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Transcript of 6397_AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIA243OK2Y3Q3W5JA&Expires=1432250029&Signature=RKSLuvzB8kMtrNUKkCQlNKqOPLQ%3D
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SOLUTIONS FOR WATER-PROCESS PROFESSIONALS
May 2015www.waterwaste.com
ANALYTICS
Tanks & coatings
Screening technology
Liquid-transfer quick connects
+
Case study: Disposal & recovery in mining
H o w t h e w a t e r s w i l l b e c o u n t e d
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Subscribe:Subscribe to the print edition or the digital edition.
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Write In 100
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Write In 101
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6Productivity Perspectives 4
A quick end to inadequate capacity 6Water treatment facility increases storage, meets need to remove iron from drinking water
Paste thickening optimizes tailings disposal and water recovery 8At Khumani iron ore mine, high-rate primary-slurry and secondary paste thickeners combined for high-percentage process-water reuse
Ozone reduces concentrate stream color...12Reverse-osmosis stream reduced to less than 30 true-color units
Surge of non-dispersible debris impacts wastewater pump stations 14Sun City lift station employs screen-technology solutions to remove effl uent debris from narrow- and deep-channel pump stations
Cooling-system longevity often governedby heat-transfer fl uid choice 18Microbrewery one example of needs general to food & beverage
News in Brief 20
New Product Spotlight 22
Advertiser Index 24
In This Issue
Group Publisher, Michael C. Christian
Ph: 908-507-5472Email: [email protected]
Editorial Director, Kevin ParkerEmail: [email protected]
Managing Editor, Nick PhillipsEmail: [email protected]
Art Director, Ryan CarlsonEmail: [email protected]
Copy Editor, Christy UnderwoodEmail: [email protected]
Digital Operations Manager, Mary Beth RomanoEmail: [email protected]
Advertising Sales Assistant, Cookie RayfordEmail: [email protected]
ADMINISTRATIVE TEAM:
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Chief Operations Of cer, Brent KizzireChief Revenue Of cer, Chris DolanFinancial Director, Randy Lyle
VP of B2B Group, Mike Wasson
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Audience Development Manager, Anna Hicks
Audience Development Analyst, Stacy Barnes
For Subscription Questions/Inquiries: U.S. 866-721-4807 Outside U.S. 847-763-1867E-mail [email protected] / Renew / Change of Address:www.processingmagazine.com/subscribe
2 May 2015 | Water/Waste Processing | www.waterwaste.com
Cover photos: sidsnapper/iStock, billnoll/iStock
SOLUTIONS FOR WATER-PROCESS PROFESSIONALS
Editorial and Executive Offi ces: 200 Croft Street, Ste 1, Birmingham, AL 35242. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to WATER/WASTE PROCESSING Magazine, PO BOX 2174, Skokie, IL 60076-7874. SUBSCRIPTIONS: Non-qualifi ed domestic subscriptions: one year, $25; two year, $50; single issue, $10. Canadian and foreign surface subscriptions: one year, $45; two year, $80. Air mail subscription: one year, $100; two year, $175. Grand View Media Group, 2013. WATER/WASTE PROCESSING Magazine assumes no responsibility for validity of claims in item reports.
8 14
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THE
NETWORK
SOLUTIONS FOR WATER-PROCESS PROFESSIONALS S O L U T I O N S F O R T H E P R O C E S S I N D U S T R I E S
GLOBAL
OEM / SystemIntegrator
Where Technology Meets Technology
A Vast Audience, Diverse Media Options
Write In 102
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Over the last 1,000 years, numbers have
been applied to every aspect of our work
and leisure. The measure of time, space,
matter and effort pervades mechanics,
chemistry, physics and virtually every other
science and art.
This is so, it is said, because the con-
cepts of arithmetic generalize an enor-
mous amount of experience and reflect,
in abstract form, those relationships in the
actual world that are met with constantly
and everywhere.
Its pretty impressive. But you havent
seen anything yet, compared to whats
coming.
Thats because every single human
endeavor that numbers have managed to
worm their way into over the last 10 centu-
ries, the computer, in only the last 50 years,
has followed. Now, with billions of comput-
ing nodes in place, the mass collection of
data has begun. We have the sheer com-
putational power, databases and algorithms
to analyze that data in ways unrealizable
through human intuition or insight.
Computers plus data analytics already
not only beat humans at chess, they tell
us how to play baseball, basketball and
football. And they never bore you with
anecdotal stories about the old days, like
coach did.
Quantities & qualities
As far as exploiting super-computing, the
oil & gas industry builds terrestrial models
as complex and data-intensive as anything
coming out of the Department of Defense.
If anything calls out for the measurement
and analysis of its mass quantities it is wa-
ter. We already see the emergence of smart
water networks and even smart cities. Yet
when it comes to the on-going colonization,
I mean computerization, of lived worlds, the
biggest single challenge remains integra-
tion, as successive generations of comput-
ers are installed on top of those preceding,
like Romes Catholic churches serenely
sitting atop buried pagan chapels.
This is clearly the case in water indus-
tries. To be successful with smart water,
says Gian Francesco Imperiali, head of
ABBs water-industry sector initiative, smart
grid solutions must be seamlessly inte-
grated with other systems, which include
traditional meters as well as cyber-security
and analytical software.
But established technologies and appli-
cations werent meant as system solutions.
A great deal of restructuring is required for
automation and control, analytical tools, cy-
ber security and cloud storage to function
together, Imperiali says.
More down to earth
Mobile computing allows capture of
thousands of data points recorded daily
and the store of results in SQL databases.
From there, logic is applied to the data
along parameters that include temperature,
pressure and ph. Automated reports and
relevant work orders are generated.
When a facility has operator, lab and
analytic solutions, having it all together
speeds the validation and availability of in-
formation, says Mark Cowley of operations
software vendor, Flex Systems.
Its the same with machine-to-machine
talking. Its important and more or less
par for the course, says Kevin McFadden
of scale and instrument provider Mettler
Toledo, to move weigh scale readings into
a database for portal information-sharing.
Thats something we do well, whether the
application is small or large.
What must be more common and
what is more challenging is moving a rel-
evant set of this operations data to the level
of the business systems. Data historians act
as an intermediary in this regard.
Large business-system vendors such as
SAP and Oracle realized a decade ago the
future wasnt recording transactions and
managing resources, but making full use
of the data, including in ways that cant be
foreseen.
Many outstanding examples of industrial
uses of big data, super-computing and
plant-floor to top-floor computing exist,
including in the water industries.
