62471186 Seminar on 3g vs Wifi

8/17/2019 62471186 Seminar on 3g vs Wifi

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3G VS WI-FIA SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted By

XXXX XXXXXIn partial fulllment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

AT

College logo XXXXXXXX Institute of

Te!nolog"

#AIPUR

SESSION $%%'$%(%

Preface


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Computer Science Department3G vs. WI-FI

Engineering is associated with ski! creativit" and #udgment!

which is not a theor" su$#ect $ut an art which can $e o$tained

with s"stematic stud"! o$servation and practice. %o $ridge thegap o& theoretica and practica stud" and to provide a soution &or

the same practica knowedge is indispensa$e. In the coege

circuation we usua" get the theoretica knowedge o& industries!

as how it works. 'ut how can we prove our theoretica knowedge

to increase the productivit" or e(cienc" o& the industr")

%o overcome the same pro$em! we! the students o& XXXXXXXX

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY) #AIPUR! are supposed to go a

practica training o& 3* da"s at the end o& si+th semester as the

time is prede,ned to $e &amiiar with industria environment.

%his report $rie" descri$es a stud"-cum-report on *G +s, -I'FI

and other reated &eatures.

Without such practica works! on" theoretica Engineering is o&

itte vaue. Sure"! it wi $e high" $ene,cia &or us.

%hanking "ou

Acknowledgment

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I sincere" acknowedge M., XXXXX XXXXX! 2ead! Computerengineering Department! XXXXXXXXX INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY) #AIPUR who heped us a ot so that pro#ect was

competed within speci,ed period. We are e+treme" grate&u to

him &or his kind consent! co-operation and encouragement. We

are great" motivated $" his character o& ooking ever"thing &rom

compete" dierent" ange and his never ending enthusiasm

work. I aso earned a ot &rom whie attending his sessions.

We acknowedge M., XXXXXXXXXXX 4Seminar Coordinator5!

who has heped and guided us throughout in the competion o&

this pro#ect as we as the chaenges that ie $ehind us. 2e is

awa"s there to meet and tak a$out m" ideas! to proo&read and

mark up m" pro#ect. We are rea" &ortunate to work under this

guidance .2e was instrumenta in making us understand how to

impement the pro#ect and aso provided continuous supervision

o& the pro#ect.

%his pro#ect has $een $ene,ted &rom the man" use&u comments

provided to me $" the numerous o& m" coeagous. In addition

man" other o& m" &riends have checked it and have oered man"

suggestions and comments. 'esides there are some $ooks and

some onine heps. 6though I cannot mention a these peope

here! I thank each and ever"one who supported me on this.

'.%ech 4IV

7ear5Comp.Sc. 8 Engg.

! 06I9:/

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CERTIFICATE

Date ; 1*-*ota has $een carried out

under m" supervision during the academic "ear 1**?-

1*=*.%his work has not $een su$mitted partia" or who"

to an" other :niversit" or Institute &or the award o& this or

an" other degree or dipoma.

Sign/tu.e

Sign/tu.e

@r. @r.

HO0 CSSe1in/. Gui2e

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Contents

9age no.

=.

6$stractAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

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1.

IntroductionAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

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3.

3GAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

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.1 'oth are access

technoogiesAAAAAAAAAAA..........=

.3 'oth oer $road$and data

serviceAAAAAAAAAAA.=

. 2ow the" are

dierentAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.=B

.= Current $usiness modes are

dierentAAAAAAAAA.=B

.1 Spectrum poic" and

managementAAAAAAAAAAA.=

.3 Status o& technoog" deveopment

dierentAAAA......=?

.3.= Depo"ment

statusAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA..=?

.3.1 Em$edded support &o

servicesAAAAAAAAAA1*

.3.3

StandardiationAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

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.3.< Services$usiness

modeAAAAAAAAAAAA..A11

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.< Hther dierencesAAAAAAAAAAA.

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B. Some impication &or industr" structure and

pu$ic

9oic"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

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B.= Wi-Fi is good &or

competitionAAAAAAAAAAAAA..1< B.1 Wi-Fi and 3G can compement each other &or

a

mo$ie

providerAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.

1

B.3 Spectrum poic" is

ke"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA1

B.< Success o& Wi-Fi is potentia" good &or

mutimedia

contentAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.1

.

ConcusionAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

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?.

'i$iograph"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

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(, ABSTRACTS

%his artice compares and contrasts two technoogies &or

deivering $road$and wireess Internet access services;

3GJJ vs. Wi-FiJJ. %he &ormer! 3G! re&ers to the coection

o& third-generation mo$ie technoogies that are designed

to aow mo$ie operators to oer integrated data and

voice services over mo$ie networks.

