 ( an" A" i6ari an" M!ller '0112( s!&&est t at HRM *ractices in t ese t+#

c#!ntries is )erne" lar&ely y s#cial c#ntacts, ase" #n #ne s caste, reli&i#n,ec#n#%ic stat!s an" *#litical a$$iliati#n- Si%ilarly, in #t C ina an" Tai+an, @!st as


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in =#rea, C#n$!cian )al!es a)e $#!n" t eir +ay int# %ana&e%ent, $#r e.a%*le,7%uanxi , face an" 7 ren&ing are s#%e #$ t e %eans #$ re&!latin& inter*ers#nalrelati#ns i*s in C inese #r&anisati#ns- Alt #!& it is e)i"ent t at t ere are s#%e"i$$erences in t e %ana&e%ent *ractices in t e t ree East Asian c#!ntries s#%etra"iti#nal c!lt!res a)e si%ilar, i$ n#t t e sa%e, i%*acts #n %ana&e%ent in all t ree

c#!ntries-

T ere is als# still a str#n& in$l!ence #$ /ritis c#l#nial tra"iti#ns in In"ia an" Ne*al int e $#r% #$ n!%er#!s le&islati#n an" re" ta*e ri""en !rea!cratic syste%- A&ain, inc#%%#n +it #t er A$rican c#!ntries t e *r#)isi#ns #$ la #!r la+s are n#t seri#!slyi%*le%ente" an", %#re#)er, t e !nc##*erati)e an" "isr!*ti)e nat!re #$ !ni#nsre"!ces t e e$$iciency #$ #r&anisati#ns- H#+e)er, all t is is n#+ c allen&e" an" issl#+ly c an&in& "!e t# t e *ress!res create" y t e li eralisati#n #$ t e ec#n#%y an"increase" &l# al c#%*etiti#n-

A*art $r#% t e a #)e, #t er instit!ti#ns '$#r e.a%*le, tra"e !ni#ns, le&al syste%s an"e%*l#yers8 ass#ciati#ns( are i%*#rtant as*ects #$ nati#nal $act#rs 'in /!" +ar an"ass#ciates c#nte.t %#"el( + ic are 6n#+n t# si&ni$icantly in$l!ence HRM in"i$$erent cr#ss nati#nal c#nte.ts- 3it t e c an&es in t e ec#n#%ic syste%s #$"e)el#*in& c#!ntries an" c an&es in t e r#le #$ t e )ern%ent +e are +itnessin&c an&es in HRM *#licies an" *ractices in "i$$erent nati#nal settin&s- In %#st cases,t e scanty a)aila le e)i"ence s!&&ests t at t e r#le #$ )ern%ents as s i$te" $r#%an inter)enti#nist '+ ere it !se" t# "e)el#* centralise" HR $ra%e+#r6 $#r#r&anisati#ns t# $#ll#+(, t# an a stenti#nist r#le, &i)in& #r&anisati#ns a $ree an" #)er HRM %atters, al eit +it in a le&al $ra%e+#r6 in %any "e)el#*in& c#!ntries s!c asin E&y*t, Al&eria, T!r6ey, M#r#cc#, Sa!"i Ara ia an" Iran- F#r e.a%*le, in Al&eria,HRM "e*art%ents a)e een as6e" y t e )ern%ent t# c an&e $r#% ein& a *!relya"%inistrati)e $!ncti#n t# "e)el#*in& e$$ecti)e HRM syste%s t# el* $ir%s c#%*eteat #%e an" a r#a"- As a res!lt, HRM "e*art%ents are as6e" t# !n"er ra"icalc an&es t# &ra**le +it t e ne+ c allen&es #$ t e %ar6et "ri)en ec#n#%y- H#+e)er,&i)en t e lac6 #$ HRM s6ills in %#st "e)el#*in& c#!ntries HR %ana&ers a)e een%!""lin& t r#!& , #$ten relyin& #n 7trial an" err#r8 t# c#*e +it t e i%*act #$ %ar6etli eralisati#n an" se)ere internati#nal c#%*etiti#n 'see Mella i an" /!" +ar, 011 (-

Many "e)el#*in& c#!ntries + #se !%an res#!rces "# n#t *#ssess 6ey s6ills an"ca*a ilities '%ainly "!e t# less "e)el#*e" e"!cati#nal an" )#cati#nal instit!ti#ns( aree.*eriencin& "i$$ic!lties in t e e%*l#y%ent #$ !ali$ie" l#cals '$#r e.a%*le in %any

