6101a-File 1a (Matter & Cosmos)

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SHGD 6101

FILE 2a

MATTER AND THE COSMOS



WHAT IS ECOLOGY?



KINDS OF ECOLOGY

Ecology, Bionomics,Environmental Science

The branch of science concerned with theinterrelationship of organisms and theirENVIRONMENT, especially as manifested bynatural cycles and rhythms, communitydevelopment and structure, interactionsbetween different kinds of organisms,geographic distributions, and populationalterations. (Webster's, 3d ed)



FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION

• ONE OF THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONIN ECOLOGY IS THE ORGANIZATION OF

MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE OR COSMOS



WHAT IS THE BASIC CONSTITUENT OF THE

UNIVERSE?



BASIC CONSTITUENT OF THE UNIVERSE

• MATTER

• ENERGY

• FORCES



MATTER

There are five main states of matter:

Solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and Bose-Einstein condensates



FORCES



ENERGY



LET’S LOOK AT MATTER FIRST.

WHAT MAKE UP MATTER?



HISTORY

• Early in human history ,

people thought that all

matter was composed of 4 +

1main elements :

– Earth,

– Wind,

– Water, – Fire.

– + spacesimplistic viewpoint



AT ABOUT 2500 YEARS AGO…..THE CONCEPT OF ATOMS

Greek philosopher Democritus (460-371B.C.) formulated the atomic hypothesis:

All matter consists of smallest(indivisible) entities (atoms), separated

by empty space.

Combinations of the different kinds ofatoms form all the things in nature.

The name atom comes from the Greek"ἄτομος"— átomos (from α-, "un-" + τέμνω

– temno , "to cut"), which meansuncuttable, or indivisible, something thatcannot be divided further.



17TH AND 18TH CENTURY

In the 17th and 18th centuries, chemistsprovided a physical basis for this idea byshowing that certain substances could notbe further broken down by chemicalmethods.



SO, MATTER IS MADE UP OF ATOM

• ATOM IS THE BASIC

UNIT OF MATTER, THEN

• LET’S LOOK HOWMATTER IS ORGANIZED

IN THIS UNIVERSE



HIERACHIESOF MATTER

DOWNWARD

UPWARD



FROM ATOM TO INDIVIDUAL



FROM INDIVIDUAL TO BIOSPHERE



FROM BIOSPHERE TO THE SOLAR SYSTEM



FROM SOLAR SYSTEM TO GALAXY

MILKY WAY



FROM MILKY WAY TO LOCAL GROUP



The Local Group is a small collection of galaxies consisting of three large spiral

galaxies (the Milky Way, Andromeda, and M32) plus many smaller satellite galaxies.

The satellite galaxies have low masses and low luminosities, whichmakes it difficult to detect them, and many were only discoveredrecently.



FROM LOCAL GROUP TO CLUSTER



The Virgo Cluster is a cluster of galaxieswhose center is 53.8 ± 0.3 Mly away in theconstellation Virgo. Comprise

approximately 1300 (and possibly up to2000) member galaxies.



The Virgo Cluster is the closest and best-studied great cluster of galaxies, lying at adistance of approximately 20 Mpc in theconstellation of Virgo.

Morphological Type Number

Elliptical 30

S0 49

Spiral 128

Dwarf elliptical 828

Dwarf S0 30

Dwarf irregular 89Dwarf

irregular/elliptical89

Other 34

Total 1277



The Hercules cluster (Abell 2151) is about650 million light years away.



CENTAURUS CLUSTER

http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/upload/2010/09/missing_a_thousand_galaxies_or/virgo.jpeg



FORNAX CLUSTER

http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/upload/2010/09/missing_a_thousand_galaxies_or/a3526.jpeg



DISTANT GALAXY CLUSTER

http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/upload/2010/09/missing_a_thousand_galaxies_or/DistantGalaxyClusters-HST.jpeg



FROM GALAXY CLUSTER TOSUPERCLUSTER



VIRGO SUPERCLUSTER



FROM super cluster TO UNIVERSE



UNIVERSE – THE COSMOS



From Universe to MULTI-UNIVERSE????



MULTI-UNIVERSE????



SO, WE HAVE SEEN HOW ORGANIZATION OF

MATTER FROM ATOM UPWARDS (COSMOS)



LET’S REFLECT FOR A SECOND!!

HOW LARGE IS THE cosmos?



LET’S START OUR JOURNEY

TO FIND OUT!!

FASTEN YOUR SEAT BELT



OUR SPEED

TRAVEL AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT (VACUUM)

299,792,458 metres per second

(approximately 186,282 miles per second).