What were saying is that soon it will be
everywhere.
Steps made toward measuring mass quantities
Kevin Parker, Editorial [email protected]
By Kevin Parker, Editorial Director
4 May 2015 | Water/Waste Processing | www.waterwaste.com
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Write In 103
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Especially during high-demand
periods, the North Lauderdale
Water Assoc. of Bailey, Missis-
sippi, was challenged to remove
iron from its drinking water.
When first established in 1966, the as-
sociations footprint consisted of a single
well pumping 250 gallons per minute,
one iron-removal filter, about 62 miles of
distribution lines and two 200,000-gallon
storage tanks.
Today the association includes seven
wells and four iron-removal treatment
plants. Distribution lines have grown to
cover about 800 miles and there are six
storage tanks, for a combined treatment
of 3,120 gallons per minute and storage of
1.2 million gallons.
The problem at the water treatment facil-
ity was that the treated water was short-
circuiting filters, says Stanley Spradling of
Calvert Spradling Engineers, West Point,
Mississippi.
The reason for it happening was inade-
quate storage. During high-demand periods,
treated water was sucked through the filters.
This prevented them from working efficiently
to remove the iron and other organics.
Spradling and his colleagues modified
the treatment process for additional stor-
age capacity, allowing the treated water
from the filters to gravity flow into a clear
well tank. But for that, a tank was needed.
Costs sunk in concrete
The wrinkle there was that the price for
the kind of concrete storage tank that it
was first assumed would be used for the
project turned out to be significantly higher
than budgeted.
That gave Southeastern Tank of Leba-
non, Tennessee, an opportunity to furnish
a quotation for a glass-fused-to-steel tank,
says the companys Marc Nichols.
It did so after determining that a 59 ft.
x 10 ft., 200,000 gallon Aquastore tank
from CST Storage would support the
modified treatment process. And on that
basis, Southeastern Tank was awarded the
project.
In order for the gravity-fed system to
work with an above-ground tank, the plant
site had to be reworked to help with drain-
age. Control ditches and drainage pipes
were installed. Backfill was not required
as a means to partially bury the tank. That
saved construction time and money.
6 May 2015 | Water/Waste Processing | www.waterwaste.com
Drinking water
A quick end toinadequate capacityWater treatment facility increases storage, meets need to remove iron from drinking water
A glass-fused-to-steel tank
meant less construction, no
backfill but some drainage
work.
-
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The tank was completed and installed
on-time.
As noted, the additional storage means
the plant can now pump 800 gallons per
minute and store 1.2 million gallons per
day. In addition, iron further settles out in
the tank, helping to improve water quality
for 4,000 customers.
Accurate lead times mentioned
Spradling says the association is
extremely pleased with the performance
of the Aquastore. The interior and exterior
coatings have stood up well and the tank is
pretty well maintenance free.
Besides its fast, economical construc-
tion and low maintenance costs the tank
never needs painting.
The Southeastern Tank Team is profes-
sional, with especially good attention-to-
detail, Spradling concludes. They do an
excellent job providing accurate estimates
as many projects have a one- to two-year
lead time.
CST Storage is a global provider of mod-
ular, factory-coated bolted storage tanks for
dry-bulk and liquid applications in munici-
pal, industrial and agricultural markets. The
company is the result of the merger of En-
gineered Storage Products Co., producer
of brand names Aquastore, Harvestore and
Slurrystore, with Columbian TecTank (CTT).
The company has several fabrication and
engineering centers in the U.S. Its head-
quarters is in Kansas City, Missouri.
CST Storage
www.cstindustries.com/cst-storage
Write In 300
Previous page: Additional storage capacity allowed the North Lauderdale Water Assoc. to do a better job of removing iron from its water.
Processings Technology Portals include videos, white papers, articles and
product information on the latest industry solutions from leading equipment and
instrument suppliers. Solution categories covered include conveyors, electromag-
netic fl owmeters, sight-fl ow indicators and much more.
techportals.processingmagazine.com
-
Mine tailings disposal, and its impact on
water usage, is an important concern for
any mining company. The challenge today,
whether extracting aluminum, zinc, gold or
iron ore, is how to dispose of tailings mate-
rial such that it is contained and stable,
while maximizing water reuse and minimiz-
ing surface footprint.
Paste, or thickened tailings, has become
an increasingly important method to ad-
dress many of the environmental problems
facing the mining industry. Pasting was
originally developed by the alumina indus-
try in the 1970s, and for the past 20 years
has been applied worldwide.
Yet today, less than 1 percent of iron ore
mines employ systems for paste thicken-
ing, despite its benefi ts for tailings disposal
optimization.
Nevertheless, mining projects in devel-
oped countries conform to stringent water
conservation and environmental standards
in tailings disposal, and developing na-
tions too are instituting signifi cant steps to
require water reuse and mitigate environ-
mental damage.
In Chile, for example, where coastal de-
salinization plants are needed, water reuse
is critical, prompting mining operations to
explore the most effi cient options for water
reclamation in tailings disposal.
In Perus huge mining sector, and similar-
ly in Brazil, stiffer environmental regulations
are in place for mining operations today.
Once tailings dams are a failure risk, near
capacity or unstable, only immense capital
investment can rectify the situation. Yet,
many mines could minimize or delay exor-
bitant cost by reducing water volumes put
into their tailings disposal facilities. They
would thereby improve capacity and stabil-
ity, while reclaiming more water for reuse in
upstream washing, screening and jigging.
Location given
Water reuse in mining tailings disposal
is particularly critical in arid and semi-arid
environments where water availability is
limited and usage closely regulated by
government mandates for example, in
the semi-arid climate of South Africa. There,
one iron ore mining operation has success-
fully adapted its tailings disposal and water
reuse procedures to this environment, i.e.,
the Khumani iron ore mine in Northern
Cape Province.
Iron-ore deposits are found about 60
kilometers north of the Beeshoek mine
on the Bruce, King and Mokaning (BKM)
farms, adjacent to Kumbas Sishen iron ore
8 May 2015 | Water/Waste Processing | www.waterwaste.com
Mining industry
Paste thickening optimizes tailings disposal and water recoveryAt Khumani iron ore mine, high-rate primary-slurry and secondary-paste thickeners combined for high-percentage process-water reuse
By Jim McMahon
Mine tailings are the ore waste of mines, and are typically a mud-like material. The storage and handling of tailings are a major environmental issue. Shown is the traction thickener at Khumani.
