6.5 x 11 Double line - Cambridge University...

A N C I E N T R O M E

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This book provides a short but comprehensive political history of ancientRome from the origins of the city in the Italian Iron Age to the deposition ofthe last emperor in a.d. 476. The reasons for Rome’s conquest and absorptionof Italy, and how this gave the Romans a manpower reserve that allowed themto conquer the Mediterranean in half a century, are described. The militaryresponsibilities attendant upon these conquests undermined the political in-stitutions of the Republic, with the Emperor Augustus managing to set upsurreptitiously a monarchical form of government, in effect securing two cen-turies of peace. New military pressures then caused a significant change inthe structure of the Imperial government, which eventually succumbed in thewest to invasion. The influence on the Imperial government of the adoptionof Christianity as the state religion is also discussed.

Christopher S. Mackay is Associate Professor at the University of Alberta. Hehas published numerous articles on all periods of Roman history, is associateeditor of the American Journal of Ancient History, and is the author of a forth-coming book containing the only modern Latin text and English translationof the Malleus Maleficarum, a fifteenth-century handbook on witch-hunting.

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-80918-4 - Ancient Rome: A Military and Political HistoryChristopher S. MackayFrontmatterMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/0521809185

http://www.cambridge.org


ANCIENT ROME

A MILITARY AND POLITICALHISTORY

-

C H R I S T O P H E R S. M A C K A Y

University of Alberta






CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo

Cambridge University Press40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011–4211, USA

www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title:www.cambridge.org/9780521809184

© Christopher S. Mackay 2004

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2004Reprinted 2005 (twice), 2006

Printed in the United States of America

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Mackay, Christopher S., 1962–

Ancient Rome : a military and political history / Christopher S. Mackay.p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-521-80918-5

1. Rome – History – Kings, 753–510 b.c. 2. Rome – History – Republic, 510–30 B.C. 3. Rome – History – Empire, 30 B.C.–284 A.D. I. Title

DG231.M33 2004937 – dc22 2004040682

ISBN-13 978-0-521-80918-4 hardbackISBN-10 0-521-80918-5 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility forthe persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or

third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publicationand does not guarantee that any content on such

Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






To Kellywho helped so much






CONTENTS

List of Illustrations page ix

Maps xi

Introduction 1

part one: obscure beginnings, to 264 b.c. 3

1 Foundations and Kingdom, to ca. 507 b.c. 9

2 Domestic History of the Early Republic,ca. 507 b.c.–ca. 287 b.c. 23

3 Conquest of Latium and Italy, ca. 507 b.c.–264 b.c. 40

part two: conquest of the mediterranean,264 b.c.–146 b.c. 57

4 Struggle with Carthage, 264 b.c.–146 b.c. 61

5 Wars in the East, 215 b.c.–146 b.c. 76

6 Conquest of Spain, 218 b.c.–134 b.c. 89

7 Effects of the Conquests on Rome 93

part three: collapse of the republic,133 b.c.–27 b.c. 101

8 Assault on the Oligarchy, 133 b.c.–81 b.c. 106

9 Restored Oligarchy, 81 b.c.–59 b.c. 130

1 0 Caesar and the End of Republican Government, 59 b.c.–44 b.c. 143

1 1 Conflict of the Warlords, 44 b.c.–27 b.c. 159

1 2 Politics in the Late Republic 170

vii






C O N T E N T S

part four: the principate, 27 b.c.–a.d. 235 177

1 3 Augustus and the Establishment of the Principate, 31 b.c–a.d. 14 182

1 4 Julio-Claudian Dynasty, a.d. 14–a.d. 68 192

1 5 Civil War and the Flavian Dynasty, a.d. 68–a.d. 96 210

1 6 Pinnacle of the Principate, a.d. 96–a.d. 192 223

1 7 Civil War and the Severan Dynasty, a.d. 193–a.d. 235 236

1 8 Institutions of the Principate 249

part five: the late empire, a.d. 235–a.d. 476 261

1 9 Military and Dynastic Crisis, a.d. 235–a.d. 284 266

20 Rise of Christianity 283

21 Diocletian and the Restoration of Imperial Authority,a.d. 284–a.d. 305 291

22 Civil War and the Triumph of Constantine and Christianity,a.d. 305–a.d. 337 303

23 Heyday of the Christian Empire, a.d. 337–a.d. 395 316

24 Demise of the Empire in the West, a.d. 395–a.d. 476 331

Epilogue: Survival and Transformation of the Empire in the Eastafter a.d. 476 354

