65Ma of climate change: biogeography of the Cenozoic era
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65Ma of climate change: biogeography of the Cenozoic
era
Mean annual temperatures in NW Europe and NW North America (reconstructed from pollen data) shown in red
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Cenozoic climate change: the record from sub-Antarctic waters
thermal maximum
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Pal(a)eocene biogeography
http://www.scotese.com/paleocen.htm
Start:
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Northern hemisphere
biogeography in the early Cenozoic
(Paleocene/Early Eocene thermal
maximum @ 55My BP)
Sources: Bowen, G.M. et al. 2002. Mammalian Dispersal at the Paleocene/Eocene Boundary. Science 295: 2062 -
2065.Sluijs, A. et al., 2006. Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal
maximum. Nature, 441: 610-613.
Arctic Ocean fresh (floating mats of Azolla algae); CO2 ~2000 ppm (cf. 380 ppm @ PD) Arctic MAT increased from ~18°C (Paleocene) to ~23°C (cf. -20°C @
PD) Early mammals (ancestors of all major groups) likely originated in
Asia in late Paleocene and apparently migrated across the northern continents at or about the time of the thermal maximum.
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Early Tertiary coal deposits, Axel Heiberg Island
(stumps are dawn redwood: Metasequoia)
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Plant macrofossils from early Tertiary coalbeds, Axel Heiberg
Island
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Oligocene palaeogeography
http://www.scotese.com/oligocen.htm
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Eugene
John Day N.M.
Major Eocene-Oligocene fossil flora
sites in the PNW
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Eo-Oligocene biogeography of the Pacific NW
• John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon
• Current vegetation: sagebrush “high desert”; mean ann. ppt ~200 mm.
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John Day chrono-stratigraphy
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Deciduous riparian
forest (alder- elm-hickory-
walnut), east-central
Oregon(Whitecap Knoll beds;
late Eocene)
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Eocene-Oligocene fossil
beds near Eugene, OregonWarm temperate forest (alder-oak-sycamore-
sweet clover [Meliosma], dawn
redwood [Metasequoia]
Source: Retallack, G.J. et al., 2004. Eocene-Oligocene extinction and paleoclimatic change near Eugene, Oregon. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 116, 817-839.
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Source: Retallack, G.J. et al., 2004.
Mid-Cenozoic paleoclimate;
west-central Oregon
Eugene @ PD: MAT ~11°C; P ~1300 mm
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Cenozoic climatic decline and
the onset of glaciation
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What prompted Cenozoic climate decline and the onset of
glaciation?Main factors:1. Continental drift
Isolation of Antarctica and initiation of sub-Antarctic oceanic circulation; ice-sheet formationIsolation of Arctic Ocean; sea-ice formation
2. OrogenesisIsolation of continental interiors, particularly of Central Asia, as a result of uplift of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. High altitude areas = more snow cover = high albedo = regional cooling.
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The Quaternary: endpoint of
Tertiary cooling
Plio
cen
e
1.67 Ma
Ple
isto
cen
e
Colder - Warmer Ter
tiary
Q
uate
rnar
y
Holocene10 ka
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When did the first cold
phase occur?
IRDIRD = iceberg-rafted detritus Colder - Warmer
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Local extinctions after the first cold
phase
~ 2.4 Ma = beginning of Quaternary?
Vegetation of Late Pliocene Holland
cold
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Ice and Change:Quaternary Biogeography
Nature of the evidence Chronology Fluctuating climates Glacial phases Interglacial phases
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Iceworld: Wisconsinan glaciation
storm paths
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Glacial - interglacial seesaw:
e.g. 9 glacial phases in last
0.7 Ma?
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Polar
Polar
Cold continental
Oceanic
Palaeotemperatures
(50 - 20 ka BP) in Britain derived
from beetle assemblages
Assem
blage
l
lll
ll
l
Species ranges
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Pollen analysis:
identification based on shape
and ornamentation
of grain
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Pollen “rain”
Lakes
Bogs
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Pollen analysis results:% pollen
and pollen influx
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The last interglacial
- glacial cycle
Glacial / periglacial areas
~ 100 ka
slow cooling
quick w
arm
ing
quick w
arm
ing
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European vegetation
distribution: 13 ka BP
(= late glacial)
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Full-glacial vegetation of eastern North America
Laurentide Ice Sheet
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Bio-indicators of lowered sea level in late Quaternary mammoth teeth freshwater peat oolites(= lake deposits)all continental shelves exposed in glacial phases
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Exposed continental
shelves =
land bridges
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Trans-Beringia mammal migrations during the
QuaternaryBeaverLynxSnow & mountain sheepMooseElkBearsWolverineWolfArctic foxArctic hareBisonMountain goatCoyoteKit fox
CamelsHorse
(and humans)
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Beringia: Arctic fish refuge?
refuge? refuge?
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Multiple trans-Beringian migrations: the Bison case
Bison priscus
Bison antiquus Bison bison
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Quaternary fluctuations in precipitation in the western
US
http://wwwpaztcn.wr.usgs.gov/rsch_highlight/articles/200409.html
“Provo” relict
shoreline, Lake
Bonneville
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Lake levelsin US
Southwest; full - late glacial
phase = “pluvial”
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Elevation -
vegetation
relations, Grand
Canyon area:
full-glacial was cooler and wetter
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Douglas-fir: a refuge
relict in the Mexican Sierras?
Glacial Interglacial
pine - fir forest
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Glacial -interglacial migrations
(e.g.
Holocene) Glacial refuge
Interglacial range
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Refuges and migrations: individualistic patterns
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Refuges and migrations: aquatic biota
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Postglacial
migration paths: aquatic biota Glacial refuges
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Ranges and
refuges: the
tropical biotas
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Inferred glacial refuges in
tropical areas:an extreme
view
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Climatic deterioration
during interglacial
phases
?
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Climatic optima in early interglacial time: the driving forces
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Evidence for the Holocene hypsithermal
The early part of the Holocene is generally considered to have been a “climatic optimum” with higher temperatures (and lower rainfall?) than at present. Can you find evidence of this in the pollen records from the Pacific Northwest?
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Elsewhere, the ‘hypsithermal’ may have been wetter: (e.g. the central Sahara)
Eroded lake beds,Taouendi
Rock art,Tassili Massif
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Pollen evidence
(after Ritchie)