%he atter! Wi-Fi! re&ers to the *1.==$ wireess Ethernet

standard that was designed to support wireess K6Ls.6though the two technoogies reect &undamenta"

dierent service! industr"! and architectura design goas!

origins! and phiosophies! each has recent" attracted a

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ot o& attention as candidates &or the dominant pat&orm

&or providing $road$and wireess access to the Internet.

It remains an open Muestion as to the e+tent to which

these two technoogies are in competition or! perhaps!ma" $e compementar". I& the" are viewed as in

competition! then the triumph o& one at the e+pense o&

the other woud $e ike" to have pro&ound impications

&or the evoution o& the wireess Internet and structure o&

the service-provider industr".

>e"words; InternetN 'road$andN WireessN 3GN WK6LN

EthernetN 6ccessN SpectrumN EconomicsN Industr"

structure

$, Int.o2ution

%he e+posive parae growth o& internet and mo$ieteephon" had a great impact on teecommunication overthe past decade. Low! these two entire" dierent wordsare converging. %he union o& these two oers the $ene,to& theInternet mutimedia with the e+i$iit" and mo$iit" o&

wireess. %o provide high speed internet connectionwithout the restriction o& $oundaries is the main idea.

%hird generation mo$ie technoog" was deveoped toachieve this goa. %here is another wireess technoog"which was designed to provide connectivit" to the

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porta$e devices &or oca area network which is knownas Wi-Fi! had emerged in the ast decade.

%he goa o& this report is to compare 3G and Wi-Fi

technoogies which are ike" to pa" a roe in thisconvergence. %his report wi &ocus on 3G which is I@%-1*** standard versus most popuar and wide" usedwireess K6L standard IEEE *1.==$g or Wi-Fi. %hesetechnoogies which have an entire" dierent phiosoph"are used $" this report as a re&erence to &ocus on howwireess internet access might evove. 'iions o& poundso& investment have $een made to

o$tain icenses and to purchase e+pensive eMuipment tosupport high speed data rates. EMuipment manu&acturersare deveoping $ase stations and handsets &or arge scaedepo"ments &or 3G services. Hn the other hand! Wi-Fioperates in the unicensed IS@ $and which does notreMuire huge amount o& investment! at east to acMuireicenses. EMuipment is cheap as compared to 3G $asestations. What it does reMuire! is the depo"ment over a

arge scae.

%his report wi not discuss other technoogies which areconsidered to important to provide wireess internet suchas Wi@6! Sateite! DV'-SDV'-/CS or other ,+edwireess aternatives. 2owever! this report wi provide a$rie& introduction o& mo$ie generations in the initiasections $ut detaied comparison o& these generations

such as 1.G G9/S or EDGE is $e"ond the scope o& thisreport. %he &ocus wi $e on 3G and Wi-Fi 4*1.==$g5 as apoint o& discussion that have distinct origins and entire"dierent histories.

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In &ocusing on 3G and WiFi! we are ignoring man" other

technoogies that are ike" to $e important in the wireessInternet such as sateite services! K@DS! @@DS! or other,+ed wireess aternatives. We aso ignore technoogiessuch as 'ue%ooth or 2ome/F! which have at times $eentouted as potentia rivas to WiFi! at east in homenetworking environments.

@oreover! we wi not discuss the reationship $etween

various transitiona! or 1.GJJ mo$ie technoogies suchas G9/S or EDGE! nor wi we discuss the m"riadpossi$iities &or


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Fig. =. 6dopted &rom GS6 4Go$a @o$ie Suppiers6ssociation5! shows

the evoution o& mo$ie generations.

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3, *G

%hird generation mo$ie phone technoog" was designed

to provide mo$ie phone users access to an"thing!an"where and an"time.3G is a technoog" &or mo$ie service providers. @o$ieservices are provided $" service providers that own andoperate their own wireess networks and se mo$ieservices to end-users! usua" on a month" su$scription$asis. @o$ie service providers=* use icensed spectrumto provide wireess teephone coverage over some

reative" arge contiguous geographic serving area.2istorica"! this might have incuded a metropoitan area.