-
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mine. The Khumani mine is part of Ass-
mang Ltd., jointly owned and controlled
by African Rainbow Minerals Limited and
Assore Limited.
Since 2008, Khumani has produced
about 16 million tons of product annually.
After primary and secondary crushing,
iron-ore processing involves wet washing
and screening, jigging, and fines recov-
ery using de-grit cyclones. It all requires
water in large volumes and the mines
success is dependent on water recovery.
This area is a semi-arid climate, yet it
supports a number of large mining opera-
tions, and an ever-growing local popula-
tion and assorted infrastructure, so there
is a limited quantity of water available
for distribution by the Sedibeng water
management board, says Thomas Du
Toit, metallurgical manager, Assmang Iron
Ore. This created a number of challeng-
es for the Khumani mine, as our preferred
process involved wet processing, but we
did not have the available water.
High evaporation rates were a fact of
life and suitable sites were lacking for a
conventional tailings facility, continues Du
Toit, We needed to design a system that
could recover most of the water, and not
lose a large percentage to evaporation.
Thickeners as clarifiers
To maximize water reuse, the Khumani
plant contracted with WesTech Engineer-
ing, Inc. to design and implement a two-
stage tailings thickening process. The first
stage consists of two primary high-rate
traction slurry thickeners, each 295 feet in
diameter, situated at the main plant. The
first was installed in 2008, with the open-
ing of the mine. The second was added
in 2012 to accommodate a 100-percent
increase in throughput capacity.
The thickeners operate as clarifiers, return-
ing the bulk of clarified water to the main
plant at the combined hydraulic flow rate
of 525,000 to 635,000 cubic feet per hour.
These thickeners recover approximately 90
percent of the slurry water by volume.
Most mining facilities would then deposit
the tailings slurry direct into a tailings pond
at about 40 percent to 50 percent solids. But
this high-rate primary thickener was inad-
equate to produce slurry densities required
-
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10 May 2015 | Water/Waste Processing | www.waterwaste.com
Mining industry
for the desired water reclamation.
WesTechs solution used paste thicken-
ing technology to facilitate a second-stage
tailings thickening process. Dilute slurry
from the primary thickeners is pumped a
distance of approximately three miles to
an area with adequate storage capacity for
the expected 25-year life of the mine to
feed two 59-foot diameter paste thickeners
at the plants paste disposal facility. The first
paste thickener was put into place in 2008,
and the second installed in 2012.
Size of the two secondary paste thick-
eners was determined from the residence
time required for the slurry to reach terminal
solids concentration, says Philip Lake,
WesTechs international business unit
leader. Each accommodates feed ton-
nages varying from a minimal 147 tons per
hour to 300 tons per hour. Volumes up to
450 tons per hour can be buffered in each
of the secondary paste thickeners for short
periods of time. The paste thickeners re-
cover at least 75 to 80 percent of the water
by volume from the primary thickeners,
increasing total water reclamation in excess
of 95 percent. These rates ensure adequate
capacity in the thickeners to achieve high-
density paste.
Dimensional relationships
The paste disposal facility requires a
minimal solids concentration of approxi-
mately 58 to 60 percent by mass, in gen-
eral. This is due in part to enable pumping
of the thickened slurry to the outer limits of
the dam wall using centrifugal pumps, but
also to allow the material to be deposited
in layers of less than 4" to ensure effective
drying and consolidation.
The facility was designed as an impound-
ment of compacted earth embankments
into which the tailings stream is deposited.
Construction is phased, with the facility built
to accommodate tonnage expansions.
Khumanis secondary paste thicken-
ing process delivers substantial benefits,
Lake says. Not only does it recover water,
which can be reused in the plant, but it also
leaves less water in the deposit site. In a
paste disposal, because of the nature of
paste tailings, the particles within it are well
distributed.
As Lake explains, coarse particles, 200+
microns in size, are uniformly intermixed
with the finer material of less than 20 mi-
crons.
-
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Write In 107
Therefore, in the non-segregating
deposit, he explains, this homogeneous
particle distribution facilitates water be-
ing pulled up to the surface by capillary
suction where it can be evaporated. In ad-
dition, the beach angle of the deposition
forces frees water to accumulate at the
low point of the PDF, to be collected and
reused by the plant.
Explaining a difference
The process is quite different, however,
in a conventional slurry tailings dam,
Lake continues.
The slurry segregates into coarse
material that settles out first at the deposi-
tion point, he says, and the ultra-fines
are carried further into the tailings facility.
Because the ultra-fines have segregated
from the coarse material, they do not tend
to settle over time, and the free water on
the tailings pond cannot be reclaimed for
reuse, as is.
The result is a long-term wet deposi-
tion with liquid fractions inside the tailings
pond, which if breached can result in dam
failure. This condition is unlikely to occur
with paste deposition where balanced
distribution of course and fine particles,
coupled with reduced water content,
deliver compact space use and better
structural integrity within the tailings dam.
An additional benefit is that paste tails
tend to dry and form a hard crust. Con-
ventional tailings have a fine powder
deposition that can create dust pollution.
Studies indicate thickened paste tailings
can reduce tailings dam construction up
to 40 percent, both in material quanti-
ties and capital costs, and allows flexible
options for dam locations, compared to
conventional slurry systems.
The Khumani project demonstrates it
is possible to build and operate a wet
processing iron ore mining operation in
an arid environment where water supplies
are limited, providing an integrated design
philosophy and sound engineering prac-
tices are in place.
Two-stage water recovery and paste
disposal has been successfully imple-
mented at Khumani Iron Ore Mine in a
unique installation, by any standard, Du
Toit says. Combined use of primary and
secondary thickeners in iron ore mining
has rarely been implemented.
A large 295-foot diameter primary thick-
ener is integrated with a secondary paste
thickener located three miles away at the
paste disposal facility.
The system provides long-term envi-
ronmental and cost efficiencies that few,
if any other iron ore mining facility, can
realize, Du Toit says.
Jim McMahon writes on wastewater and
environmental solutions.
WesTech Engineering develops and
makes water and wastewater treatment
process equipment for power genera-
tion, mineral, and industrial applications
worldwide.
WesTech Engineering
www.westech-inc.com
Write In 201
The system provides long-
term environmental and cost
efficiencies that few, if any
other iron ore mining facility,
can realize.
-
The city of Palm Coast, Florida, was ex-
periencing elevated color in a concentrate
stream typically directed to a lime-softening
facility for recovery as drinking water.