Mi""le East c#!ntries s!c as =!+ait, Sa!"i Ara ia, atar, UAE an" O%an(- /!t)ern%ents in s!c c#!ntries are *!ttin& *ress!re #n *ri)ate sect#r $ir%s t# e%*l#y%#re l#cals 'Mella i, 011 (- In *artic!lar, a tren" is e%er&in& in t e UAE' Emiratisation' an" in O%an ' (manisation ( + ere a str#n& e%* asis is *lace" #nrecr!itin& l#cals 'see Rees et al-, 011>: Al Ha%a"i et al-, 011>(- Gi)en t e t#* "#+nnat!re #$ t ese *#licies, *ri)ate $ir%s )ie+ )ern%ent *#licies t# e%*l#y l#cals as!nrealistic an" t at t ey !n"er%ine t eir a ility t# c#%*ete- F!rt er, + ile *ast HRM

*ractices in t e *ri)ate sect#r in t ese c#!ntries, s!c as $ree an" t# 7 ire an" $ire8,an" c#%*ensati#n ase" *!rely #n $inancial re+ar"s, +ere "esi&ne" t# %ana&e a$#rei&n +#r6$#rce +it %ini%!% ri& ts '$#r e.a%*le in atar an" Sa!"i Ara ia(,t ese *ractices are n#t att!ne" t# t e nee"s #$ l#cal +#r6ers + # are *r#tecte" y

)ern%ent le&islati#n an" a)e i& "e%an"s an" e.*ectati#ns $r#% t eir e%*l#yers'$#r %#re "etails see Mella i an" /!" +ar, 011 (-


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At an#t er le)el, #t *#litical an" le&al $ra%e+#r6 in "i$$erent "e)el#*in& c#!ntriesin$l!ence HRM *#licies an" *ractices in t eir #+n !ni !e +ay- F#r e.a%*le, C inaall#+s t e e.istence #$ #nly #ne nati#nal !ni#n + ic $!ncti#ns strictly acc#r"in& t#t e +is es #$ t e c#%%!nist *arty- /!t, in In"ia t ere are %any l#cal, re&i#nal an"nati#nal !ni#ns + ic &enerally $!ncti#n in an a")ersarial +ay 'see Saini an"

/!" +ar, 0112(-

A*art $r#% t e a #)e %enti#ne" nati#nal c!lt!re an" nati#nal instit!ti#ns, t e"yna%ic !siness en)ir#n%ent is als# 6n#+n t# in$l!ence HRM in "e)el#*in&c#!ntries- F#r e.a%*le, De ra an" /!" +ar '0112( ar&!e t at in %any "e)el#*in&c#!ntries, t# en ance internati#nal c#%*etiti)eness in t e &l# alise" era as ec#%e anati#nal *ri#rity- As a res!lt, ec#n#%ic li eralisati#n, "ere&!lati#n an" *ri)atisati#n$eat!re *r#%inently in %any "e)el#*in& c#!ntries8 restr!ct!rin& *r#&ra%%es- T eec#n#%ic li eralisati#n an" restr!ct!rin& in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries r#!& t #n y&l# alisati#n a)e in t!rn initiate" c an&es in HRM *#licies an" *ractices 'as is t ecase in %#st s! Sa aran A$rican c#!ntries(- F#r e.a%*le, t ere is clear e)i"ence #$t e near 7"e%ise8 #$ *er%anent e%*l#y%ent in #t *! lic an" *ri)ate sect#rs in%any "e)el#*in& c#!ntries- In *artic!lar, +e are +itnessin& t e rise #$ t e 7insec!re+#r6$#rce an" t e "isa**earance #$ t e stan"ar" $#r%s #$ e%*l#y%ent 'see, $#re.a%*le, M a6!, 4555(-

Researc !n"erta6en y Mella i an" /!" +ar '011 ( als# re)eals t e si&ni$icant r#le#$ a c#!ntry s ist#rical c#nte.t in t e "e)el#*%ents #$ s*eci$ic HRM %#"els- F#re.a%*le, in t e case #$ Iran, t e Isla%ic re)#l!ti#n as c#ntri !te" si&ni$icantly ins a*in& its HRM *ractices y %#)in& $r#% %erit an" c#%*etence ase" criteria inselectin& an" re+ar"in& e%*l#yees t# *!ttin& %#re e%* asis #n i"e#l#&ical#rientati#n an" *ers#nal tr!st an" l#yalty 'als# see Na%aBie an" Taye , 011 (-Si%ilarly, in N#rt A$rican c#!ntries 's!c as M#r#cc#, Al&eria an" T!nisia(, t ei%*act #$ t e Frenc c#l #nialis%#n HRM *#licies is clearly e)i"ent, in *artic!lar t e