%oda" it ma" incude the entire countr". From a userperspective! the ke" &eature o& mo$ie service is that itoers 4near5 u$iMuitous and continuous coverage. %hat is!a consumer can carr" on a teephone conversation whiedriving aong a highwa" at =** kmh. %o support this

service! mo$ie operators maintain a network o& interconnected and overapping mo$ie $ase stations thathand-o cas as those customers move among ad#acentces. Each mo$ie $ase station ma" support users up tosevera kiometers awa". %he ce towers are connected toeach other $" a $ackhau network that aso providesinterconnection to the wireine pu$ic switchedteecommunications network 49S%L5 and other services.

%he mo$ie s"stem operator owns the end-to-end network&rom the $ase stations to the $ackhau network to thepoint o& interconnection to the 9S%L 4and! perhaps! partsthereo&5.3G is an integration o& ,+ed and mo$ie communicationnetworks! internet and $roadcasting!

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46/I' 0apan5! China Communications Standards6ssociation 4CCS65! 6iance &or %eecommunicationsIndustr" Soutions 46%IS5 and %eecommunication

%echnoog" Committee 4%%C5.

6ccording to 3G99!O%he origina scope o& 3G99 was toproduce go$a" appica$e %echnica Speci,cations and

%echnica /eports &or a 3rd Generation @o$ie S"stem$ased on evoved GS@ core networks and the radioaccess technoogies that the" support 4i.e.! :niversa

%errestria /adio 6ccess 4:%/65 $oth FreMuenc" DivisionDupe+ 4FDD5 and %ime Division Dupe+ 4%DD5 modes5.

%he scope was su$seMuent" amended to incude themaintenance and deveopment o& the Go$a S"stem &or@o$ie communication 4GS@5 %echnica Speci,cations and

%echnica /eports incuding evoved radio accesstechnoogies 4e.g. Genera 9acket /adio Service 4G9/S5and Enhanced Data rates &orGS@ Evoution 4EDGE55P.

%his is a ver" $rie& histor" o& the great eorts which have$een made to provide up-to 1 @$ps to a mo$ie device.

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standards reated to *1.== is $e"ond the scope o& thisreport. Hn" *1.== a$g are intended to $e discussed.IEEE *1.==a operates in G2 IS@ $and and canachieve up-to < @$ps data rate. IEEE *1.==$ and

*1.==g operates in 1.< G2 IS@ spectrum and cansupport data-rate up-to ==@$ps and


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/ecent" a :> $ased compan" named %he CoudJ hasannounced cit"-wide Wi-Fi coverage in the nine ma#orcities in the :> incuding Kondon! @anchester and'irmingham. Wi-Fi has aso reached to trains and coaches

&or e+ampe a :S $ased compan" Wi/anJ is providing$road$and connection to the coach passengers using Wi-Fi and EDGE. Wi-Fi does not provide hand-os $etween$ase stations. 6 user has to remain in the same ce inorder to receive continuous service.

It is wide" seen that Wi-Fi is used &or data-services suchas we$-$rowsing! e-mai cients and ,e trans&ers.

2owever! it is aso possi$e to use wireess K6Ls totransport rea time voice and video tra(c as we! whichena$es Wi-Fi to supportVoice teephon" services over Wireess K6Ls.

. Ho3 /.e *G /n2 -I'FI s/1e It might appear that 3G and WiFi address compete"dierent user needs in Muite distinct! non-overappingmarkets. Whie this was certain" more true a$out earier

generations o& mo$ie services when compared with wiredK6Ls or earier versions o& WK6Ls! it is increasing" notthe case.

%he end-user does not care what technoog" is used tosupport his service. What matters is that $oth o& these

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technoogies are providing pat&orms &or wireess accessto the Internet and other communication services.

%he wa"s in which the two technoogies ma" $e thoughto& as simiar!

.=. Bot! /.e 3i.eless

'oth technoogies are wireess! which4=5 avoids the need to insta ca$e drops to each device

when compared to wireine aternatives and

415 &aciitates mo$iit". 6voiding the need to insta or

recon,gure wired oca distri$utionpant can represent a signi,cant cost saving! whetherit is within a $uiding! home! or in the ast -kiometredistri$ution pant o& a wireine service provider.

@oreover! wireess &aciities can provide scaa$ein&rastructure when penetration wi increase on" sow"over time 4e.g.! when a new service is oered or in an

over$uid scenario5. Lew $ase stations are added as moreusers in the oca area #oin the wireess network and cesare resied.Wireess in&rastructure ma" $e depo"ed more rapid"than wireine aternatives to respond to new marketopportunities or changing demand. %hese aspects o& wireess ma" make it attractive as an over$uidcompetitor to wireine oca access! which has arge

sunk,+ed costs that var" more with the homes passedthan the actua eve o& su$scri$ership. %he high up&rontcost o& instaing new wireine ast-kiometer &aciities isone o& the reasons wh" these ma" $e a natura monopo"!at east in man" ocations.