Chronology 357

Appendix: Roman Personal Names 365

Suggestions for Further Reading 367

Index 385

viii






ILLUSTRATIONS

Maps1 Locations in central Italy page xi2 Locations in Italy xii3 Locations in western Europe and North Africa xiii4 Locations in Greece and the Near East xiv5 Expansion of the Roman Republic outside of Italy xv6 Provinces of the early Principate xv7 The divided Empire and its neighbors (a.d. 395) xvi

Figures (appear between pages 176–177)1 House foundation on the Palatine Hill2 The “She Wolf” of Rome3 Bust of Republican magistrate4 Punic stele5 Roman galley6 Roman decree from Spain7 Roman coin with scene of provocatio8 Head of Pompey9 Statue of Roman orator

10 Bust of Caesar11 Bust of Cicero12 Roman coin with voting scene13 Roman coin with voting scene14 Altar of Peace15 Prima Porta statue of Augustus16 Bust of the emperor Gaius (Caligula)17 Statue of Claudius18 Head of Vespasian

ix






I L L U S T R AT IO N S

19 Arch of Titus with panels showing his triumph20 Flavian Amphitheater (Coliseum)21 Trajan’s Column22 Exterior and dome of Pantheon23 Bust of Hadrian24 Column of Marcus Aurelius with detail25 Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius26 Bust of Commodus27 Arch of Septimius Severus28 Portrait of Antoninus (Caracalla)29 Members of the Praetorian Guard30 A “Military diploma”31 Frieze showing the Circus Maximus32 Inscription from Canusium33 Altar to Augustus’ lares34 Apotheosis of Antoninus and Faustina35 Portrait of Philip the Arab36 Ludovisi Sarcophagus37 Shapur’s triumph over Roman emperors38 Head of Gallienus39 Goddess of Palmyra40 Walls of Aurelian41 Statue of Trajan42 Statue group of the tetrarchy43 Head of Constantine44 Arch of Constantine45 Statue of Julian46 Statue of Valentinian I47 Porta Nigra48 Portrait of Stilicho49 Base of Column of Theodosius I

x






Ancona

Asculum

Sentinum

L.Trasimene

Perugia

Clusium

Volsinii

Tiber

Caere Veii

Rome

Ostia

Lavinium

AntiumSatricum

Minturnae

Volturnum

Puteoli Naples Mt Vesuvius

Pompeii

Bay ofNaples

Capreae (Capri)