*re"#%inance #$ Frenc lan&!a&e as a criteri#n $#r entry t# *r#$essi#nal @# s an" $#rcareer a")ance%ent- In a""iti#n t# t e a #)e $act#rs, nati#nal +ealt , c#%*#siti#n #$+#r6$#rce, tra"e !ni#ns, e%*l#y%ent le&islati#ns 'as "isc!sse" a #)e(, all c#% inet#&et er t# createa !ni !e c#!ntry #r re&i#n s*eci$ic HRM %#"el- F#r instance, t eMi""le East as s#%e #$ t e ric est c#!ntries in t e +#rl" 's!c as t e UAE an"atar( an" s#%e #$ t e *##rest c#!ntries in t e +#rl" '$#r e.a%*le, Ye%en(-

T ese )ari#!s $act#rs in "i$$erent c#!ntries, !n"erstan"a ly, res!lt in "i$$erent

a**r#ac es t# HRM- On t is iss!e, /ens#n an" Al Ar6#! i '011 ( re*#rt t at inM#r#cc# it is rare $#r s%all an" %e"i!% siBe #r&anisati#ns t# in)est in $#r%altrainin&- 3 ile t is is *artly "!e t# t e $act t at %ana&ers are n#t c#n)ince" #r

*er a*s "# n#t )al!e t e *#ssi le i%*act #$ HRM #n i%*r#)in& #r&anisati#nal *er$#r%ance, t ere is s#%e e)i"ence t at #r&anisati#n can ar"ly a$$#r" t e c#st #$c#n"!ctin& s!c trainin&- T is is n#t t e case in #t er c#!ntries in t e re&i#n, s!c ast e UAE, + ere trainin& an" "e)el#*%ent #$ l#cals is e.tensi)e-

In a""iti#n t# t e iss!e #$ )aryin& i%*act #$ +ealt "is*arity #n HRD, t e str!ct!rean" c#%*#siti#n #$ t e la #!r %ar6et als# yiel" "i$$erent HRM syste%s- F#r instance,

eca!se #$ t e s%all siBe #$ in"i&en#!s *#*!lati#n, GCC c#!ntries 'G!l$ C# #*erati#n

C#!ncil( re !ire an e.tensi)e !se #$ $#rei&n la #!r t# "e)el#* t eir in$rastr!ct!re an"%ana&e t eir ec#n#%ies- As a res!lt, t e str!ct!re #$ t e la #!r %ar6et in GCC


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c#!ntries is %ar6e"ly "i$$erent $r#% t e rest #$ t e Mi""le East- 3 ile !ne%*l#y%entis i& in #t GCC c#!ntries an" #t er Mi""le Eastern c#!ntries, t e ca!ses!n"er*innin& !ne%*l#y%ent are "i$$erent in GCC c#!ntries $r#% t #se ca!sin&!ne%*l#y%ent in #t er Mi""le Eastern c#!ntries- In Al&eria, E&y*t, M#r#cc#, an"T!nisia !ne%*l#y%ent is ca!se" y lac6 #$ @# s in t e la #!r %ar6et t# a s#r t e

i& n!% er #$ y#!n& *e#*le enterin& t e @# %ar6et- In GCC c#!ntries, #+e)er,!ne%*l#y%ent is ca!se" y l#cal *e#*le s !nnin& s#cially !n"esira le @# s 'see, $#re.a%*le, Mella i, 011 (- Finally, + ile %#st Mi""le Eastern c#!ntries *r#)i"e+#r6ers +it t e ri& t t# $#r% an" @#in tra"e !ni#ns, in GCCs c#!ntries tra"e !ni#nsare n#t all#+e" 't is is *r# a ly "!e t# GCCs i& "e*en"ence #n $#rei&n +#r6ers$r#% Asia(, alt #!& a ne+ $#r% #$ +#r6 ass#ciati#ns e%er&e" in t e early 0111s-H#+e)er, t e r#le #$ t ese ass#ciati#ns is #$ten li%ite" t# "ealin& +it a !se #$$#rei&n +#r6ers s!c as "elay in *ay%ents #$ salaries an" ar itrary "e*#rtati#n '$#r%#re "etails see Mella i an" /!" +ar, 011 (-