OR ABOUT 300,000 KM / SEC

1079 MILLION KM PER HOUR



SPEED: 800KM/HR; 13 HOURS



1.255 s



EARTH TO MARS : 12 MINS 47 SECS



HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE?



TIME FROM THE SUN

Speed Of

Light

Minimum in millionsKM

(Perihelion)

Maximum in millions KM

(Aphelion)

Mercury 45.9 (2.55 Light

Minutes)69.7 (3.87 Light Minutes)

Venus 107.4 (5.97 Light

Minutes)109 (6.05 Light Minutes)

Earth 147 (8.17 Light

Minutes) 152 (8.44 Light Minutes)

Mars 206.7 (11.48 Light


Jupiter 741 (41.17 Light


Saturn 1,347 (1.22 Light

Hours)1,507 (1.37 Light Hours)

Uranus 2,735 (2.49 Light


Neptune 4,456 (4.05 Light


Pluto* 4,425 (4.02 Light




DISTANCE TRAVELLED FOR 1 YEAR

9,452,040,000,000 KM

TRILLION (12 ZEROS)

41666.66666666667 DAYS

114.1552511415525 YEARS

COUNTING 1 MILLION = 11.6 DAYS



LET’S START OUR JOURNEY NOW



FIRST FEW SECONDS AND MINUTES



AFTER 4.36 LY……..

41.2 TRILLION KM



WITHIN 12.5 LY VIEW - 33 STARS



AT 250 LY VIEW – EDGE OF GALACTIC TAIL



AT 5000 LY VIEWOur order of stars was just shading onthe tail of the galaxy.



OUR GALAXY – MILKY WAY

MILKY WAY



MILKY WAY

1,039,500 TRILLION KM DIAMETER

O G l h f l b l l



500,000 LY Our Galaxy has few globular galaxyclusters floating around it, drawing theminto through gravity.

4,725,000 TRILLION KM



2.5 ML : ANDROMEDA GALAXY

5 000 000 LY VIEW



5,000,000 LY VIEW

This Galaxy system (containing a Galaxyand galaxy clusters} is only one of 3 in our

tiny corner of 5 million light years.

47,250,000TRILLION KM

BEYOND 5 M LY



BEYOND 5 M LY

We're only one of many galaxies within the Virgo Supercluster. The Superclustercontains the Virgo Cluster and 2 other clusters. We're only in a lone group of 3

galaxies somewhere cast on the side of the cluster, hanging on to its tail.



BEYOND 100 M LY

This amazingly huge Virgo Supercluster is but a bump on an endless intertwining ofgalactic filament that's the texture of the Universe. Connecting like yarn thread to

other superclusters.



14 B LY

WHICH, is but an amazingly tiny portion of yarn on a scale of 14 billion light years.

Everything is intertwined and composed of endless possibilities and compositions.

SUMMARYEarth’s home galaxy, the Milky Way, consists



SUMMARY of more than 100 billion stars and its spiral

arms extend across 100,000 light-years.



SO WHAT IS THE SIZE OF OUR



SO, WHAT IS THE SIZE OF OUR

UNIVERSE?

• SEE…. U TUBE

• HOW BIG IS THE UNIVERSE? “HD” COSMIC

WAKENING



THEN, A VERY IMPORTANT

DISCOVERY BY NASA

•

AN IMPORTANT DISCOVERY BY NASA



The explosion of Stars (FORMING RED ROSES), Galaxies and the

Universe in the Noble Quran had been confirmed by NASA.

S



ِنَ هلَ كًةَ دْ رَ و ْتَ َ َ ف ُءَ مّ سلا ِتّ قَ شا اَ ذِإَ ف

• Selain itu ketika langit pecah-belah lalumenjadilah ia merah mawar, berkilat seperti

minyak;

• And when the heaven is split open and

becomes rose-colored like oil.

SURAH AL-RAHMAN (55:37)



HUBBLE’S 21ST ANNIVERSARY

• To celebrate the 21st anniversary of the HubbleSpace Telescope's deployment into space,

astronomers at the Space Telescope Science

Institute in Baltimore, Md., pointed Hubble's eye

at an especially photogenic pair of interacting

galaxies called Arp 273.

• The larger of the spiral galaxies, known as UGC

1810, has a disk that is distorted into a rose-like

shape by the gravitational tidal pull of the

companion galaxy below it, known as UGC 1813

• Credit: NASA, ESA, A. Riess (STScI/JHU), L. Macri

(Texas A&M University), and Hubble Heritage Team

(STScI/AURA)



HOW ARE THESE

ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONSMADE POSSIBLE?

