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Unit 6 ~ Learning Guide Name:________________ INSTRUCTIONS Complete the following notes and questions as you work through the related lessons. You are required to have this package completed BEFORE you write your unit test. Do your best and ask questions about anything that you don't understand BEFORE you write the unit test.

6.1 Introduction to Plants Why are plants so important? If plants hadn't evolved to _________________, life on this planet would be very different. Plants _________________________________, and the most important waste product of this process is _________ - something that most of the animal life on this planet can't live without! As the first plants began photosynthesizing, the amount of __________ in the _________________. Some of the oxygen in the ______________________________________ ______. Eventually there was enough ozone in the upper atmosphere to effectively ________ the ____________________ that are highly destructive to living organisms. This allowed organisms to _______________________________________. Having an abundant supply of oxygen in the atmosphere also allowed other organisms to __________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________. This yields much ______________ than can be obtained in an atmosphere without oxygen. Plants are also ___________________________ because they form the basis of _____________. Most plants are ___________, creating their own food using _____________________________ through a process called _______________. Some of the earliest fossils found have been aged at ______________. These fossil deposits show evidence of photosynthesis, so plants, or the plant-like ancestors of plants, have lived on this planet longer than most other groups of organisms. The fossil record for plants is _______ than animals as they lack _________ that produce fossils but there is enough to show an __________________. ______________ were the ____ to appear followed by ________________________________________________________. The ______ _____________________________________ has traced the ____________________________, however, ______________________________. Here is a proposed evolutionary tree for plants.

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General Characteristics of Plants

Plants are __________________________. Plants are _____________ - make food by photosynthesis. Plants have _____________________________________. Plants _________________________. Plants show an _______________________________________________ (___________ and ______________________).

Plants, like ________, have the _____________________________________ for photosynthesis so it is said that they ________________________. However, plants possess many differences in comparison to ____________, because they have to be _________________________________ _________________________.

One of the main protections ___________________ is the ___________________. The cuticle is a _____________________________. With this waxy cuticle present the plant uses __________ __________________________________________. Some plants also have ________________ to ________________________________________. Those plants that don't must live in a _____ ___________. These tissues are called ____________ and will be discussed in more detail later.

_______, like algae, ___________________________________________. There are differences to accommodate the ___________________. For example, plants must ____________________ ________________________________.

Classifying Plants

The 12 Phyla of plants can be ___________________ based on the _______________________.

1. _______________. 2. _______________. Nonvascular Plants such as ____________ (_______), ______________ (____________), and _______________ (______________) ______________________________________________ _________ (more on plant anatomy later…). Vascular Plants have ________________________________________. Vascular plants can be further divided into 2 groups:

1) ________________. 2) ________________.

Seedless plants include Ferns, and three other phyla closely associated with ferns.

1. Psilotophyta (__________) 2. Lycophyta (___________) 3. Sphenophyta (___________) 4. _____________ (________)

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Vascular- Seed Plants that __________________________ include 4 phyla of _____________ and 1 phylum of ________________.

Gymnosperms produce seeds that are not enclosed in fruits (i.e. pine tree). Gymnosperms:

1. Cycadophyta (i.e. __________) 2. Ginkgophyta (i.e. ___________) 3. Coniferophyta (i.e. __________) 4. Gnetophyta (i.e. Gnetophytes)

Angiosperm produce seeds ________________________ (i.e. ____________________). Angiosperms are also called '__________________'.

1. _______________ (i.e. flowering plants). Class ____________________ (_________) Class _________________ (_________)

We will study each of these groups as we move through the plant module.

Review of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the cellular process by which plants convert the ___________________________ in the form of ________. In plants, this process occurs in __________ _____________________________. Photosynthesis is the process that provides _____________ made by ________ that is _________________________________. Without ___________________ we would have ______________ ______________________. Plants ______ a common gas called ______________, pull water up through their roots and use light to make sugar. Plants ______________________ and give off _____________________. The chemical reaction that __________________________ (say inside a tree leaf) uses the light energy from the sun to convert _______________________ and _____________________ into _________, a form of sugar, _______________.

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Review of Cellular Respiration

_________________ is the cellular process by which __________________________________ _________________ (________________________) that can do work inside cells. This process ___________________________________________________. Both plants and animals ______ ____________________________ (____________) ____________________. The chemical reaction that ________________________ (say inside a muscle cell) ___________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________.

It is important to note that the __________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________. _______________________ ______________. ____________________________ ____________________________.

Life Cycle of Plants

Plants use an ___________________________. In the plant's cycle, _______________________ is ________________________ and the ___________ is referred to as ____________________. The ____________ of ___________________ are ____________________________. Plants are _______________________________________________.

Within the cycle, _________________________________________________________ which will _______________. It will then ______ and grow into a ____________________, which will produce ____________. Two gametes will combine (_________) to _________________, which will _____________________________ to complete the cycle.

Although the _______________ between the life cycles of different plants _________________ __________________, other differences between the cycles will be discussed in further lessons.