0 50 100 150 km

100 miles500

CapuaCardineForksNola

Venafrum

Arpinum

Fregellae

Gabii

Tibur

PraenesteTusculum

Alban HillsAlba Longa

Fidenae

Via Appia

L A T I U M

VO

LS

CI

S AM

NI T E S

A

P

E

N

N

I

N

E

S

PI

CE

NU

M

ET

RU

RI

A AE

QU

I

CA

M

PA

NI

A

Via

Fla

min

ia

S A B I N E S

Map 1. Locations in central Italy

xi






Milan

TicinumCremona

Treb

ia

BrixellumMutina

A

L

P

S

Ravenna

RubiconAriminum

Sentinum

Perugia

L.TrasimeneVolsinii

Tarquinii Volci

Ostia

Antium

Satricum

Terracina

VIA APPIA

ArpinumFregellae

Venafrum

CapuaNaples

LATIUMRome

Tiber

ET

RU

RI A

C O R S I C A

S A R D I N I A

SABINES

A

P

E

N

N

I

N

E

S

LUCANIA

Venusia

Heraclea

TarentumCALABR

IA

Brundisium

CanusiumCannaeA

PULIA

Asculum

MetaurusAncona

Verona

Aquileia

S A R D I N I A

Utica Carthage

A F R I C A

LilybaeumDrepana

S I C I L Y

Camarina

Syracuse

0 50 100 150 km

0 50 100 miles

Mylae

Messana

Naulochus

Panormus

VIA

FL

AM

INIA

IL

LY

RI

CU

M

Po

CAMPA

NIA

PIC

EN

UM

Po

U M B R I A

SAMNITES

Map 2. Locations in Italy

xii






IRELAND

Eboracum

B R I T A I N

GERMANY

Thames

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

Engl ish Chann e l

Seine

LoireAlesia

Vesontio

Lugdunum

G A U L

UxellodunumAQUITANICELTIBERI

Numantia

S P A I N

Saguntum

SARDINIA

NewCarthage

M E D I T E R R AN

E

AN

HippoRegius

CarthageZama

ThapsusA F R I C A

Cirta

N U M I D I A

T R I P O L I T A N ALepcis Magna

0

0 100 200 300 400 500 miles

100 200 300 400 500 600 700800 km

S a h a r a D e s e r t

S E A

Syracuse

SICILY

MessanaMylaePanormusLilybaeum

Thyr

sus

ITALYNaples

TarentumBrundisium

AD

RI A

T

I CS E A

PANNONIA

Carnuntum

AL P S

MilanoCISALPINE

GAULA

PE

NN

IN

ES

Rome

VolsiniiCORSICA

Aravsio

NarboMartius

VercellaeAquae SextiaeMassilia

Rhine

B E L G A ETeutoburgForest

Danube

M A U R E T A N I A

GadesMunda

LU

SI

TA

NI

Ilipa

ILLYRICUM

Elbe

Map 3. Locations in western Europe and North Africa

xiii






Mur

sa

ILLY

RICU

MB

AL

KA

NS

Nai

ssus

Dan

ube

DA

CIA

AD

RI

AT

IC

SE

A

ITA

LY

Tar

entu

mB

rund

isiu

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ium

MA

CE

DO

NIA

Phi

lipp

i

TH

RA

CE

Abr

ittu

s

CR

IME

A

BL

AC

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SE

A

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US

MT

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ME

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ira

Zel

a

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and

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INO

R

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RY

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des

RH

OD

ES

CY

PR

US

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ICIA

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Mae

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r

Mag

nesi

a

Per

gam

um

ASIA

Dar

danu

s

Les

bos

CR

ET

E

ME

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AN

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SE

A

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ene

CY

RE

NA

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AA

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0 010

020

030

0 m

iles

100

200

300

400

500

km

AR

AB

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JUD

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AJe

rusa

lem

Cae

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aN

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Dam

ascu

s

Pal

myr

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Bab

ylon

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/ P

ER

SIA

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Orontes

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PHOENICIA

Map

4.Lo

cati

ons

inG

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ean

dth

eN

ear

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t

xiv






IRELAND BRITAIN

A T L A N T I C

O C E A NEnglish cChannel

GALLIACOMATA

(58)

NEARERSPAIN (197)

FURTHERSPAIN (197)

A L P S

NARBONENSIS (ca. 120)

M E D I T ER

RA

NE

AN

S E A

A F R I C A(146)

0 250 500 750 1000 km

0 250 500 miles

S a h a r a D e s e r t

CYRENAICA(ca. 74) EGYPT

(30)

R E DS E A

CYPRUS(annexed toCilicia, 57)

SYRIA(64)

C I L I C I A (ca. 102)

BITHYNIA and PONTUS

(64)

B L A C K S E A

ASIA(133)

Maeander

CRETE (67)

SICILY(227)

MACEDONIA

(146)

Danube

SARDINIA(227)

Corsica

CISALPINEGAUL

(ca. 80)

Rhine

C A S P I A N

S E A

Don

B a e t i s

Map 5. Expansion of the Roman Republic outside of Italy

A T L A N T I C

O C E A NEnglish Channel

LU

SIT

AN

IA

TARRACONENSIS

BAETICA

M A U R E T A N I A

M E D I TE

RR

AN

EA

N

S E A

AF

RI

CA

S a h a r a D e s e r t0 250 500 750 1000 km

0 250 500 miles

CYRENE

E G Y P T

REDSEA

JUDAEA

AR

AB

IASY

RIA

CILICIA

GALATIA

Maeander

Achaea

MOESIATHRACE

D A C I A

Danube B L A C K S E A

Don

CASPIANSEA

CRETE

&

SICILY

ILLYRICUMRome

SARDINIA

AQUITANIA

NARBONENSIS

AL P S

LO

WE

R

GE

RM

AN

YUPPE

R

GE

RM

AN

Y

RhineBELGICA

LUGDUNENSIS NORICUM

RAETIA

Battle ofTeutoburg Fst.

BaetisMACEDONIA

Map 6. Provinces of the early Principate

xv






I L L U S T R AT IO N S

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

BRITANNIA

English Cha n n e l

W E S T E R N

M E D I T E R RA

NE

AN

S E A

E M P I R ES a h a r a D e s e r t

R E D

S E A

Euphrates

Sasanids

CASPIANSEA

Don

Herulians

Huns

B L A C K S E A

E A S T E R N

Alexandria

E M P I R E

Rome

Milan

Trier

Franks

Aleman

ni Burgundians

Juthungi

Marcomanni

Quadi

Carnuntum

Gepids Ostragoths

Danube

Vandals

LangobardsSaxons

Eboracum

0 250 500 750 1000 km

0 250 500 miles

RhineC o n s tant inople

Map 7. The divided Empire and its neighbors (a.d. 395)

xvi






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