Between 1993 and 2002, four missions repaired, upgraded, and replaced systems on the

telescope, . one final servicing mission completed in 2009. The telescope is now expected to



function until at least 2014. Its scientific successor, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), is

due to be launched by 2018.

Space telescope that was carried into orbitby a Space Shuttle in 1990 and remains inoperation. A 2.4 meter (about 8 ft.) aperture

telescope in low Earth orbit, Hubble's fourmain instruments observe in the nearultraviolet, visible, and near infrared. Thetelescope is named after the astronomerEdwin Hubble.



HIERACHIES

OF MATTER

DONE

HOW ABOUT DOWNWARD?



REVISIT EARLIER SLIDE

More than 2000 years ago the Greekphilosopher Democritus (460-371 B.C.)

formulated the atomic hypothesis:All matter consists of smallest (indivisible)entities (atoms), separated by emptyspace. Combinations of the different kindsof atoms form all the things in nature.



HOWEVER IN 1897 (ALMOST 2000 YEARS LATER)



THEN, IN 1911-NUCLEUS

The New Zealander, Ernest Rutherford,performed an experiment that consisted ofshooting alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold.

He then detected that very few of these

bounced back instead of going through the foil.He then concluded that within the atom therewas a tiny dense center which he called thenucleus, which caused some alpha particles tobounce back.



NUCLEUS

Its size is only about 10-12 cm, i.e. 1000 times smallerthan an atom. From this it can be seen, that the atoms

and therefore ordinary matter are mainly empty space.

Matter can therefore be compressed enormously, e.g.in a neutron star, where gravitation exerts a crushingforce, and matter is compressed by a factor 1000000million - the pyramid of Cheops would fit into a nutshellat that density.



BY THEN

• Discovery of the electron in 1897

and of the atomic nucleus in 1911

established that the atom isactually a composite of a cloud of

electrons surrounding a tiny but

heavy core.



IN 1918 - PROTON

In 1917, Rutherford proved that the hydrogennucleus is present in other nuclei, a resultusually described as the discovery of theproton. He noticed that, when alpha particleswere shot into air, and (after experimentation)to a higher degree into pure nitrogen gas, his

scintillation detectors showed the signatures ofhydrogen nuclei. Rutherford determined thatthis hydrogen could have come only from thenitrogen, and therefore nitrogen must containhydrogen nuclei. The hydrogen nucleus is,therefore, present in other nuclei as anelementary particle, which Rutherford namedthe proton, after the neuter singular of theGreek word for "first", πρῶτον.



SIZE OF THE PROTON

• In 1956 Hofstadter and his collaborators measured the size of the proton for the first time, by

using the world's biggest (at that time) linear accelerator to shoot high energy electrons at

hydrogen (Nobel prize 1961).

• They found a size of about 10-13cm, which is about 1/10 the size of a nucleus.

This measurement indicated that there might be something inside the proton, and raiseddoubts, whether it was truly elementary.



NOT UNTIL 1932 - NEUTRON

• By the early 1930s it was found that the nucleus iscomposed of even smaller particles, called protons

and neutrons

Rutherford predicted the existence of the

neutron in 1920. Twelve years later, hisassistant, English physicist JamesChadwick found it.



AT LAST…..AFTER 35 YEARS (1897-1932)

1897 – ELECTRON (J.J. THOMSON)

1911 – NUCLEUS (E. RUTHERFORD)1918 – PROTON (E. RUTHERFORD)1932 – NEUTRON (JAMES CHADWICK)

SIMPLEST ATOM HYDROGEN



SIMPLEST ATOM : HYDROGEN



POPULAR ATOM: OXYGEN



MIDDLE-WEIGHT ATOM: CHLORINE

HEAVY WEIGHT ATOM MERCURY



HEAVY-WEIGHT ATOM: MERCURY

DANGEROUS ATOM: URANIUM



The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has verified and now recognizes theclaims for discovery of 112 elements (1 through 112); another five discoveries have been claimed bycompetent researchers and published in peer reviewed journals (113 through 116 and 118) but have not

yet received verification and acceptance by IUPAC.



CAN WE ‘SEE’ ATOM?



“First Picture of atoms“



High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) of crystal lattice.

The distance between each white dot is the inter-atomic distance.

This was in a pile of photos from a materials science research paper wrote 20

years ago.

TEM images of selected nanoparticle assemblies.