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Wireess technoogies aso &aciitate mo$iit". %his incudes

$oth4=5 %he a$iit" to move devices around without having tomove ca$es and &urniture and415 %he a$iit" to sta" continuous" connected over widerserving areas.

We re&er to the ,rst as oca mo$iit" and this is one o& theke" advantages o& WK6Ls over traditiona wireine K6Ls.

%he second t"pe o& mo$iit" is one o& the ke" advantageso& mo$ie s"stems such as 3G. WK6Ls trade the range o& coverage &or higher $andwidth! making them moresuita$e &or oca hot spotJJ service.

.1. Bot! /.e /ess te!nologies

'oth 3G and WiFi are access or edge-networktechnoogies. %his means the" oer aternatives to theast-kiometer wireine network.'e"ond the ast kiometer! $oth re" on simiar networkconnections and transmission support in&rastructure. For3G! the wireess ink is &rom the end user device to thece $ase station which ma" $e at a distance o& up to a&ew kiometers! and then dedicated wireine &aciities tointerconnect $ase stations to the carrierJs $ack$onenetwork and utimate" to the Internet coud. %he oca

$ackhau in&rastructure o& the ce provider ma" $eoered over &aciities owned $" the wireess provider4e.g.! microwave inks5 or eased &rom the oca wireineteephone service provider 4i.e.! usua" the incum$entoca e+change carrier or IKEC5. 6though 3G is conceived

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o& as an end-to-end service! it is possi$e to view it as anaccess service. For Wi-Fi! the wireess ink is a hundred meters &rom the

end-user device to the $ase station. %he $ase station isthen connected either into the wireine K6L or enterprisenetwork in&rastructure or to a wireine access ine to acarrierJs $ack$one network and then eventua" to theInternet. For e+ampe! Wi-Fi is increasing" ,ndingappication as a home K6L technoog" to ena$e sharingo& DSK or ca$e modem residentia $road$and accessservices among mutipe 9Cs in a home or to ena$e

within-home mo$iit" . Wi-Fi is genera" viewed as anaccess technoog"! not as an end-to-end service.

'ecause $oth technoogies are access technoogies! wemust awa"s consider the roe o& $ack$one wireineproviders that provide connectivit" to the rest o& theInternet and support transport within the core o& thenetwork. %hese wireine providers ma" aso oercompeting wireine access soutions.

For e+ampe! one coud ask whether a oca wireineteephone compan" might seek to oer WiFi access as awa" to compete with a 3G providerN or a 3G providermight e+pand their oerings 4incuding integrating WiFi5to compete more direct" with a wireine service provider.

Fina"! &ocusing on the access nature o& 3G and WiFi

aows us to a$stract &rom the other eements o& the vauechain. Wireess services are part o& an end-to-end vauechain that incudes! in its coarsest deineation at eastFirst the Internet $ack $one 4the coud5Nthe second kiometre network providers 4wireineteephone! mo$ie! ca$e! or a Le+tGen carrier5N and

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the ast kiometer access &aciities 4and! $e"ond them! theend-user devices5. %he $ack$one and the secondkiometer ma" $e wireess or wireine! $ut these are notprincipa" a wireessJJ chaenge. It is in the ast

kiometerthe access networkthat deivering mo$iit"!$andwidth! and &oow-mean"where an"time services aremost chaenging.

4,*, Bot! o5e. 6.o/26/n2 2/t/ se.+ie

'oth 3G and WiFi support $road$and data service!athough as noted earier! the data rate oered $" WiFi

4== @$ps5 is su$stantia" higher than the coupe o& =**k$ps e+pected &rom 3G services. 6though &uturegenerations o& wireess mo$ie technoog" wi supporthigher speeds! this wi aso $e the case &or WK6Ls! andneither wi $e ike" to compete with wireine speeds4e+cept over Muite short distances5.

%he ke" is that $oth wi oer su(cient $andwidth to

support a compara$e arra" o& services! incuding rea-time voice! data! and streaming media! that are notcurrent" easi" supported over narrow$and wireineservices. In this sense! $oth wi support $road$andJJwhere we de,ne this as &aster than what we had$e&oreJJ.

'oth services wi aso support awa"s onJJ connectivit"

which is another ver" important aspect o& $road$andservice. Indeed! some ana"sts $eieve this is even moreimportant than the raw throughput supported.

