6711 4249 Operationalisation I(PGDM)Session I
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Transcript of 6711 4249 Operationalisation I(PGDM)Session I
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Operationalisation - I
Conceptualization and operationalization
Conceptualization is the refinement of abstract ideas
(variables, their behavior and relationships) while
operationalization is the development of specific
research procedures (operations) that will result in
empirical observation representing behavior and their
relationships in the realistic situations.
It starts with a problem identification and preparation of a
Research Design.
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Problem Identification
Research Problem:
A Research Problem is an interrogative sentence
or statement that asks:
a) about the behavior of aphenomenon/variable/event
b) about the relationship between two or more
phenomena/variables/ events.
A researcher identifies a research problem or aresearchable topic with a certain procedure.
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Procedure to Indentify a Research
Problem
1.Read the Literature in the area of
Research : Reflect and Identify gaps.(Concept & Methodology
2.Generarate a list of potential Research
Questions.
3. Check the Literature again & examine
as to whether the questions have beenanswered. yes/ No
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Problem Identification (Contd)
4.If Yes, Go to 1 and reexamine.
If No, Test the feasibility of answering the
questions and eliminate impractical
questions 5. The questions can focus or indicate the
research Problem.
6. State the Research Problem(s) clearly.
7.Research Objectives could be set with
respect to the Research Problem(s)
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Problem statement Leads to the formulation of
Hypothesis.
Hypothesis is a conjectural statement on the
behavior of a variable or relationship or
interrelationship between variables.
Hypothesis are in declarative sentence form(usually in the null form i.e. H0)
A Priori Reasoning precedes the formulation of
Hypothesis.
With the help of data we a) support or not
support a hypothesis or b) Reject or accept a
Hypothesis (with some significance levels)
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Problem Identification-Hypothesis and
Research Design
Research Activity starts with the researchproblem and the hypotheses.
The researcher needs to prepare a Research
Design to address the research problem andexamine the hypotheases.
What is a Research Design?
Authors have defined 'Research Design' in
various ways. However they try to answer the
following questions in the process of formulating
a research design..
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The questions which are asked by the
researcher .
What is the study about ?
Why is the study being made?
Where will the study be carried out?
What type of data are required?
Where the data could be found out?
What is the time period of the study?
What will be the experiment/sample design?
What techniques of data collection will be used?
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Contd.
What is the rationaleof using the technique?
How will the data be analyzed?
Inwhat style the report be prepared?
These questions help in formulation of a
research design.
And form part of the Design itself.
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Definition of a Research Design-With
special reference to Social Research
'Research Design' has been defined in
several ways by different authors.
The definitions are different in approach,
but for social science the following may be
more relevant.
Research Design is a Plan, Structure and
Strategy of investigation conceived so asto obtain answers to research questions
and to control variance.- by Kerlinger
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Plan, Structure and strategy in Research
Design.
Plan: The plan refers to the overall scheme or
program of research.
Structure refers to the out line of the operation of
variables where as strategy refers to the logicinherent in gathering and analyzing the data.
For Example:
The logic and necessity of a sampling procedureand types of statistical techniques to be used in
analyzing the data.
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The Purpose of a Research Design.
The Research Design has two basic
purposes.
a) To provide answers to the Research
Questions/Problems
Since research problems can be and are
stated in the form of hypotheses, research
designs are carefully worked out to yield
dependable and valid answers to the
questions epitomized by the Hypotheses.
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b)Control of variance
By constructing an efficient research design the
researcher attempts to
Maximize experimental variance
Control variance due to extraneous variables.
Minimize error variance.
The above three variances are interrelated.
E.g. Maximization of experimental variance willlead to Minimization of error variance.
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Types of Research and Research Design
The foregoing discussion on research design may
suggest that the research design may differ with respect
to the type of research such as disciplinary, subject
matter and problem solving on the one hand and the
specific activities with respect of the type of study and
modus operandi on the other.
A few aspects relating to the above have been explained.
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a)The Purpose of the study
The purpose of the study may be
descriptive orcausal.
If the research is concerned with finding
out who, what, where, when or how - then
the study is descriptive.
But along with the above in addition to
'why' the study becomes causal where we
try to explain why there is a relationship
between variables.
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b) Research Environment
Research design differs with respect to the
research environment such as field
condition and laboratory condition.
In the field condition the research is done
in the holistic approach. No control or little
control on extraneous variables is there.
In the laboratory condition explicability is
possible with utmost control over all the
variables.
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c)Researchers' Control of
Variables In the experimental design the researcher
can control/ manipulate the variables
under study keeping the objectives in
view.
In the Ex Post Facto design the researcher
has no control over the variables in the
sense of being able to manipulate them.
The researcher can only report the
existing facts.
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d)Time Dimension.
With respect to the time dimension the study
could be Cross-sectional(including bench
mark), Time- series or Longitudinal and
Panel type ( mix of time series and crosssection data)
Cross sectional studies are carried out once
for one point of time.
Time-series studies are done to check the
changes/relationships overtime.
Panel study is a mix of both.
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e) Method of Data collection
Monitoring and communicative study.
In monitoring study the researcher
inspects activities of a subject with out
attempting to eliciting response from any
one.
It record the activities.
In communicative study the researcher
questions the subjects and collects their
responses with the help of a tool.
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g) Participants Perception
Participants perception influences the
outcome of research through his/her
thought process on the study being made.
This is more so in the survey type of
research relating to marketing or any other
aspects.
Therefore, the research design has to be
so framed as to minimize the error when
perceptions are involved.
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A concluding remark
The research design is not unique.
It may differ with respect to the type of research,
objectives and modus operandi.
However, in social research a common procedure/format
is adopted.
Theory/Literature -Research problem & Hypotheses-Test
to validate the theory or recast the theory-conclusion,
policy implication and recommendation.