T e a #)e "isc!ssi#n i& li& ts t e i%*act #$ a n!% er #$ $act#rs an" )aria les #nHRM in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries- H#+e)er, t e %ain c allen&e $acin& HRM sc #lars in"e)el#*in& c#!ntries is #+ t# "elineate t e i%*act #$ "i$$erent $act#rs an" )aria les#n HRM in eac c#!ntry- In #r"er t# ta6e t e $iel" $!rt er an" &!i"e researc ers t#c#n"!ct %eanin&$!l researc in $!t!re, in t e ne.t secti#n +e i"enti$y s#%e #$ t e 6eyc allen&es $acin& HRM in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries an" *!t $#r+ar" s#%e $!t!re researc"irecti#ns $#r HRM researc ers in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries- Dealin& +it t e sa%es #!l" res!lt in t e "e)el#*%ent #$ #t a**r#*riate HRM t e#ry an" *ractices!ita le $#r "e)el#*in& c#!ntries-

D%&%'#P !( HRM R%S%ARCH !D%&%'#P !( C#$!"R %S

/y $ar t e %#st i%*#rtant c allen&e $#r HRM researc ers is t e "e)el#*%ent #$t e#reticalJc#nce*t!al %#"els t at $acilitate t e c#n"!ct #$ researc + ic cani& li& t t e c#nte.t s*eci$ic nat!re #$ HRM $!ncti#ns in &eneral- Sc !ler et al-'0110 24(, + # i& li& tin& t e i%*#rtance #$ c#nte.t s*eci$ic nat!re #$ HRM an"t e str#n& nee" t# *!rs!e researc in t e area, say t at 7HRM researc in c#nte.t!alis#lati#n is n#t #nly %islea"in&, !t it str#n&ly in"ers t e !n"erstan"in& #$ c#reas*ects #$ t e * en#%en#n in any si&ni$icant +ay8- C#nsi"erin& s!c *ressin&"e%an"s, +e a)e *r#*#se" el#+ a n!% er #$ $!t!re researc "irecti#ns-

)uture research direction *

Researc ers nee" t# $#c!s #n ill!%inatin& #!r !n"erstan"in& a #!t t e c#nte.ts*eci$ic nat!re #$ *ers#nnel $!ncti#ns an" rele)ant HRM syste% 's( in "e)el#*in&c#!ntries- 3e ar&!e t at t e c#ntents #$ t e c#nte.t!al %#"el y /!" +ar an"c#llea&!es 'see Fi&!re 0?-4( #$ $act#rs an" )aria les a$$ectin& HRM in cr#ss nati#nalsettin&s can si&ni$icantly el* t# re)eal t e c#nte.t s*eci$ic nat!re #$ HRM in"e)el#*in& c#!ntries- Per a*s t e 6ey c allen&e in t e s!ccess$!l a"#*ti#n #$ t is%#"el $#r researc in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries is t e a"#*ti#n #$ a**r#*riate%et #"#l#&ies as t e *r#*#se" c#nstr!cts an" %eas!res %i& t n#t e e !ally )ali" ineac "e)el#*in& c#!ntry "!e t# t e "i$$erences in t e%-


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Ne)ert eless, $!t!re researc in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries s #!l" ai% t#

)uture research direction +

T r#+ li& t #n t e %ain $act#rs an" )aria les + ic "eter%ine HRM syste%sa**lica le t# s*eci$ic "e)el#*in& c#!ntries-

3it t e *ress!res $#r c an&e $acin& HR %ana&ers in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries as a res!lt#$ &l# alisati#n an" internati#nal c#%*etiti)eness, #ne +#!l" a)e t #!& t t at#r&anisati#ns +#!l" "e)el#* HR strate&ic res*#nses- /!t, +it t e e.ce*ti#n #$ s#%ec#!ntries s!c as Tai+an, S#!t =#rea an" t# s#%e e.tent in In"ia, + ere HR"e*art%ents are in)#l)e" in t e $#r%!lati#n #$ !siness strate&ies an" HR is cl#selylin6e" t# !siness strate&y, #ne "#es n#t &et t e i%*ressi#n t at t ere is a %#)e%entt#+ar"s HRM 'as !n"erst##" in 3estern aca"e%ic sense( in %#st #$ t e "e)el#*in&c#!ntries 'see De ra an" /!" +ar, 0112(-