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. 2ow the" are dierent

%here are severa o& the important wa"s in which the Wi-Fi and 3G approachesto oering $road$and wireess access services aresu$stantive" dierent.

.=. Current $usiness modesdepo"ment are dierent 3G represents an e+tension o& the mo$ie service-

provider mode. %his is the technoog" o& choice &orupgrading e+isting mo$ie teephone services toe+pand capacit" and add enhanced services.

In contrast! Wi-Fi comes out o& the datacommunications industr" 4K6Ls5 which is a

$"product o& the computer industr".

%he $asic $usiness mode is the teecommunications

services mode in which service providers own andmanage the in&rastructure 4incuding the spectrum5and se service on that in&rastructure.

In contrast the $asic $usiness mode is one o&

eMuipment makers who se $o+es to consumers. %heservices provided $" the eMuipment are &ree to theeMuipment owners.

With respect to depo"ment! 3G wi reMuire

su$stantia investment in new in&rastructure to

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upgrade e+isting 1G networks! however! whendepo"ed $" an e+isting mo$ie provider! much o& the 1G in&rastructure 4e.g.! towers and $ackhaunetwork5 wi remain usea$e. For WiFi! it is hoped

that depo"ment can pigg"$ack on the arge e+isting$ase o& WK6L eMuipment aread" in the ,ed. In $othcases! end-users wi need to $u" 4or $e su$sidied5to purchase suita$e inter&ace devices 4e.g.! 9C cards&or 3G or WiFi access5.

In contrast to 3G! Wi-Fi wireess access can emergein a decentraied! $ottomTup &ashion 4athough it is

aso possi$e &or this to $e centra" coordinated anddriven $" a wireine or mo$ie service provider5.Whie the

prevaiing $usiness mode &or 3G services andin&rastructure is vertica" integrated! this need not$e the case &or WiFi. %his opens up the possi$iit" o& a more heterogeneous and compe+ industr" vaue

chain.

.1 Spectrum poic" and management

Hne o& the ke" distinctions $etween 3G and WiFi that

we have on" touched upon ight" thus &ar is that 3Gand other mo$ie technoogies use icensedspectrum! whie WiFi uses unicensed shared

spectrum. %his has important impications &or4=5 cost o& serviceN415 Muait" o& service 4UoS5 and congestionmanagementN and435 industr" structure.

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First! the up&ront cost o& acMuiring a spectrum icense

represents a su$stantia share o& the capita costs o& depo"ing 3G services. %his cost is not &aced $" Wi-Fiwhich uses the shared 1.


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management. With icensed spectrum! the icenseeis protected &rom inter&erence &rom other serviceproviders. %his means that the icensee can en&orcecentraied aocation o& scarce &reMuencies to adopt

the congestion management strateg" that is mostappropriate.

In contrast! the unicensed spectrum used $" Wi-Fiimposes strict power imits on users 4i.e.!responsi$iit" not to inter&ere with other users5 and&orces users to accept inter&erence &rom others. %hismakes it easier &or a 3G provider to market a service

with a predicta$e eve o& service and to supportdea"-sensitive services such as rea-time teephon".

In contrast! whie a Wi-Fi network can address thepro$em o& congestion associated with users on thesame Wi-Fi network! it cannot contro potentiainter&erence &rom other Wi-Fi service providers orother /F sources that are sharing the unicensed

spectrum 4$oth o& which wi appear as eevated$ackground noise5. %his represents a seriouschaenge to supporting dea"-sensitive services andto scaing service in the &ace o& increasingcompetition &rom mutipe and overapping serviceprovider.

%hird! the dierent spectrum regimes have direct

impications &or industr" structure. For e+ampe! theFreeLet movement is not easi" conceiva$e in the3G word o& icensed spectrum. 6ternative"! itseems that the current icensing regime &avorsincum$enc" and! $ecause it raises entr" $arriers!

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ma" make wireess-&aciities-$ased competition ess&easi$e.

7,* St/tus of te!nolog" 2e+elo81ent 2i5e.ent

%he two technoogies dier with respect to their stage o& deveopment in a num$er o& wa"s. %hese are discussed inthe &oowing su$sections.

.3.=. 0e8lo"1ent st/tus

In most HECD countries! ce phone penetration o&

1G services is Muite high! and consumers have achoice among mutipe &aciities-$ased providers inmost markets. 6dditiona"! most o& the 1G mo$ieservice providers have announced pans to oer 3G$road$and data services. Levertheess! 3G servicesare emerging on" sow". %here are a num$er o& reasons &or this! incuding the high costs o& o$taining3G icenses! the ack o& 3G handsets! increased

depo"ment cost e+pectations! and diminishedprospects &or short-term revenue.