TEM images of selected nanoparticle assemblies.

a) HfO2, b) Nd2O5, c) Ga2O3, d) In2O3, e) Sn0.90In0.10Ox, f) Fe3O4

HRTEM image of a part of an In2O3 cubic nanoparticle, b) 2nm nanoparticle



g p 2 3 p ) pSn0.95In0.05Ox, c) a 16 nm nanoparticle of Fe3O4, d) a part of a Nb2O5 nanoplatelet. Inserts show respective PS.

Crystal growth of Co nanoparticlesstep by step



p y p

HRTEM images of Co particles at differentgrowth stages. (a) a small Co cluster onthe Mg2SiO4 surface. (b) and (c) sphericalclusters of Co nanocrystallites in differentdiameters. (d) HRTEM image of an edge

area of a polygonal Co particle, showing alarge domain of Co single crystal. (e) TEMimage of a polygonal particle of Co. (f) Apolygonal Co particle resulted fromrecrystallisation of two clusters originallylocated at the ends of two Mg2SiO4

branches. [S. Xie, W. Zhou, Y. Q. Zhu, J.Phys. Chem. B , 108, 11561-6 (2004)].



A sphere with a diameter of 1/100.000mm, consisting



p f / , g

out of 17000 Copper atoms

MAKING IT POSSIBLE



High-resolution transmission electron

microscopy (HRTEM) is an imaging modeof the transmission electron microscope(TEM) that allows the imaging of thecrystallographic structure of a sample at anatomic scale.

At present, the highest resolution realisedis 0.8 ångströms (0.08 nm) withmicroscopes such as the OAM at NCEM.

Ongoing research soon push the resolutionof HRTEM to 0.5 Å.

At these small scales, individual atoms andcrystalline defects can be imaged.

TIMELINE



Electron microscopes (1931) use streamsof electrons instead of light to createimages.

1674 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek

LIGHT MICROSCOPE – 18TH CENTURY

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

1981 – SCANNING TUNNELLING MICROSCOPE



1981 SCANNING TUNNELLING MICROSCOPE

– Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.

APPRECIATING NANOMETER SCALE



APPRECIATING NANOMETER SCALE

• Nano” – From the Greek word for

“dwarf”and means 10-9, or one-

billionth.

• Here it refers to one-billionth of ameter, or 1 nanometer (nm).

• 1 nanometer is about 3 atoms long.

CENTIMETERS - PICOMETERS



CENTIMETERS PICOMETERS

NANOTECHNOLOGY• Nanotechnology is the

i i f



engineering of

functional systems at

the molecular scale.

15,342 atoms - parallel-shaft speedreducer gear

K. Eric Drexler popularized the word'nanotechnology' in the 1980's,



COMPOSITE VS ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

• SO FAR, WHAT WE HAVE SEEN AT



,

THE SUB-ATOMIC, AMONG THE

THREE I.E. PROTON, NEUTRON &

ELECTRON, ONLY THE LAST IS AFUNDAMENTAL PARTICLE.

• BOTH PROTON & NEUTRON IS STILL

A COMPOSITE PARTICLE.

• IN OTHER WORDS, IT IS COMPOSED

OF A STILL SMALLER PARTICLES,

Stop here



Stop here



SO….WHAT MAKES UP THE

PROTON AND NEUTRON THEN?



ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

WHAT ARE ELEMENTARY PARTICLES?



WHAT ARE ELEMENTARY PARTICLES?

• An elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle not known tohave substructure; that is, it is not known to be made up of smaller

particles.

• If an elementary particle truly has no substructure, then it is one of the

basic building blocks of the universe from which all other particles aremade.

• Historically, the hadrons (mesons and baryons such as the proton and

neutron) and even whole atoms were once regarded as elementary

particles.



WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTARY

PARTICLES?





• There are 36 kinds of elementary particles (38 if thehypothesized graviton and Higgs boson are included).

• 12 kinds of matter particles

• 12 kinds of force-communicating particles, (Force carriers)

• 12 kinds of anti-particles for each matter particle.



HOW ARE THESE ELEMENTARY

PARTICLES ORGANIZED?



SUB-DIVISION OF FERMION



SUB DIVISION OF FERMION

• FERMION (MATTER PARTICLES) CAN BEFURTHER SUB-DIVIDED INTO TWO :

– QUARKS (6 TYPES)

– LEPTONS (6 TYPES)

• TOTAL = 12 TYPES OF MATTER PARTICLES

WHAT ARE QUARKS?



WHAT ARE QUARKS?

• A quark is an elementaryparticle and a fundamental

constituent of matter.