Per a*s t ese c#!ntries a)e n#t $!lly e% race" a strate&ic inte&rate" an" $#c!se"a**r#ac t# HRM- Per a*s %#st $ir%s #*eratin& 'in"ee" t e e.ce*ti#n can e t eMNCs( in %any "e)el#*in& c#!ntries are n#t a+are #$ t e ene$its #$ s!c aninte&rate" a**r#ac - Or, e)en i$ t ey a)e an i"ea a #!t it t ey are *er a*s n#t s!rea #!t #+ t ey can *!rs!e t is in *ractice- T e e.istin& literat!re '$#r e.a%*le,/re+ster an" Larsen, 4550: /!" +ar an" S*arr#+, 455>, 0110( *r#)i"es "etails #$

#t ene$its #$ strate&ic inte&rati#n #$ HRM int# t e c#r*#rate strate&y an" als#scales + ic #r&anisati#ns can a"#*t in *ractice- In t is re&ar", $!t!re researcs #!l"

Fi&!re 0?-4 Fact#rs in$l!encin& cr#ss nati#nal HRM

)uture research direction ,

Ai% t# i& li& t t e e.tent t# + ic strate&ic HRM is *ractise" y $ir%s in"e)el#*in& c#!ntries an" its relate" ene$its an" als# t e # stacles in t e *ractise #$HRM-
http://www.sage-ereference.com/hdbk_humanresourcemgmt/Images_n23.html#f11


10/13

T is is necessary eca!se c#%%entat#rs 's!c as =an!n an"


11/13

's( #$ e%*l#y%ent relati#ns are e%er&in& in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries- Hence, $!t!reresearc s #!l" en"ea)#!r t#

)uture research direction /

Re)eal t e e%er&in& *atterns #$ e%*l#y%ent relati#ns in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries an"i& li& t t e %ain $act#rs c#ntri !tin& t# t e "e)el#*%ent #$ t ese *atterns-

T e e.istin& researc i& li& ts "istincti#n in *atterns #$ HRM syste%s ase" #nin"!strial sect#rs 'see /!" +ar an" S*arr#+, 0110(- At t e %#%ent, s*eci$ic sect#rsare a**earin& t# e "#%inant in certain nati#nal c#nte.ts- F#r e.a%*le, in t e C inesec#nte.t, %an!$act!rin& is t e "#%inant in"!strial sect#r- Si%ilarly, in t e In"ian set!*, in$#r%ati#n tec n#l#&y relate" ser)ices, al#n& +it RKD, are "#%inatin&- In t eAra c#nte.t, it is t e #il sect#r + ic lea"s t e +ay- In t is re&ar", t ere is t en anee" t# e.a%ine an" i& li& t

)uture research direction 0

T e 6in"s #$ HRM syste%s s!ita le $#r s*eci$ic in"!strial sect#rs t at are "#%inant ins*eci$ic "e)el#*in& c#!ntries-

D!rin& t e transiti#n * ase #$ ec#n#%ies '$#r e.a%*le $r#% "e)el#*in& t# "e)el#*e"(a 6ey c allen&e $#r HRM in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries can e t e e$$ects #$ t e transiti#n$r#% an esta lis e" HRM syste%s t# a ne+ #ne '$#r e.a%*le $r#% c#llecti)ist t#in"i)i"!alise" HRM *ractices #r $r#% e.*erience ase" t# *er$#r%ance relate"c#%*ensati#n syste%(- H#+ t# ac ie)e an e$$ecti)e an" s!ccess$!l c an&e at a %acr#

le)el is t en a critical c allen&e $#r all %ana&ers in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries- F!t!reresearc s #!l" atte%*t t#


Ac ie)e a alance et+een t e tra"iti#nal %ana&e%ent c!st#%s + ic are str#n&ly"ictate" y s#ci# c!lt!ral as*ects #$ a &i)en s#ciety an" t e c an&in& e%* asis #$HRM $!ncti#ns- =ey ste*s + ic can el* in t is re&ar" s #!l" als# e i& li& te"-