In contrast! we have a arge instaed $ase o& Wi-Finetworking eMuipment that is growing rapid" as WiFivendors have geared up to push wireess homenetworks using the technoog". %he arge instaed$ase o& Wi-Fi provides su$stantia earning! scae!and scope economies to $oth the vendor communit"and end-users. %he commoditiation o& Wi-FieMuipment has su$stantia" owered prices andsimpi,ed the instaation and management o& WiFinetworks! making it &easi$e &or non-technica homeusers to se&-insta these networks.

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2owever! athough there a arge instaed $ase o& Wi-FieMuipment! there has $een on" imited progress indeveoping the $usiness modes and necessar" technica

and $usiness in&rastructure to support distri$uted serviceprovisioning. In addition! man" o& the pioneers in oeringwireess access services such as @o$istar and @etricomwent $ankrupt in 1**= as a conseMuence o& the generadownturn in the teecom sector and the dr"ing up o& capita &or in&rastructure investment.

.3.1. E16e22e2 su88o.t fo. se.+ies

6nother important dierence $etween 3G and WiFi is

their em$edded support &or voice services. 3G wase+press" designed as an upgrade technoog" &orwireess voice teephon" networks! so voice servicesare an intrinsic part o& 3G. In contrast! WiFi providesa ower a"er data communications service that can$e used as the su$strate on which to a"er services

such as voice teephon". For e+ampe! with I9running over WiFi it is possi$e to support voice-over-I9 teephon". 2owever! there is sti great marketuncertaint" as to how voice services woud $eimpemented and Muait" assured over WK6Lnetworks.

6nother potentia advantage o& 3G over Wi-Fi is that

3G oers $etter support &or secureprivatecommunications than does Wi-Fi. 2owever! thisdistinction ma" $e more apparent than rea.

First! we have on" imited operationa e+periencewith how secure 3G communications are. 2ackers

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are ver" ingenious and once 3G s"stems areoperating! we wi ,nd hoes that we were notprevious" aware o&. Second! the securit" apses o& Wi-Fi have attracted

Muite a $it o& attention and su$stantia resources are$eing devoted to cosing this gap. 6though wireesscommunications ma" pose higher risks to privac"4e.g.! &oow-me an"where tracking capa$iities5 andsecurit" 4i.e.! passive monitoring o& /F transmissionsis easier5 than do wireine networks! we do not$eieve that this is ike" to $e a ong-termdierentiating &actor $etween 3G and Wi-Fi

technoogies.

.3.3. St/n2/.2i9/tion

It is aso possi$e to compare the two technoogies

with respect to the e+tent to which the" arestandardied. 'road"! it appears that the &ormastandards picture &or 3G is perhaps more cear than

&or WK6L. For 3G! there is a reative" sma &ami" o& internationa" sanctioned standards! coective"re&erred to as I@%-1***.3 2owever! there is stiuncertaint" as to which o& these 4or even i& mutipeones5 wi $e seected $" service providers.

In contrast! Wi-Fi is one o& the &ami" o& continuous"evoving *1.==+ wireess Ethernet standards! which

is itse& one o& man" WK6L technoogies that areunder deveopment. 6though it appears that Wi-Fi isemerging as the market winner! there is sti asu$stantia $ase o& 2ome/F and other open standardand proprietar" technoogies that are instaed andcontinue to $e sod to support WK6Ls. %hus! it ma"

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appear that the standards picture &or WK6Ls is esscear than &or 3G! $ut the market pressure to seectthe *1.==+ &ami" o& technoogies appears muchess am$iguousat east toda".

'ecause u$iMuitous WK6L access coverage woud $econstructed &rom the aggregation o& man"independent WK6Ls! there is perhaps a greaterpotentia &or the adoption o& heterogeneous WK6Ltechnoogies than might $e the case with 3G. With3G! athough competing service providers ma" adoptheterogeneous and incompati$e versions o& 3G!

there is itte risk that there wi $e incompati$iitieswithin a carrierJs own 3G network. H& course in theconte+t o& a mesh o& WK6Ls! reiance on I9 as the$asic transport a"er ma" reduce compati$iit" issuesat the data networking eve! athough these coud $esigni,cant at the air inter&ace 4i.e.! /F eve5. :nesscoordinated! this coud $e a signi,cant impedimentto reaiing scae economies and network e+ternait"

$ene,ts in a $ottomTup! decentraied depo"ment o& Wi-Fi oca access in&rastructure.

