644 Death of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab

644-56 Caliphate of ‘Uthman ibn‘Affan. Accused of nepotismon behalf of Umayyads.

656 Murder of ‘Uthman byprotesters fromEgypt and Iraq.

656-61 Caliphate of ‘Ali ibnAbi Talib, the last rashid

Shi‘ism

Fatima

‘A’isha

Map Link: The Islamic Middle East c. 750:

<http://www.crethiplethi.com/wp-content/uploads/islamic-expansion-750.jpg>

shi‘at ‘Ali= “partyof ‘Ali”

shi‘atMu‘awiya= “party ofMu‘awiya”

khariji (pl. khawarij) = “seceder,” Kharijite

656 ‘Ali defeats ‘A’isha and herfollowers at the Battle of theCamel.

657 ‘Ali opposed by Mu‘awiya ibnAbi Sufyan at Battle of Siffin.Arbitration agreed.

661 ‘Ali assassinated. Mu‘awiyacaliph (r. 661-80)

‘Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim

‘Abd Allah Abu Talibal-‘Abbas

Muhammad ‘Abd Allahthe Prophet

Fatima ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib al-Hanafiyya‘Ali

al-Hasan al-Husayn Ibn al-Hanafiyya

Abu Hashim Muhammad

Ibrahim al-Saffah al-Mansur

= =

669 Death of al-Hasan at Mecca

680 Mu‘awiya appoints Yazid as successor.Al-Husayn and followers killed at Karbala.Yazid reigns as caliph until 683.

682-92 Revolt of Ibn al-Zubayr in Arabia andIraq

685-87 Revolt of al-Mukhtar in name ofIbn al-Hanafiyya (mahdi) at Kufa.

700 Death of Ibn al-Hanafiyya. Some say he isin hiding and will return.

740s ‘Abbasids seeking wider support. Focuspropaganda on Iraq and Khurasan, incl.mawali (non-Arab converts). Move baseto Merv.

743 Death of Muhammad ibn ‘Ali, succeededby his son Ibrahim. ‘Abbasids send AbuMuslim ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslimal-Khurasani to Merv.

‘Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim

‘Abd Allah Abu Talibal-‘Abbas

Muhammad ‘Abd Allahthe Prophet

Fatima ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib al-Hanafiyya‘Ali

al-Hasan al-Husayn Ibn al-Hanafiyya

Abu Hashim Muhammad

Ibrahim al-Saffah al-Mansur

= =

‘Abbasids

747 Abu Muslim raisesrevolt in Merv.Ibrahim killed byUmayyads.

748 Marwan II (r. 744-50)finishes putting downother revolts.

749 Battle of the LowerZab. Abu’l-‘Abbasal-Saffah acclaimedcaliph in Kufa.

750 Battle of the UpperZab. Marwan II andother Umayyadskilled. ‘Abd al-Rahman escapes toSpain.