3e assert t at &l# alisati#n an" its ass#ciate" internati#nal c#%*etiti)e *ress!resa)e *reci*itate" t e intr#"!cti#n #$ $le.i ility #$ #*erati#ns, c#ntin&ent re+ar"syste%s, lean *r#"!cti#n %et #"#l#&ies in a *r#cess #$ #nin& c an&e t# !n"er*ine$$iciency, t ere y lea"in& t# ne+ c allen&es t# HRM at #r&anisati#nal le)el,

*artic!larly +it re&ar" t# in"!strial relati#ns *#licy an" *ractice 'De ra an"/!" +ar, 0112(- Still, it +ill n#t e sensi le t# &eneralise s!c "e)el#*%ents t# allt e "e)el#*in& c#!ntries- H#+e)er, t is 6in" #$ in$#r%ati#n is !se$!l t# #tresearc ers an" *ractiti#ners in t e $iel" #$ HRM as it in"icates t e "irecti#n in + ict in&s are %#)in& in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries-


3e *r#*#se t at $!t!re researc s #!l" i& li& t t e e%er&in& nat!re #$ in"!strialrelati#ns *#licy an" *ractice in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries-


12/13

3e stress t at e%*l#yee relati#ns *ractices +it in *resent "ay #r&anisati#ns,incl!"in& internal la #!r %ar6et 'ILM( str!ct!res in %#st "e)el#*in& c#!ntries, are"ictate" y $act#rs s!c as s#cial an" c!lt!ral )al!es, reli&i#!s elie$s, casteJet nic

ase" strati$icati#n, *#litical a$$iliati#n an" ec#n#%ic *#+er '$#r e.a%*le, in t eIn"ian c#nte.t, see Saini an" /!" +ar, 0112(- S!c ty*es #$ ILMs res!lt in t e

"ecrease in #r&anisati#nal *er$#r%ance an" ree" c#rr!*ti#n an" re" ta*is%- In t ec#nte.t #$ t e c an&es ta6in& *lace in %#st "e)el#*in& c#!ntries in ter%s #$

*ri)atisati#n an" str!ct!ral a"@!st%ent *r#&ra%%es, t ere is n#+ a str#n& nee" $#rHRM syste%s in t ese c#!ntries t# e c#nsistent +it rati#nalise", # @ecti)e an"syste%atic e%*l#y%ent syste%s- T is is alrea"y a**enin& in s#%e #$ t e c#!ntries,s!c as In"ia- H#+e)er, t ere is a "eart #$ in$#r%ati#n a)aila le $r#% %#st"e)el#*in& c#!ntries in t is re&ar"- T is $#r%san i%*#rtant a&en"a $#r $!t!reresearc -

)uture research direction *3

It is #!r )ie+ t at $!t!re researc s #!l" i& li& t t e e%er&in& nat!re an"c#nstit!ents #$ ILMs in $ir%s #*eratin& in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries- In a""iti#n, it s #!l"e.*l#re t e %ain $act#rs + ic "eter%ine ILMs in t e c an&in& !siness en)ir#n%entin "e)el#*in& c#!ntries-

It is a**arent t at %#st "e)el#*in& nati#ns a)e esta lis e" le&al str!ct!res in t e$#r% #$ rele)ant la #!r la+s t# sa$e&!ar" t e interests #$ e%*l#yees- H#+e)er, in%any cases t e *r#)isi#ns #$ t e la #!r la+s are n#t at all seri#!sly i%*le%ente",+ ic res!lts in t e e.*l#itati#n #$ e%*l#yees- C il" la #!r an" %ini%!% +a&e la+sare ty*ical e.a%*les- Rele)ant la+ en$#rcin& a&encies in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries nee" t#

ens!re seri#!s i%*le%entati#n an" en$#rce%ent #$ s!c *r#)isi#ns- M#re#)er, %any"e)el#*in& c#!ntries "# n#t acti)ely *r#%#te e !al #**#rt!nities, ence t e e.istence#$ "isa")anta&e #n t e &r#!n"s #$ et nicity, &en"er an" a&e- T is is an#t er i%*#rtantc allen&e $acin& HRM in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries an" HRM %ana&ers nee" t# "e)el#*

*#licies acc#r"in&ly t# tac6le t ese *r# le%s- In t is re&ar" t e $#ll#+in& *r#*#siti#nis *r#*#se"-