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In contrast! Wi-Fi is more deveoped with respect tothe upstream suppier markets! at east with respectto WK6L eMuipment which has $ecome

commoditied. @oreover! consumer demandcertain" $usiness demand and increasing"residentia $road$and home user demand&or WK6LeMuipment is aso we esta$ished. 2owever!commerciaiation o& Wi-Fi services as a accessservice is sti in its ear" stages with the emergenceo& 'oingo and others.

H& course! $oth 3G and WiFi access &ace greatsuppier and demand uncertaint" with respect towhat the ne+t kier appications wi $e and howthese services ma" $e used once a rich set o& interactive! mutimedia services $ecome avaia$e.

%here are aso some &orm &actor issues that ma"

impact the wa" these services wi $e used. Initia"!

it seems ike" that the ,rst 3G end-user devices wi$e e+tensions o& the ce phone whie the ,rst Wi-Fiend-user devices are 9Cs. H& course! there are aso3G 9C cards to aow the 9C to $e used as aninter&ace device &or 3G services! and with theevoution o& Internet appiances 4post- 9C devices5!we shoud e+pect to see new t"pes o& devicesconnecting to $oth t"pes o& networks.

7,: Ot!e. 2i5e.enes

=. 3G wi work on" "our sim is in the phone! whie WIFIcan work with no sim in

Wi, hotspots.

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1. 3G is third generation mo$ie phone teephon"! whiewi, is a technoog" ike

'uetooth which ena$e devices to interconnect with

other.

3. 3G is tecos stu run on 1=**@h. 6s with teco itusua" avaia$e in ver" wide

area whie! wi, is wireess computer network stu intended main" &or aptops and computers and usua" cover #ust 3*-=**m &romthe wi, hu$.main" run on

1


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B. So1e i18li/tions fo. in2ust." st.utu.e /n2

8u6li 8oli"

In this section we consider some o& the impications thatemerge &rom the preceding ana"sis! as we as oersome specuations on the possi$e impications &orindustr" structure! competition! and pu$ic poic".

;,(, -iFi is goo2 fo. o18etition

Hne impication that emerges &rom the a$ove ana"sis isthat the success o& WiFi wireess oca access aternativesis ike" to $e good &or oca competition. First! i& on" 3G survives! then it is ess ike" that we

wi see non-vertica" integrated! decentraiedservice provisioning. 6nd! the higher entr" costsassociated with acMuiring icensed spectrum and the

need to construct a geographica" arger network to$egin oering service wi imit the num$er o& ,rmsthat compete in the market. H& course! this does notmean that wireess access services woud not $ecompetitivethere ma" $e more than enoughcompetition among e+isting mo$ie providers toprecude the e+ercise o& market power.

Second! i& $oth 3G and WiFi survive! then thediversit" o& via$e networking in&rastructurestrategies wi $e conducive to greater &aciities-$ased competition.

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%hird! success o& the WiFi service mode coud hep

unock the su$stantia investment in privatenetworking in&rastructure that coud $e used as the$asis &or constructing an aternative in&rastructure to

the 9S%L and ca$e wireine networks. 6s noteda$ove! this wi reMuire adding the necessar"$usiness &unctionait" and technica support toena$e $ase station owners to $i &or WiFi service.Hnce this is deveoped! the opportunit" to createnove new wa"s to everage the e+istingin&rastructure investment wi $e increased.

Fourth! i& on" the WiFi service mode survives! thenwe woud e+pect this to $e inherent" morecompetitive $ecause o& the ower entr" $arriers &orsetting up oca access services. %he use o& unicensed spectrum means that propert" rights overthe spectrum cannot $e used to e+cude potentiaentrants! athough congestioni& not appropriate"managedcoud $e #ust as eective in imiting

competition.

B.1 Wi-Fi and 3G can compement each other &or amo$ie

9rovide

7et another aternative might $e &or WiFi to $e integratedinto 3G t"pe networks. 6ctua"! this seems ike the mostike" scenario since there are compeing reasons &or wh"these two technoogies ma" $e used together.

Each o& the technoogies has distinct advantages overthe other that woud aow each to oer higher Muait"services under disparate conditions. 9utting the two

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together woud aow a service provider to oer a widerset o& more vaua$e services.

%he o$vious adopter o& such a strateg" woud $e a mo$ie

,rm since it is easier &or 3G to adopt WiFi and incorporateit into its networking strateg" than &or a WiFi &aciitiesprovider to go the other wa". %he reasons &or this aresevera. First! there is the as"mmetr" in entr" costsdiscussed earier. Second! the natura a$iit" o& the 3Gproviders to impement $unded service oerings wimake them more ike" to $e a$e to take advantage o& amore compe+ in&rastructure pat&orm that wi aow them

to oer $unded services.