• Quarks combine to form

composite particles called

hadrons, the most stable of

which are protons and

neutrons, the components

of atomic nuclei.

QUARKS ARE ONLY FOUND WITHIN HADRONS

(PROTON & NEUTRON)



(PROTON & NEUTRON)

• Due to a phenomenon known as color

confinement, quarks are

never found in isolation;

they can only be found

within hadrons .

• For this reason, much of

what is known about

quarks has been drawn

from observations of the

hadrons themselves.

TYPES OR FLAVOUR OF QUARKS



• There are six types of quarks:

• UP

• DOWN

• CHARM

• STRANGE

• TOP• BOTTOM

QUARK SPIN



QUARK SPIN

STRUCTURE OF QUARK AND GLUON



Gluons are elementary particles which actas the exchange particles (or gaugebosons) for the color force betweenquarks, analogous to the exchange ofphotons in the electromagnetic forcebetween two charged particles.

CHRONOLOGY OF DISCOVERY



CHRONOLOGY OF DISCOVERY

• 1963/8: U, D, S

• 1974: C

• 1977: B (FERMILAB)

• 1995: T (FERMILAB)

1968 – FORMALLY DISCOVERED



1968 FORMALLY DISCOVERED

• Murray Gell-Mann.

• Deep inelastic

scattering experimentsat the Stanford Linear

Accelerator Center.

INTRINSIC PROPERTIES



INTRINSIC PROPERTIES

• Quarks have various intrinsic properties:

• Electric charge,

• Color charge,

• Spin, and

• Mass.

MASSES & STABILITY



MASSES & STABILITY

• Up and down quarks have the lowest masses of allquarks.

• The heavier quarks rapidly change into up and down

quarks through a process of particle decay : the

transformation from a higher mass state to a lower mass state.

• Because of this, up and down quarks are generally

stable and the most common in the universe, whereas

charm, strange, top, and bottom quarks can only beproduced in high energy collisions (such as those

involving cosmic rays and in particle accelerators).

RELATIVE MASS OF QUARKS



Q

QUARKS OF PROTON



A proton, composed of two up quarks and one down quark. (The color assignment of

individual quarks is not important, only that all three colors are present.)

Composition: Elementary particle

Particle statistics Fermionic

Generation: 1st, 2nd, 3rd

Interaction Electromagnetism, Gravitation, Strong,

Weak

Symbol(s): q

Antiparticle: Antiquark (q)

Theorized: Murray Gell-Mann (1964)

George Zweig (1964)

Discovered: SLAC (~1968)

Types: 6 (up, down, charm, strange, top and

bottom)

Electric charge: +2 ⁄ 3 e, −1 ⁄ 3 e

Color charge Yes

Spin 1 ⁄ 2

PROTON The proton according to the new realistic quark model: Besides the three quarks of

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_charge




quark model: Besides the three quarks of the naive model, there are the gluon strings, which can break and form

numerous quark-antiquark pairs of the 'sea'.



ANTI-QUARKS



QUARK-ANTIQUARK IN PROTON



LEPTONS

LEPTONS



• A lepton is an elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter.

• The best known of all leptons is the electron which governs nearly all of

chemistry as it is found in atoms and is directly tied to all chemical

properties.

• Two main classes of leptons exist: charged leptons (also known as the

electron-like leptons), and neutral leptons (better known as neutrinos).

• Charged leptons can combine with other particles to form various

composite particles such as atoms and positronium, while neutrinos

rarely interact with anything, and are consequently rarely observed.



LEPTONS: RELATIVE MASS



ELECTRON

ELECTRON



• Electrons have the least mass of allthe charged leptons.

• The heavier muons and taus will

rapidly change into electrons through

a process of particle decay.

• Thus electrons are stable and the

most common charged lepton in the

universe, whereas muons and taus

can only be produced in high energy

collisions (such as those involvingcosmic rays and those occurring in

particle accelerator.

Electron Beam

ELECTRON



• Negative electric charge.

• No known components or substructure, and therefore is believed to be an elementary

particle.

• Mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton.

• The intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of the electron is a half integer value in units of ħ

which means that it is a fermion.

• The antiparticle of the electron is called the positron, which is identical to the electron except

that it carries electrical and other charges of the opposite sign.



Antileptons



First generation Second generation Third generation

Name Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol

antielectron(positron)

e+ antimuon μ+ antitau τ+

electron

antineutrino

ν

e

muon

antineutrino

ν

μ

tau

antineutrino

ν

τ

ANTI-LEPTONS



GENERATIONS OR PAIRS



• The matter particles come in threegenerations: the particles in each

successive generation have greater mass

but are otherwise the same as their

corresponding particles in the first

generation.