)uture research direction **

3e assert t at $!t!re researc nee"s t# "ra+ attenti#n t# t e nat!re an" 6in" #$le&islati#n s!ita le t# sa$e&!ar" t e *resent +#r6$#rce in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries- It

s #!l" re)eal + ic e.istin& la+s are n#+ # s#lete an" a"ly nee" a%en"in&-

It is elie)e" t at, #nce t e a #)e %enti#ne" researc iss!es are in)esti&ate" an" t eir !se$!l res!lts are a"#*te" y HR *ractiti#ners in "e)el#*in& nati#ns, t en it s #!l"el* t# i%*r#)e $ir%s8 *er$#r%ance- T is, t en, lea"s t# t e latest an" #n in& "e atein t e $iel", i-e- t e e.tent t# + ic HRM el*s in #r&anisati#nal *er$#r%ance 'see=at#! an" /!" +ar, 011>(- T e literat!re als# re)eals t at %#st researcin)esti&ati#ns in t is re&ar" a)e een c#n"!cte" in +estern "e)el#*e" nati#ns an"t ere is a str#n& scarcity #$ s!c st!"ies in t e "e)el#*in& nati#ns8 c#nte.t-

)uture research direction *+


13/13

Finally, $!t!re researc nee"s t# e.a%ine t e e.tent t# + ic HRM *ractices in $ir%s#*eratin& in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries are c#ntri !tin& t# i%*r#)in& #r&anisati#nal

*er$#r%ance- Als#, $!t!re researc s #!l" accent!ate t e "#%inant *ers*ecti)e 'i-e-, est *ractice, c#ntin&ency #r c#n$i&!rati#nal( +it in t is $iel" in t e "e)el#*in&c#!ntries c#nte.t-

C#!C'$S #!

3e a)e %a"e an atte%*t in t is c a*ter t# *r#)i"e an #)er)ie+ #$ t e scenari# #$HRM in "e)el#*in& c#!ntries an" "e)el#*e" a n!% er #$ *r#*#siti#ns $#r $!t!reresearc - 3e elie)e t at $in"in&s "eri)e" $r#% researc carrie" #!t +it t ese

*r#*#siti#ns s #!l" el* t# ta6e t e $iel" $!rt er- Ne)ert eless, in t e a sence #$researc c!lt!re, c#n"!ctin& researc in t e "e)el#*in& c#!ntries is %#re c allen&in&in &ettin& access, &ettin& !ality "ata ' eca!se %any *e#*le are rel!ctant t#

*artici*ate in !esti#nnaire s!r)eys(, a"#*tin& )ali" an" relia le %eas!res an" scales,

&ettin& $!n"in& $r#% 3estern $!n"in& #"ies t# c#n"!ct researc in "e)el#*in&c#!ntries, *! lis in& s!c researc in t#* tier %ana&e%ent @#!rnals an" s# #n-H#+e)er, c#nsi"erin& t e ra*i" *ace +it + ic MNCs are enterin& t ese c#!ntriesan" t e &r#+in& ec#n#%ic *#+er #$ s#%e "e)el#*in& c#!ntries, it as n#+ ec#%e ani%*erati)e $#r sc #lars t# researc an" re)eal t# t e +#rl" t e rele)ant HRM syste%s$#r $ir%s #*eratin& in t ese nati#ns- 3e #*e t at t e in$#r%ati#n *r#)i"e" in t isc a*ter +ill e !se$!l t# #t researc ers an" *ractiti#ners + # a)e an interest in"e)el#*in& c#!ntries-

F!rt er Rea"in&s

%ntr4 Citation5

/!" +ar, Pa+an S-, an" Ya+ A- De ra - H!%an Res#!rce Mana&e%ent inDe)el#*in& C#!ntries- )$e SA%E Handboo* of Human Resource Management -0115- SAGE P! licati#ns- 49 A*r- 0141- tt* JJ+++-sa&eere$erence-c#%J " 6 !%anres#!rce%&%tJArticle n0?- t%l -

C a*ter DOI 41-24?9J5>; 4 ;9>1 0425 ?-n0?
http://www.sage-ereference.com/hdbk_humanresourcemgmt/FurtherReading_n23.htmlhttp://www.sage-ereference.com/hdbk_humanresourcemgmt/FurtherReading_n23.html

6.Budhwar, Pawan S., and Yaw A. Debrah. Human Resource Management in Developing Countries..doc

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