Water-quality efforts directed at meeting
the lime plants secondary-color standards
limited the concentrate volume able to be
recovered.
In consultation, Palm Coast city staff and
Sanford, Florida-headquartered CPH Engi-
neers identifi ed use of ozone as one good
way to reduce color from the concentrate
stream. Pilot-testing demonstrated that
ozone could effectively address the color
issues and improve concentrate quality to
the lime plant. It would also be the lowest-
cost alternative.
Having decided on the best course of
action, both project-budgeting and -sched-
uling issues were signifi cant challenges
for the city in its efforts to receive grant
funding.
Ozone-related innovation
As is well-known, ozone is an inorganic
molecule with the chemical formula O3.
It is
a pale-blue gas with a distinctively pungent
smell. Ozone is a powerful oxidant and has
many industrial applications. Ozonation is
the process of infusing water with ozone
and is used to facilitate organic breakdown.
To start, several oxidative treatment
processes were piloted in efforts to reduce
concentrate color.
Based on pilot-testing results, the city
chose the Summit Series system from
Pinnacle Ozone Solutions, Cocoa, Florida.
The ozone system chosen was selected
based on its perceived ability to offer the
greatest functionality and lowest total
lifetime cost. It is able to match ozone pro-
duction to real-time demand via automatic
control of the ozone generator platform and
three injection process trains using on-
demand controls.
In practice, it is said, so-called corona
discharge is the only practical way of mak-
ing ozone in the quantities required for
municipal scale applications. Pinnacle says
its differentiator is a modular ozone cell is
calls the "Quadblock." The call has a high
frequency power supply and microproces-
sor control connected to four fl at-sheet
ceramic dielectric elements, allowing for
compactness, energy effi ciency and mini-
mal maintenance.
Onward to installation
Pinnacle Ozone Solutions worked with
city staff and CPH engineers to implement
a comprehensive ozone system. Pinnacle-
provided pilot equipment and process-
optimization services were used to validate
the applications parameters. An integrated
Quality management
Reverse-osmosis stream reduced from
62 to less than 30 true-color units
Ozone reduces concentrate
stream color
12 May 2015 | Water/Waste Processing | www.waterwaste.com
The ozone allows recovery and treatment of up to 750,000 gallons per day of water supply that otherwise was dis-charged to waste.
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design approach culminated
in specifi cation of an onsite
oxygen generator, modular
ozone generator, closed-loop
chiller system, Venturi-based
ozone-injection system and
ozone-off gas-destruct system.
The ozone system was im-
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It reduces organic-based color
of the low-pressure reverse-
osmosis system concentrate
stream. As signifi cant, in an
innovative and unique treat-
ment application, this pre-
treated concentrate stream is
processed as an alternative
water source at the citys lime
softening facility.
The process allows recovery
and treatment of up to 750,000
gallons per day of alternative
water supply that otherwise
would have been discharged
to waste. Dissolved color of
the concentrate stream was
reduced from 62 to less than
30 true-color units.
A unique aspect of the
project is control of the
ozone dose based on both
dissolved-ozone and dis-
solved-color. Dissolved-ozone
probes provide feedback to
the controls for the ozone-in-
jection process. However, the
dissolved-color meter provides
the fi nal-compliance point and
allows for automatic adjust-
ment of the ozone dose. The
integrated system automati-
cally adapts and compensates
for changes in the plants
concentrate-water quality.
Final words
As mentioned, a signifi -
cant project challenge was
budget and schedule. To
qualify for available Florida
Department of Environmen-
tal Protection and St. Johns
River Water Management
District grant funding, the city
needed to complete the entire
ozone project in less than six
months. Pinnacle Ozone Solu-
tions manufactured and de-
livered all the ozone-process
equipment within six weeks of
receiving the purchase order.
Installation was completed
working with the contractor
Sawcross, Inc., of Jacksonville,
Florida. At startup and testing,
initial system results exceeded
performance goals. Pinnacle
delivered and substantially com-
pleted a fully integrated ozone
system within the schedule
needed to receive grant funding.
Contributors to this article
included Brian Matthews, envi-
ronmental specialist; Jim Hogen,
utility systems manager; and
Peter Roussell, utility systems
chief operator all of the city of
Palm Coast, Florida; as well as
Lucida Xu, senior engineer, CPH
Engineers.
Pinnacle Ozone Solutions is
headquartered in Cocoa, Florida,
at the heart of Floridas Space
Coast high-technology corridor.
Its work is devoted exclusively
to ozone design, development,
manufacture and testing.
Pinnacle Ozone Solutions
www.pinnacleozone.com/
Write In 202
The improvement made in water color was clearly visible to the eye.
-
Its a fact and somewhat uncomfort-
able making that wet-wipe consumption
has almost tripled the past decade, accord-
ing to industry analyst Smithers Pira.
For consumers, wipes are effective,
clean, convenient and easy to use. But pa-
per towels, diaper liners, cleaning clothes
and hygiene-, cosmetic- and baby-wipes
reach wastewater-treatment plants and
pump-station manual bar racks and pumps
relatively intact.
There they clog screens, jam equipment,
and increase maintenance, repairs and
costs. According to the Association of the
Nonwoven Fabrics Industry (INDA), fi eld
tests conducted with utilities show that
the wastewater system impact of non-dis-
persible debris breaks down to 50 percent
paper towels, 25 percent baby wipes, and
25 percent hygiene, household cleaning
and cosmetic wipes.
For decades, plant operators dealt with
periodic plugs, but more use of disposable
wipes and other non-dispersibles acceler-
ate the problem for wastewater treatment
systems.
Impact on pump stations
Found upstream from treatment plants,
pump stations are on the front lines when
it comes to attack from non-dispersible
products. Station upgrades primarily
focus on pump replacement, leaving the
original-equipment coarse-bar screens
intact. These screens, some installed 30 to
40 years ago, with 2 to 2-1/2 openings,
may have performed well for decades, but
now prove inadequate to stop increased
non-dispersible fl ows, meant to pump right
through to treatment plants. The headworks
in many plants, however, also utilize coarse
screening, allowing non-dispersibles to
negatively impact pump and mixer opera-
tions a costly outcome.
Not all of the non-dispersibles make it
14 May 2015 | Water/Waste Processing | www.waterwaste.com
Filtration
Surge of non-dispersible debrisimpacts wastewater pump stationsSun City lift station employs screen-technology solutions to remove effl uent debris from narrow- and deep-channel pump stations
By Patrick Roberts
Pump stations are on the front
lines when it comes to attack
from non-dispersible products.
