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Contents

List of Figures xiiiList of Tables xviiForeword xixPreface xxi

1 Piping Codes, Standards, and Specifications.............11.1 Introduction 11.2 Definitions 21.3 Codes 3

1.3.1 American Society of Mechanical EngineersBoiler Pressure Vessel Codes 31.3.2 American Societyof Mechanical Engineers B31,Codes for Pressure Piping 14

1.4 Standards and Specifications 241.4.1 American Societyof Mechanical Engineers 261.4.2 American Petroleum Institute 301.4.3 American Society for Testing and Materials 321.4.4 American Society for Nondestructive Testing 391.4.5 American Society for Quality 391.4.6 American Welding Society 401.4.7 American Water Works Association 411.4.8 Copper Development Association 421.4.9 Compressed Gas Association 431.4.10 Canadian Standards Association 43

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viii Contents

1.4.11 Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association 431.4.12 Manufacturers Standardization Society ofthe Valve and Fittings Industry 43

1.4.13 National Association of Corrosion Engineers1.4.14 National Fire Protection Association 451.4.15 Pipe Fabrication Institute 461.4.16 Society of Automotive Engineers 48

45

2 Piping Components................................................ 492.1 Introduction to Piping Components 502.2 Pipe 51

2.2.1 Pipe Sizes 622.2.2 Pipe Ends 672.3.1 Butt-Weld End Fittings 722.3.2 Socket-Weld and Threaded-End Fittings 732.3.3 Flanged Joints 742.4.1 Valve Codes and Standards 822.4.2 Classificationof Operation Valves 872.4.3 Valve Classification 922.4.4 Valve Components 942.5.1 The Process of Joint Integrity 1022.5.2 Flange Joint Components 1032.5.3 The Flanged Joint System 111

2.3 Pipe Fittings 70

2.4 Valves 80

2.5 Bolts and Gaskets (Fasteners and Sealing Elements) 101

3 Metallic Materials for Piping Components ............115 3.1 Properties of Piping Materials 117

3.1.1 Chemical Properties of Metals 1 1 7 3.1.2 Mechanical Properties of Metals 1183.1.3 Elongation and Reduction of Area 1193.1.4 Physical Properties of Metals 120

3.2 Metallic Materials 1223.3 Alloying of Steel 122

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3.4 Types of Steel 1253.4.1 Mild (Low-Carbon) Steel 1253.4.2 Medium-Carbon Steel 1253.4.3 High-Carbon Steel 1253.4.4 High-Tensile Steel 1253.4.5 Stainless Steel 126

3.5 Steel Heat-Treating Methods 1313.5.1 Annealing 1313.5.2 Normalizing 1323.5.3 Hardening 1323.5.4 Tempering 132

3.6 Nonferrous Metals in Alloying 1323.7 Material Specifications 133

3.7.1 American Society for Testing and Materials 1333.7.2 Unified Numbering System of Ferrous Metalsand Alloys 135

4 Roles and Responsibilities..................................... 137 4.1 The Lead Piping Engineer4.2 Piping Materials Engineering Group

138139

4.2.1 Project Lead Piping Materials Engineer 1404.2.2 Senior Piping Materials Engineer 1414.3.1 Project Piping Area/Unit Supervisor4.3.2 Project Piping CAD Coordinator 1434.3.3 Project Piping Designers-Checkers 1444.4.1 Project Lead Piping Materials Controller 1464.4.2 Project Piping Materials Controller 1474.5.1 Project Lead Piping Stress Engineer 1484.5.2 Project Piping Stress Engineer 148

4.6.1 Process Engineering 1514.6.2 Mechanical Engineering 154

4.3 Piping Design Group 142(Squad Boss) 143

4.4 Piping Materials Control Group 145

4.5 Piping Stress Engineering Group 148

4.6 Other Engineering Disciplines Involved 150

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4.6.3 Instrument Engineering 1554.6.4 Civil Engineering 1554.6.5 Structural Engineering 155

5 Projects ................................................................ 157 5.1 Project Types 1575.2 Project Phases 1605.2.1 Feasibility Phase 160

5.2.2 Conception Phase 1605.2.3 Front-End Engineering Development Phase 1615.2.4 Detailed Engineering Phase 1625.2.5 Construction Phase 1665.2.6 Precommissioning and Commissioning5.2.7 Startup and Handover to the Owner 169Phase 169

6 Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection...................... 1716.1 Codes and Standards Considerations6.2 Fabrication Materials for Piping Systems6.3 Fabrication Drawings 1736.4 Fabrication Activities 174

172172

6.4.1 Cutting 1746.4.2 Beveling 1746.4.3 Forming 1756.4.4 Bending 175

6.5,l Welding Processes 1796.5.2 Preheating 1816.5.3 Heat Treatment 181

6.6 Brazing and Soldering 1836.7 Protection of Carbon Steel in Corrosive Services

6.7.1 Corrosion Allowance 1846.7.2 Internal Galvanizing of Pipe and Piping

Systems 1846.7.3 Pipe Cladding 186

6.5 Welding 178

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7

A

B

6.8 Assembly and Erection 1866.8.1 Alignment 1866.8.2 Flanged Joints 1886.8.3 Threaded Joints 188

Inspection and Testing ........................................ 1917.1 Piping Codes 1917.2 Types of Examination 196

7.2.1 Visual Examination 1977.2.2 Liquid Penetrant Examination 1977.2.3 Magnetic Particle Examination 1987.2.4 Radiographic Examination 1997.2.5 Ultrasonic Examination 2007.3.1 Some Limitations on the Pressure Testing

of Piping Systems 2017.3.2 Special Provisions for Testing 2027.3.3 Preparation for Leak Test 2027.4.1 Hydrostatic Leak Test 2027.4.2 Pneumatic Leak Test 2047.4.3 Combination Hydrostatic-Pneumatic7.4.4 Initial Service Leak Testing 205

7.3 Testing of Piping Systems 200

7.4 Leak-Testing Methods 202

Leak Test 2047.5 Choice of Testing Medium7.6 Test Pack 2067.7 Punch List 206

205

Listed Material...................................................... 209A.O. 1 Ferrous Metals 209A.0.2 Nonferrous Material 213

A .l American Petroleum Institute 217

General Engineering Data..................................... 219Index 231

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