• Only particles of the first generation are

stable (the particles of the other

generations tending to decay into other

particles). They are the up quark, the

down quark, the electron, and the

electron neutrino.



SUMMARY: QUARK/LEPTON/ANTI



24 MATTER PARTICLES



WE HAVE DISCUSSED ALL THE

FERMIONS

QUARKS (6) + ANTIQUARK (6)

LEPTONS (6) + ANTILEPTONS (6)

NOW LET’S LOOK AT THE BOSONS



NOW, LET’S LOOK AT THE BOSONS



BOSON



• Sub-atomic particles having properties unlike or opposing

those of fermions.

• The word boson derives from the name of Satyendra NathBose.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FERMION AND BOSON



FERMIONS BOSONS

Obey Fermi –Dirac statistics Obey Bose –Einstein statistics.

Two or more fermions cannot occupy the

same quantum state.

Several bosons can occupy the same

quantum state.

Fermions, which have half-integer spin Observed bosons have integer spin

Fermions are usually associated with

matter

Bosons are often force carrier particles

HOW MANY elementary BOSON PARTICLES ARE THERE?



• 8 gluons of the strong nuclear force,

• 3 weak bosons of the weak nuclear force (the

W-minus, the W-plus, and the Z bosons),

• Photon of the electromagnetic force.

• TOTAL = 12 (Excluding the Higgs Boson &

Graviton)



PHOTONS



• A photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the

basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation.

• It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force.

Composition Elementary particle

Statistics Bosonic

Group Gauge boson

Interactions Electromagnetic

Symbol γ, hν, or ħω

Theorized Albert Einstein

Mass0

<1×10−18 eV/c2

Mean lifetime Stable[

Electric charge0

<1×10−35

Spin 1

Parity -1

C parity -1[

Condensed I( JPC ) = 0,1(1--)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isospin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_angular_momentum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_angular_momentum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isospin



ELECTROMAGNETIC



GLUONS

GLUONS



• Gluons are the exchange particles for the color force between quarks, analogous to the

exchange of photons in the electromagnetic force between two charged particles.

• The gluon can be considered to be the fundamental exchange particle underlying the strong

interaction between protons and neutrons in a nucleus.

PROPERTIES OF GLUONSComposition Elementary particle




Statistics Bosonic

Group Gauge boson

Interactions Strong interaction

Symbol g

Theorized Murray Gell-Mann (1962)[1

Discovered TASSO collaboration at DESY (1979)[2][3]

Types 8

Mass0 MeV/c2 (Theoretical value)[

< 20 MeV/c2 (Experimental limit)

Electric charge 0 e[4]

Color charge octet (8 linearly independent types)

Spin 1

GLUONS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon



STRUCTURE OF QUARK AND GLUON



Gluons are elementary particles which act

as the exchange particles (or gaugebosons) for the color force betweenquarks, analogous to the exchange ofphotons in the electromagnetic forcebetween two charged particles.



8 COLORED GLUONS (Bosons). Denoted: g

COLOR-CHARGE



• Quarks and gluons are color-charged particles. Just as electrically-chargedparticles interact by exchanging photons in electromagnetic interactions,

color-charged particles exchange gluons in strong interactions.

• When two quarks are close to one another, they exchange gluons and

create a very strong color force field that binds the quarks together.

• The force field gets stronger as the quarks get further apart. Quarks

constantly change their color charges as they exchange gluons with other

quarks.



WEAK BOSONS

THE 3 WEAK BOSONS



• The W and Z bosons are theelementary particles that

mediate the weak interaction;

their symbols are W+ , W− and Z.


Statistics Bosonic

Group Gauge boson

Interactions Weak interaction

Theorized Glashow, Weinberg, Salam (1968)

Discovered UA1 and UA2 collaborations, 1983

MassW: 80.398±0.023 GeV/2[1]

Z: 91.1876±0.0021 GeV/c2[2

Electric chargeW: ±1 e

Z: 0 e

Spin 1

The W and Z bosons were discoveredexperimentally in 1981, and their masseswere found to be as the Standard Modelpredicted.





3 WEAK GLUONS (Bosons). Denoted: W- Zo W+.



HIGGS BOSON

HIGGS BOSONS



• The Higgs boson is a hypothetical massive elementary particle predicted

to exist by the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics.

• Postulated to resolve inconsistencies in theoretical physics.