To compensate for higher concentrations of non-dispersible debris, many plant operators have had to increase lift-station pump horsepower to maintain fl ow rate.
-
www.waterwaste.com | Water/Waste Processing | May 2015 15
www.wangen.com The Pumps Experts. Since 1969.
Cities across the world, such as Mexico City,
Rome or Shenzhen, rely on WANGEN
progressing cavity pumps
in our robust Wangen
design.
Wangen America, Inc.
Wood Dale, IL 60191
phone: (847) 201-3121
WANGEN pumps are used in my
wastewater treatment plants
because robust and reliable
technology is essential.
Write In 109
through the pump stations. Debris clean-
out, maintenance and repair has to be
done more often. Draining the pipes and
disposing of waste plugging at the lift sta-
tions is tedious and unsafe work within
tight space constraints. Workers enter lift
stations 30 to 40 feet underground, wear-
ing Tyvek suits, rubber gloves and safety
glasses, and carry the waste material
up fl ights of stairs for disposal in waste
receptacles above ground a labor-
intensive and costly operation.
Whats more, to compensate for
higher concentrations of non-dispersible
debris, many plant operators have had to
increase lift-station pump horsepower to
maintain fl ow rate.
Examples success
Reducing the impact on costly-to-
maintain-and-replace plant systems can
be mitigated by better managing non-dis-
persible debris upstream, at the lift sta-
tions. An excellent example of how this
can be achieved is the recent upgrade to
the Arizonas Sun City lift station, owned
and operated by EPCOR Water.
EPCOR Water is a utility company
based in Edmonton, Alberta. It manages
numerous municipal water and wastewater
treatment facilities throughout Canada and
the United States. Its a division of EPCOR
Utilities, Inc., which builds, owns and oper-
ates electrical transmission and distribution
networks throughout Canada and the U.S.
The company provides water and waste-
water services to more than one million
people in over 85 Western Canadian com-
munities and industrial sites. It is also the
largest private regulated water provider in
Arizona and New Mexico.
What we had was very antiquated
screening technology, installed in the late
1970s, says Douglas Griffi th, operations man-
ager, EPCOR Water. The upstream coarse 2"
screen was very ineffi cient, letting just about
everything through that was smaller than a bed
sheet or a towel. The screen was not designed
to deal with a high volume of non-dispersibles
that the lift station was experiencing.
Consequently, indicates Griffi th, the
pumps pushed most of this non-dispersible
debris to the plant several miles away, where
much of that ended up weaving itself into
big masses of material that would jam the
plant pumps and mixers. It was costly.
Earlier, we had switched-out our existing
lift station pumps to larger 250 horsepower
slurry pumps, which were much bigger than
what we needed for the fl ow, but necessary
to deal with the debris. This solved our fl ow
rate problem, but the lift station was still
passing on all of this debris to the plant,
says Griffi th.
Pumps pushed non-dispers-
ible debris to the plant several
miles away, where it ended up
weaving itself into "big masses
of material."
-
305.591.8935 | www.KeepItRunning.com
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failures, and increased power consumption. Theres no excuse to let
misalignment cost you money. Protect your machines and minimize
costly downtime through precision laser shaft alignment.
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Write In 110
16 May 2015 | Water/Waste Processing | www.waterwaste.com
Filtration
Trouble downstream
Yet not all the non-dispersible debris
passed through the lift station pumps.
Some was trapped in the coarse screen
and needed to be cleaned out about every
two weeks. Two workers descended 30
feet underground through a narrow vertical
passage to remove the material and bring it
back to the surface.
Cleaning debris from the lift station
screen was very awkward and unsafe,
says Griffi th. We were progressively having
to do this more and more frequently. We
defi nitely knew it was time for an upgrade.
Most solutions that Griffi th and his team
examined for improved screen performance
at the station involved major demolition and
excavation, with costs exceeding one mil-
lion dollars. Thats not what was wanted.
We were looking for a solution that was
cost-effective, Griffi th says. And some-
thing that would fi t into our narrow existing
channel.
The system selected, Screentec, from
Aqualitec Corp., is an automated vertical-
bar screen system designed specifi cally
for narrow- and deep-channel lift stations,
headworks, wet wells and manholes. The
screen has 1/2" openings, signifi cantly
smaller than Sun Citys prior 2" coarse
screen. All wastewater fl ow is diverted
through the system, then back out again.
The system effectively removes 75 percent
of the debris material before it gets to the lift
pumps.
When I fi rst saw a demonstration of the
system, I could see that it would fi t into
the existing Sun City Lift Station channel,
Griffi th says. That meant there would be
no need for demolition or excavation. I also
liked the fact that there were no bottom
bearings, and that it utilized a strap instead
of chains. I would much rather maintain a
strap than I would bearings, chains and the
lubrication required.
Fixed it up
Screentec has no moving parts under
grade level, for easy and safe maintenance
by operational staff, and minimal mainte-
nance costs. An automatic rake system
pulls the debris to the top, where a scraper
The vertical-bar screen system
is meant for narrow- and deep-
channel lift stations.
-
www.waterwaste.com | Water/Waste Processing | May 2015 17
What makes the SONIC-PRO a Superior Ultrasonic Flowmeter?
Hybrid Operation. Ultrasonic Transducers.
NEMA 4X
WASH DOWN
IP66
Write In 111
puts it into a screw conveyor which then
conveys it into a 20-cubic-yard dumpster.
The debris from the lift station fi lls one
dumpster weekly.
The more we can screen out up-
stream at the lift station, the less we have
to deal with at the wastewater treatment
facility, Griffi th says. We stopped a lot
of that material from meandering through
the plant and ultimately taking out equip-
ment. We also protected the pumps at
the lift station, keeping any heavy debris
from getting through. Every time a pump
gets clog up it causes a wearing issue.
As a fi nal note, as an added benefi t,
because of the greatly reduced debris
fl owing through the lift station pumps,
EPCOR believes it can now downsize to
much smaller 135 horsepower pumps.
Patrick Roberts writes on water and
wastewater solutions.
Aqualitec Corp. is a U.S. distributor
of wastewater equipment for municipal
and industrial applications. Its product
lines include screening equipment, such
as vertical bar screens, multiple-rake
screens, drum screens, inclined cylindri-
cal screens, static screens, conveyors/
compactors, washer compactors, grit
classifi ers and motorized rotary brushes.