B.3. Spectrum poic" is ke"

H$vious"! spectrum poic" has aread" had and wicontinue to pa" a critica roe in how our wireess &utureevoves. Hne o& the ke" distinguishing &eatures $etween3G and WiFi is the use o& icensed versus unicensed

spectrum.

Continued progress towards creating secondar" spectrummarkets wi $ene,t $oth 3G and WiFi modes. For 3G!secondar" markets woud aow more e+i$emanagement o& propert" rights. Secondar" marketswoud aow spectrum to $e reaocated more e+i$" tohigher vaue uses and coud improve d"namic e(cienc".

For e+ampe! to $aance ocaied supp" and demandmismatches.For WiFi! the emergence o& spectrum markets ma" makeit possi$e to adopt a suita$e mechanism &or addressingcongestion issues. H& course! i& impemented in theunicensed $and where WiFi current" operates! this woud

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reMuire additiona poic" changes to impement a market-$ased resource aocation process. %he appropriateprotocos and institutiona &ramework &or supporting sucha market is an interesting topic &or research. It ma" $e

easier to impement such a mechanism in a WK6Ltechnoog" that coud operate in a icensed $and wherethere are cear propert" rights.

B.


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. Conlusions

%his artice oers a Muaitative comparison o& two wireesstechnoogies that coud $e viewed simutaneous" assu$stitute andor compementar" paths &or evoving to$road$and wireess %raditiona radios are $ased ondedicated hardware. '" impementing the radio

technoog" in so&tware! it $ecomes &easi$e to designmore e+i$e radios that ma" more readi" supportmutipe protocos and ma" more easi" $eupgradedmodi,ed to incorporate new protocos or other&eatures. For additiona in&ormation! %he twotechnoogies are 3G! which is the pre&erred upgrade path

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&or mo$ie providers! and WiFi! one o& the man" WK6Ltechnoogies.

%he goa o& the ana"sis is to e+pore two divergent word

views &or the &uture o& wireess access and to specuateon the ike" success and possi$e interactions $etweenthe two technoogies in the &uture.

Whie the ana"sis raises more Muestions than it answers!severa preiminar" concusions appear warranted. First!$oth technoogies are ike" to succeed in themarketpace. %his means that the wireess &uture wi

incude heterogeneous access technoogies so eMuipmentmanu&acturers! service providers! end-users! and poic"makers shoud not e+pect to see a simpe wireess &uture.

Second! we e+pect 3G mo$ie providers to integrate Wi-Fitechnoog" into their networks. %hus! we e+pect thesetechnoogies to $e compementar" in their mostsuccess&u mass-market depo"ments.

%hird! we aso e+pect WiFi to oer competition to 3Gproviders $ecause o& the ower entr" costs associatedwith esta$ishing WiFi networks. %his ma" take the &ormo& new t"pes o& service providers 4e.g.! 'oingo5! in end-user organied networks 4e.g.! FreeLet aggregation ormunicipa networking5! or as a ow-cost strateg" &or awireine carrier to add wireess services. %he threat o&

such Wi-Fi competition is $ene,cia to prospects &or the&uture o& ast kiometer competition! and wi asoencourage the adoption o& Wi-Fi technoog" $" 3Gproviders as a de&ensive response.

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Hur ana"sis aso suggests a num$er o& areas where&urther thought and research

woud $e $ene,cia. %hese incude the o$vious Muestionso& how to integrate 3G and WiFi networks or how to addthe appropriate $iingresource negotiation in&rastructureto WiFi to aow it to $ecome a wide-area service-providerpat&orm. %hese aso incude severa more remoteMuestions such as which st"e o& technoog"$usinessapproach is &avored $" the rapid pace o& wireesstechnoog"

innovation or which is more ike" to &avor thedeveopment o& compementar" assets such as$road$and content.

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. Bi6liog./8!"

1R >. 0ohansson! 6. Furuskar! 9. >arsson! and 0. ander.O/eation

$etween 'ase Station Characteristics and Cost Structurein CeuarS"stemsP! paper su$mitted to IEEE 9I@/C! 1**. %hompson. OKarge Scae Depo"ment o& 9u$icWireess K6Ls- aFeasi$iit" Stud"P! @Sc %hesis! /o"a Institute o&

%echnoog"4>%25!

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62471186 Seminar on 3g vs Wifi

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