• Experiments attempting to find the particle are currently beingperformed using the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN and were being

performed at Fermilab's Tevatron until Tevatron's closure in September

30th 2011.

• The Higgs boson is the only elementary particle in the Standard Model that has not yet been observed in particle physics experiments.



In 1967 Steven Weinberg and AbdusSalam incorporated the Higgs mechanisminto Glashow's electroweak theory, giving itits modern form.



GRAVITON

• The graviton is a hypothetical elementary

particle that mediates the force of

gravitation in the framework of quantum

field theory.



• If it exists, the graviton must be massless

(because the gravitational force hasunlimited range) and must have a spin of 2.


Statistics Bosonic

Group Gauge boson

Interactions Gravitation

Status theoretical

Symbol G[

Antiparticle Self

Theorized

1930s[

The name is attributed to Dmitrii Blokhintsev and F.M. Gal'perin in

1934[

Discovered hypothetical

Mass 0

Mean lifetime Stable

Electric charge 0 e

Spin 2





GRAVITON GLUONS (Bosons). Hypothetical.



NOW LET’S LOOK AT THE ORGANIZATION OF

THE COMPOSITE PARTICLES

CLASSES OF PARTICLES



• Classes of Particles

• All particles, be they fundamental or composite, fall into one of two classes, Fermions or

Bosons.

•

Fermions- Particles with half integer spin that obey the Pauli Exclusion Principle

• Bosons- Particles with integer spin. These particles are not limited by the Pauli Exclusion

Principle.

• The Forces

There are 4 fundamental forces that particles experience. In order of strength, they are:

• The Strong Force

The Electromagnetic Force

The Weak Force

The Gravity



HADRON

HADRON



• A hadron (Greek: hadrós, "stout, thick")

• A composite particle made of quarks held

together by the strong force (as atoms and

molecules are held together by the

electromagnetic force).

HADRON = TWO FAMILIES



• Hadrons are categorized into two families:

– Baryons (made of three quarks)

– Mesons (made of one quark and

one antiquark).

BEST KNOWN = PROTONS & NEUTRONS



• The best-known hadrons are:

– Protons

– Neutrons

• Both are baryons, which are

components of atomic nuclei .

STABILITY OF HADRONS



• All hadrons except protons are unstable

and undergo particle

decay –

• However neutrons are

stable inside atomic

nuclei.



BARYONS



TYPES OF BARYON – BASE ON TYPE OF QUARKS



• Baryons can be categorise into

the three kinds base on the type

combination of the quarks:

• Type I : One type of quark (uuu,

ddd, ...).

• Type II : Two types of quarks

(uud, uus, ...).

• Type III : Three types of quarks(uds, udc, ...).



BARYONIC SHARE OF THE MASS OF THE

UNIVERSE



MESONS

MESONS = 1Q + 1AQ



• Mesons are subatomic particles

composed of one quark and one

antiquark, bound together bythe strong interaction.

• A radius roughly one

femtometer: 10−15 m, which is

about2

⁄ 3 the size of a proton orneutron.

ALL UNSTABLE = DECAY



• All mesons are unstable, with the

longest-lived lasting for only a few 100-

millionths (10−8) of a second.

• Charged mesons decay (sometimes

through intermediate particles) to form

electrons and neutrinos.

• Uncharged mesons may decay to

photons

PROPERTIES OF MESON



Composition Composite—Quarks and antiquarksStatistics Bosonic

Group Hadrons

Interactions Strong

Theorized Hideki Yukawa (1935)

Discovered 1947

Types ~140

MassFrom 139 MeV/c2 (π+)

to 9,460 MeV/c2 (ϒ)

Electric charge −1 e 0 e, +1 eSpin 0, 1

BEST KNOWN – PIONS & KAON





• The best-known

mesons are the pion

and the kaon, which

were discovered duringcosmic ray experiments

in the late 1940s and

early 1950s.