Contact Erwan Ouattara, executive direc-
tor; 310-703-2174; eouat-
Aqualitec Corp.
www.aqualitec.com
Write In 203
Compare hundreds of products and services from the top manufacturers in the process
industries with Processings online Buyers Guide. Browse by manufacturer or product
category to fi nd the ideal solution for your application. Download white papers and case
studies, view product demos and more.
www.ProcessingMagazine.com/Buyers-Guide
-
Automobiles dont need constant mainte-
nance today the way they did, say, 30 years
ago, and the same expectation is found
today in industry. Reliable systems keep
maintenance to a minimum and output to
plan.
In this regard, choosing cooling systems
in the food & beverage industry is governed
by several factors.
For one, any heat-transfer fluid used
within a system must have low toxicity, and
ensure product as well as process-plant
employee and customer safety. Produc-
tivity-wise, poor-quality heat-transfer fluids
cause regular maintenance, leaks and even
system failures.
Microbrewery Lindesnes Brygghus was
established in Lindesnes, Norway in 2011,
selling beers golden, dark and bitter, at
more than one hundred locations. Brew-
ery production and storage is all about
temperature control and a brewery needs
effective and reliable cooling and refrigera-
tion to ensure product safety and longevity.
Heat transfer fluids are a vital part of these
systems.
As a market newcomer, Lindesnes Bryg-
ghus needed confidence it could supply on
time and at capacity, while ensuring quality
and value against overhead. They required
a cooling system that would last and pay
return on investment.
Again, in this regard, when it comes to
heat-transfer fluids, glycol-based fluids are
not particularly corrosive in concentrate
form. But once mixed with water, corrosion,
bacterial growth and scaling can become
an issue. The cooling systems life span is
directly dependent on fluid quality.
On the other hand, using an inhibited
glycol mixed with water of sufficient quality
can improve the reliability and effectiveness
of systems.
Behind the beer
Lindesnes Brygghus engaged with En-
ergy Rent AS, specializing in refrigeration
and process cooling, to find its cooling sys-
tem, and the heat-transfer fluid that would
be used with it.
Kilfrost Cooltrans SustainCTS fluid is
a 1,3-propylene glycol-based concen-
trate fluid (Bio-PDO) manufactured from
corn-sugar, a more sustainable choice
than petroleum-derived 1,2-propanediol
(mono propylene glycol). As the heat
transfer fluid is used in an indirect cooling
process, with potential risk of contact with
beverages, it is important that the fluid is
non-toxic, non-hazardous and free from
carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic
(CMR) additives.
Bio-PDOTM-based heat-transfer fluids
offer specific performance advantages over
petroleum-derived propylene glycol-based
transfer fluid. With the same level of freeze
protection, viscosity is 33 percent lower
viscosity at -20 degrees C, which means an
improved low-temperature viscosity profile
that translates into improved hydraulic
performance and lower system pressure
drops.
18 May 2015 | Water/Waste Processing | www.waterwaste.com
Food & beverage
Cooling-system longevity often governed by heat-transfer fluid choiceNorwegian microbrewery one example of needs general to food & beverage
By Dr. Phil Gray
Using poor-quality heat-transfer fluids is problematic. The author says mixing quality water with inhibited glycol deliv-ers greater reliability and effectiveness.
-
Write In 112
www.waterwaste.com | Water/Waste Processing | May 2015 19
For example, a 40 percent v/v solution
(solute concentration expressed in vol-
ume/volume percent) of mono-propylene
glycol-based fluid requires up to 2.4 times
more pumping energy than a 40 percent
v/v solution of Cooltrans SustainCTS at -10
degrees C.
Besides improved low-temperature
hydraulics, an inhibited glycol also provides
significantly higher thermal stability, being
up to four times more resistant to oxida-
tive degradation than standard propylene
glycol-based fluid.
The impact poor-quality fluids have on
cooling systems shouldnt be underestimat-
ed, says Morten Magnusson, managing
director, Energy Rent. To give customers
confidence in our systems, high-quality
fluids are specified.
Specs and standards
An international standard created by the
American Society for Testing and Materials,
or ASTM International, for corrosion testing,
known as the ASTM D1384-05, gives a
good indication of the corrosion protection
and resistance to degradation that a heat
transfer fluid offers.
A heat transfer fluid that meets ASTM-
D1384-05 corrosion-test standards maxi-
mizes equipment longevity and minimizes
otherwise unnecessary shutdowns and
repairs.
Use of glycol in manufacture of heat
transfer fluids will help minimize carbon
footprint and greenhouse gas emissions in
industries using cooling.
The manufacture of corn sugar-derived
glycol (bio-PDO) uses up to 40 percent less
energy when compared to standard propyl-
ene glycol. Further reductions are also pos-
sible due to the performance advantages
that the bio-PDO offers as a heat-transfer
fluid in the end application.
Dr. Phil Gray is specialty fluids technical
manager at Kilfrosts Specialty Fluid Division.
With U.S. headquarters in Boca Raton,
Florida, Kilfrost is a market leader in de-
icing and anti-icing products for the aviation
and transportation industries. Its Specialty
Fluids Div. produces heat-transfer and
industrial fluids.
Kilfrost
www.kilfrost.com
Write In 204
-
Algae from wastewater could
remove harmful nutrients
Municipal wastewater could be used as
a feedstock for production of algae-based
biofuels, according to a new study at Rice
University.
As well as recovering renewable energy,
the process removes excess nutrients from
the wastewater. It also requires no chemi-
cal fertilizers, making algae production
sustainable.
According to a report by the university,
Contact [email protected], visit www.boerger.com or call 612.435.7300
DURABLE, RELIABLE & INNOVATIVE.CUSTOM FLUID HANDLING SOLUTIONS FOR DEMANDING PROCESSES.
Cost-Effective
Access the wet end quickly
and easily
Minimize Life-Cycle Cost
Reduce Downtime
No removal of pipe or drive
systems necessary
Rotary Lobe Pump Multichopper RotorrakeMulticrusher
OIL AND GAS
Solids Control/Crude/Fuel OilWATER AND WASTEWATER
Sludge/FOG/PolymersMARINE - MARPOL V
Multicrusher Ocean/Food Waste Grinding
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Aluminum Oil Skimmer Pump
FLOOD CONTROL
Disaster Relief/Emergemcy Services
PROCESS INDUSTRY
Paint/Coatings/Latex
Write In 113
News in briefNews in brief
20 May 2015 | Water/Waste Processing | www.waterwaste.com
scientists found they could easily grow
high-value strains of oil-rich algae while
simultaneously removing more than 90
percent of nitrates and more than 50 per-
cent of phosphorous from wastewater.