KAON

PROPERTY OF PIONS



Composition

π+

: ud

π0

: uu or dd

π−

: du

Statistics Bosonic

Group Mesons

Interactions Strong

Symbol

π+

, π0

, and π−

Theorized Hideki Yukawa (1935)

DiscoveredCésar Lattes, Giuseppe Occhialini (1947) and Cecil

Powell

Types 3

Mass

π±

: 139.57018(35) MeV/c2

π0

: 134.9766(6) MeV/c2

Electric charge

π+

: +1 e

π0

: 0 e

π−

: −1 e

Spin 0

Parity -1

PROPERTY OF KAONS





Composition

K+

: us

K0

: ds / sd

K−

: su

Statistics Bosonic

Group Mesons

Interactions Strong

Symbol

K+, K0

, K−

Types 3

Mass

K±

: 493.667±0.013 MeV/c2

K0

: 497.648±0.022 MeV/c2

Electric charge

K±: ±e

K0

: 0

Spin 0

Kaons Eta Rho Phi Upsilon (Many, ManyMore)

SUMMARY: BARYON VS MESON





IN TERMS OF ‘WEIGHT’



MESON = MIDDLE-WEIGHT

LEPTONS = LIGHT-WEIGHT

BARYON = HEAVY-WEIGHT



OTHER HADRONS



WE HAVE FINISHED LOOKING AT

THE COMPOSITE PARTICLES



SUMMARY



SUMMARY – LIST OF LEPTONS

(A ti ti l i P th i )



• (Antiparticle in Parenthesis)

Electron (Positron)

• Muon (Antimuon)

• Tauon (Antitauon)

• Electron Neutrino (Electron Antineutrino)

•Muon Neutrino (Muon Antineutrino)

• Tauon Neutrino (Tauon Antineutrino)

SUMMARY – LIST OF QUARKS

(A ti ti l i P th i )



• (Antiparticle in Parenthesis)

Up Quark (Antiup Quark)

• Down Quark (Antidown Quark)

• Strange Quark (Antistrange Quark)

• Charm Quark (Anticharm Quark)

•Bottom Quark (Antibottom Quark)

• Top Quark (Antitop Quark)

SUMMARY – LIST OF HADRONS

•



•

Mesons- Made of a Quark and Antiquark

• Baryons- Made of three Quarks

•

SUMMARY – LIST OF MESONS

•



•

Pions

• Kaons

• Eta

• Rho

• Phi

• Upsilon

• (Many, Many More)

•



SUMMARY OVERVIEW

SUMMARY



THE STANDARD MODEL

STANDARD MODEL

• The Standard Model is the name given to the current theory of



• The Standard Model is the name given to the current theory of

fundamental particles and how they interact. This theory includes:

– Strong interactions due to the color charges of quarks and

gluons.

– A combined theory of weak and electromagnetic interaction,

known as electroweak theory, that introduces W and Z bosonsas the carrier particles of weak processes, and photons as

mediators to electromagnetic interactions.

FINALIZED IN THE 70s



• Developed throughout the mid to late 20th

century.

• The current formulation was finalized in the

mid 1970s upon experimental confirmation

of the existence of quarks.

CREDENTIALS



• Since then, discoveries of the:

– Bottom quark (1977),

– Top quark (1995) and

–Tau neutrino (2000)

• Give credence to the Standard Model.

THEORY OF EVERYTHING (TOE)



• Because of its success in explaining a wide

variety of experimental results, the StandardModel is sometimes regarded as a theory of

almost everything.

The Standard Model of Particle Physics

The are 12 fundamental particles thatmake up matter (orange and green boxes)



p ( g g )

and 4 fundamental force carriers (purpleboxes).

These appear to be anchored to the Higgsboson in the center.

The current theoretical framework thatdescribes elementary particles and theirforces, known as the Standard Model, isbased on experiments that started in 1897with the discovery of the electron.

Today, we know that there are six leptons,six quarks and four force carriers.

STANDARD MODEL - CONTD



NOT ACCOUNTING NEUTRINOOSCILLATIONS



• It also does not correctly account for neutrino

oscillations (and their non-zero masses).

Neutrino oscillation is a quantum mechanical phenomenon predicted by Bruno Pontecorvo whereby a

neutrino created with a specific lepton flavor (electron,muon or tau) can later be measured to have a different flavor.



IN A NUTSHELL



PLACES OF PARTICLE STUDIES

CERN

• The European Organization for



Nuclear Research (French:Organisation Européenne pour la

Recherche Nucléaire) is an

international organization whose

purpose is to operate the world's

largest particle physics laboratory,

• Situated in the northwest suburbs of

Geneva on the Franco –Swiss border.

• Established in 1954, the organization

has twenty European member states.

CERN - WHERE



LARGE HADRON COLLIDER



SUPER PROTON SYNCHROTON



FERMI NATIONAL ACCELERATOR LABORATORY (FERMILAB), BATAVIA NEAR

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.



Fermilab's Tevatron is the world's largestproton-antiproton collider

FERMILAB COLLISION DETECTOR AT CDF - (C)

CONCEIVABLYTECH



RESULTS



THANK YOU …..BYE

6101a-File 1a (Matter & Cosmos)

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