The researchers conducted experi-
ments at a wastewater treatment plant
in Texas using 12 open tanks that were
continuously supplied with fi ltered waste-
water from the plant's clarifi ers, which
remove suspended solids from sewage.
A range of environments were tested
in each tank. Some were monocultures
of oil-rich algal strains, while others
contained mixed cultures. Some tanks
contained fi sh that preyed upon algae-
eating zooplankton.
Earlier research had suggested that
a variety of algal species might perform
better in open tanks and that fi sh might
prevent yields being affected by algae-
eating zooplankton, explained study
co-author Evan Siemann, a professor of
biosciences at Rice University.
However, this study showed prolifi c
algal growth in all 12 tanks. Monocultures
were not invaded by other algal species,
and the presence of fi sh did not affect
any variables. Our results are likely to
be very encouraging to algae producers
because the case they would prefer
monocultures with no fi sh and no cross-
contamination was the case where we
saw optimal performance, Siemann said.
Australian stormwater system
improves water quality
The Australian Capital Territory (ACT)
government has launched a multi-million
dollar stormwater harvesting network to
improve water quality and also enhance
the water storage capacity of Lake Bur-
-
www.gemu.com3800 Camp Creek Parkway
Building 2600 Suite 120 Atlanta, Georgia 30331678-553-3400 Fax: 404-344-9350 [email protected]
Flexible component concept
for optimizing valve manifolds and
reducing parts stock
GEM Extendable plastic multi-port valve blocks simplify plant design and future expansion:
Reduction of plant footprint by using modular valve blocks
Saves cost of piping and joints
Fast and simple installation
Cost-effective: can extend blocks at a later date; saving more space and resources than conventional plant
wstWater_201505_GemuIsld.indd 1 4/16/2015 10:44:21 AM
Write In 114
www.waterwaste.com | Water/Waste Processing | May 2015 21
ley Griffin in Canberra, Australia.
At a cost of A$11 million ($8.3 billion),
the cutting-edge stormwater system is
the first of its kind in Canberra.
Launched by the Minister for the En-
vironment Simon Corbell on Friday April
10, the Inner North Reticulation Network
will recycle and clean stormwater used
in public spaces, providing up to 500
megaliters of stormwater annually for this
purpose and replacing the high-quality
drinking water previously used.
Corbell commented: This is a prime
example of water sensitive urban design
that will improve water quality in Lake
Burley Griffin, help the city adapt to
climate change, and provide recreational
facilities in the form of wetlands and
green ovals. He added: Such infra-
structure slows stormwater runoff, help-
ing to reduce peak flows during storms.
It is expected to reduce sediment and
nutrients in our waterways by over 50%,
thus contributing to better water quality.
Stormwater runoff that ends up in Can-
berra's lakes includes pollutants such as
nitrogen and phosphorous, which cause
algal blooms.
The stormwater will be captured via
newly constructed wetlands at Dickson,
Lyneham and Flemington Ponds, which
are wildlife habitats as well as recre-
ational spaces.
Funding secured for new
industrial wastewater
treatment process
A U.K.-based water treatment compa-
ny is launching a series of demonstration
installations in industrial treatment facili-
ties after securing 4 million ($6 million)
in a new round of investment funding.
Arvia Technology has developed an in-
novative wastewater treatment process based
on its own graphene-based proprietary
material, called Nyex. This material is claimed
to remove organics, emerging contaminants
and micro-pollutants from wastewater and
is regenerated in-situ in the novel organics
destruction cell (ODC) process.
The technology was spun out of Manchester
University's School of Chemical Engineering.
-
Sonic-Pro Hybrid Ultrasonic fl owmeters
measure fl ow rate using either
Doppler or Transit Time methods.
Non-invasive clamp-on transducers
work with both clean and dirty fl u-
ids, with a high capacity fl ow velocity
range of up to 30 feet per second (9 meters
per second). Sonic-Pro can be confi gured
and controlled remotely via RS-232, RS-485, USB or Ethernet.
View real time fl ow and download data log fi les remotely on a
Windows PC. Additional features include: Easy reading backlit
LCD; data logged to standard SD card format supplied with unit;
isolated 4-20 mA output - fully confi gurable; 0 1000Hz Pulse
Output - fully confi gurable. Housing is NEMA 4X (IP 66) wash
down. Sonic-Pro may be ordered with the optional T-Track
mounting system.
Blue-White Industries
www.blue-white.com
Write In 208
The PrO2 series from Aqua
Bio Technologies uses nano-
technology to treat wastewater
with increased effectiveness
and improved effi ciency, while
saving costs, time and energy.
The PRO2 Series works by
inundating the aerobic bacteria
with oxygen they need to consume large amounts of waste and
render it harmless. Through cutting-edge nanotechnology, the
PRO2 injects concentrated streams of oxygen-rich micro-bubbles
into the targeted waste streams, enabling bacteria to consume
up to 95% of organic waste. Not only does this result in dramatic
reduction in sludge hauls, but the energy effi ciency of the PRO2
reduces aeration costs by 75% or more.
Aqua Bio Technologies
www.aquabio.co/pro2.html
Write In 206
22 May 2015 | Water/Waste Processing | www.waterwaste.com
Extended Range of Diaphragm Valves
Originally, this specially sealed valve
version was developed from the GEM
601, 612 and 673 basic types to suit particular
customer requirements, and the new GEM
673P9 version will now extend the cur-
rent portfolio. The valve is available in
nominal sizes DN 8 to DN 50 and has
an additional seal provided by silicone
O-rings that seal the interior of the bonnet housing from the out-
side. This prevents, among other things, lubricant that is normally
used for lubricating the spindle from leaking when autoclaving. It
also prevents moisture and dirt from entering the bonnet interior.
The GEM 673P9 diaphragm valve is autoclave-capable and
sterilizable, as well as CIP/SIP capable. As with the basic types,
a standard seal adjuster and optical position indicator are also
integrated in the new version. The valve bonnets are also suitable
for use on multi-port valve blocks and tank valves.
GEM
www.gemu-group.com
Write In 205
Nanotech for WastewaterTreatment
Peristaltic Pump for Single-use Systems
With development based on extensive
feedback from customers, Watson-Marlow
Pumps Group has launched its 120 cased
peristaltic pump range. The 120 pumps
are perfectly suited to single-use systems
where no contamination can be accepted.
Ultimately the 120 pumps have been de-
veloped to increase the low-fl ow capabili-
ties of the company's product range for
applications in the biopharm sector. The market need for the 120
range is well understood, with customers voicing their own mantra,
keep it small, keep it simple. As a result, Watson-Marlow has
produced a pump that is focused on size, performance and ease-
of-use. Ultra-compact and stackable for multiple feeds like pH
control, antifoam, nutrient and buffer addition, the 120 offers the
ideal combination of size and technology to optimize the process.
Watson-Marlow Pumps Group
www.watson-marlow.com
Write In 207
Hybrid Ultrasonic Flowmeters
New Product Spotlight
-
The new FieldBarrier R4D0-FB-IA
from Pepperl+Fuchs is a diagnostic-
enabled isolated device coupler
for FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 and
PROFIBUS PA instruments. The very
compact FieldBarrier is DIN rail mounted
in Zone 1/Div.2 environments and connects eight to
12 instruments with intrinsic safety in Zone 0 1/Div.1 environ-
ments. The FieldBarrier provides advanced fault diagnostics and
isolation at the spur, enables live work on the trunk or spurs and
supports plug-in surge protectors. The result is simplifi ed instal-
lation, improved troubleshooting and maximized plant uptime. At
the spur, advanced fault protection isolates conditions such as
short circuit, jabber or bounce and advanced diagnostics detect
installation quality issues for optimum segment availability. Inter-
nal components such as the terminator are connected without
wiring, and connections requiring maintenance are minimized.
Critical components are designed with redundancy or monitored
for degradation to ensure high product integrity.
Pepperl+Fuchs
www.pepperl-fuchs.us
Write In 210
Write In 115
www.waterwaste.com | Water/Waste Processing | May 2015 23
Powder and Liquid DeliverySystem
Hapmans Solidquid powder and
liquid delivery system automati-
cally and precisely delivers dry
bulk ingredients into a motive
liquid stream to convey slur-
ries, solutions or suspensions
into your mix tank, blender or other
process equipment. In addition to dramati-
cally reducing mix times, the Solidquid instantly
creates non-viscous mixtures, which provides downstream
processing effi ciencies, reduces energy costs, creates less dust,
and uses less fl oor space when compared to other pre-mixing
options. Material can be discharged from a bulk bag unloader
into a feeder, which volumetrically or gravimetrically measures it
into a solids eductor. The Solidquid also works with vacuum
conveyors or fl exible screw conveyors so material can be manu-
ally pulled into the system for processing minor ingredients. The
Solidquid operation creates a high-velocity jet that pulls dry
material through the wetting cone.
Hapman
www.hapman.com
Write In 209
Turbidity Sensor
Endress+Hauser introduces
the Turbimax CUS52D turbidity
sensor for process water fi ltration
and other industrial process tur-
bidity conditions. The Turbimax
CUS52D performs laboratory-
quality turbidity measurements
without the need for extensive bypass installations, avoiding cost-
ly product or water losses. The sensor measures turbidity from
0.000 to 4000 NTU with accuracy of 2% of measurement 0.01
NTU at process temperatures from -4 to 185 F with a detection
limit of 0.0015 NTU. The sensor measures turbidity in accordance
with ISO 7027. The Turbimax CUS52Ds surface minimizes the
build-up of biofi lms and particulates. The ability to operate at high
pressures (up to 145 psi) makes suppressing air bubbles pos-
sible. For bypass operation an optional air bubble trap catches
smaller air bubbles. In particularly challenging cases, the CYR52
ultrasonic cleaning system can be installed on a fl ow cell or even
right on the existing pipe to prevent and remove surface contami-
nation and bubbles without direct product contact.
Endress+Hauser
www.us.endress.com/cus52d
Write In 211
Isolated Device Coupler
-
Mitigate the rising cost of waste-
water disposal by recycling and
reusing water with EVALED Vacuum
Evaporation and Distillation tech-
nology from Veolia Water in
partnership with PRAB Fluid Filtra-
tion. Featuring heat pump vacuum
evaporators, mechanical vapor
recompression and hot water / cold
water vacuum evaporators, EVALED handles capacity ranges
of 40 to 52,800 gallons of wastewater per day for treatment and
recycling. These vacuum evaporators operate as a closed loop
system with discharge streams for concentrate and distillate with-
out any air emissions. EVALEDs low energy consumption and
reliable, efficient operation deliver a return on investment that can
often be measured in months.
PRAB Fluid Filtration
www.wastewater.prab.com
Write In 213
Conductivity/TDS/Salinity Tester
ULTRAPEN PT1 is
Myron Ls groundbreak-
ing new Conductiv-
ity/TDS/Salinity tester.
The PT1 pen features the accuracy and stability of benchtop
lab equipment with the convenience of a pen. Constructed of
durable aircraft aluminum, this pen is fully potted for extra protec-
tion with an easy-to-read LCD and one-button functions. The PT1
is an indispensable instrument in the water quality professionals
toolkit. This instrument is designed to be extremely accurate, fast
and simple to use in diverse water quality applications. Advanced
features include the ability to select from three different solution
types that model the characteristics of the most commonly en-
countered types of water; proprietary temperature compensation
and TDS conversion algorithms; highly stable microprocessor-
based circuitry; user-intuitive design; and waterproof housing.
A true, one-handed instrument, the PT1 is easy to calibrate and
easy to use. To take a measurement, you simply press a button
then dip the pen in solution. Results display in seconds.
Myron L
www.myronl.com
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Vacuum Evaporation Technology
24 May 2015 | Water/Waste Processing | www.waterwaste.com
Advertiser IndexAdedge Technologies .......................................................................7
Aplus Finetek Sensor, Inc. ..............................................................23
A-T Controls ......................................................................................9
Blue-White Industries......................................................................17
Boerger ............................................................................................20
CST Industries .....................................................Inside Front Cover
Flexicon Corp. .................................................................................11
GEM ...............................................................................................21
IPM Systems ....................................................................................13
Load Controls, Inc. .........................................................................19
Ludeca .............................................................................................16
Myron L Company ......................................................... Back Cover
Plast-O-Matic Valves, Inc. .................................. Inside Back Cover
Process/Flow Network ......................................................................3
Processing Technology Portals....................................................... 5
Rosedale Products ..........................................................................1
Wangen Pumpen .............................................................................15
Watson-Marlow Pumps Group .......................................................10
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