6.1 Questions 1. Why are plants important to people? (1 mark)

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2. What are vascular and non-vascular plants? Provide an example of each (2 marks) 3. What is the alternation of generations? Why is it important for plants? (2 marks)

4. Define diploid (2n) and haploid (n). (2 marks)

6.2 Non-Seed Bearing Plants

____________ are traditionally considered as a ____________________ within the 5-kingdom classification. The diagnostic characters of the algal group as a whole ________________, but nevertheless vastly different from the _________________ of the other two plant subkingdoms, namely the ______________________. Other biologists, who were convinced that not all algae are plants, revised the classification, preferring algae to be placed in the Kingdom _______, with only some multicellular phyla, particularly the _______________________________________, _________________. Then there were other biologists who regarded some of these multicellular forms to be placed in the Kingdom Protista. The result was, and still is ____________.

All _____ are _________________________. The various types contain different ____________ _________ and are ______________. Most algae are ______________________ and are ______ ____________. This is where the names __________________ algae come from. The only algae that does not fall into these three classifications are those that are ______________________ and ___________________. _________________________________________________________. While these algae reproduce by ______ (__________________), the ______________________ _____________________________________. The _______________________ these ________ _______ is termed ___________________________. To have an __________________________, an organism must have life stages that are _______ _____________________. An organism can spend ________________________or it can spend _________________ in either _____________________.

Algae

________________ is a _________________________ with two flagella that make it mobile. It usually _________________________________, but when faced with unfavorable conditions it will reproduce _________________________________. This method of reproduction is used in unfavorable conditions because the __________ has a ___________________. When faced with

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unfavorable conditions the Chlamydomonas will reproduce sexually forming this _________ and it will remain a zygospore in a _________________ until _____________________________. It is important to note that since all gametes are the same (no male or female) they are said to have isogametes.

Chlamydomonas

Algae Video Notes:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Non-Vascular Plants

The Phyla containing the ______________ is _______________. This phyla includes _________________________.

Same as the other Bryophytes, _________________________ and _________ ______________________. Mosses do have _________________ that _____ ___________ but the ____________________________ and therefore do not _________________________________________. _____________ produced by photosynthesis within the leaf-like structures _______________________.

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As a result the ____________________________________. Mosses will typically grow as a mat of stem-like structures.

To Summarize

1. _________________________. 2. ________________________________________________. 3. ______________________________________. 4. Mosses ____________ due to their _______________________. 5. They ________________________________________________

_________________________________.

Moss Reproduction

The _________________ is typical of the bryophytes. ___________________________, located among the top leaves of the female gametophytes, _____________________. ________, located similarly ___________________ also goes through ________, but it ______________________ that _____ in drops of rainwater or dew _____________________________________________.

The ______ that ________________ develops into a _______________ within the archegonium. The ___________________________________, taking its nourishment from the ____________, and _________________________________________ near the tip. ____________ are produced _____________________, and when the _______________________, the _____________. The spores _____________________________________________, which represent the next stage in the _________________________________.

In a ______, the ___________________________, which means that it is the part of the lifecycle that is most easily seen by people. When you look at a patch of moss, you are seeing all of the green of the gametophyte.

Limiting Factor: ____________________________________________________________

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Bryophytes Video Notes:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Vascular Plants (ferns)

Division ___________________ Most ______ produce _______________________________. They range from less than 1cm to 25 m tall. Ferns ____________________, on forest floors, as epiphytes (survive by living off of other plants), or in full sun. ________ ferns _______________.

The _______________________________________. These _______________________ with a central stem. _______________ are _________________________________. The stems contain ______________________________________________________________________ from one part of the plant to another. _______________________________________________________.

Fern Reproduction

Like other _______________________, a ________________________________ in the ground. However, ferns vary in size and shape much more than the other divisions. Typically, the ________________________ (called the ___________) is _______________ with the ________ at the ______________________ at the notch. After the ____________________________ they _______________________________. The ______________________________ that is a small curled stem with leaves. ___________________________________________ as we know them.

_____ are found on the ______________________ and hold the __________. They are visible as ______________________________ at certain stages of the life cycle.

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_____________ (aka sporangium) are known as the "_________________". They are structures where _____________________________.

We can say that the _________________________________ life cycle _____________ because the _____________________________________________.

Pteridophytes Video Notes:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6.2 Questions

1) Briefly summarize the structure of moss. (2 marks)

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2) Label and describe the lifecycle of the moss found below. Be sure to include which parts of the cycle is n and which part is 2n. (4 marks)

3) Briefly summarize the structure of a fern. (2 marks) 4) Label and describe the lifecycle of the fern found below. Be sure to include which parts of the cycle is n and which part is 2n. (4 marks)

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6.3 Vascular Plants with Seeds

There are two __________________________________________________________. The seed in both ___________________________________________________________. The advantage to having a seed is that the _______________________________________________. The seeds of ________________________________________ in ____________ those of the __________. They are often _____________________________________________. The __________ are the _________________ and _______________________________. The following structures are found in seed plants and are very important in their adaptation to living on land.

• ________ • ________ • ________ • ________

These structures and their functions will be the topics of the lessons to follow.

Seeds and Roots

The ___________________ to start new plants. The _________ within these seeds is _________ __________________. The ______________ and result in the production of a _________ plant. In Douglas-fir, the _____________________________________________________ making it a high-energy and nutritious tissue. ______ have _______________. First, ______________ and ________. They are the ______________________ of a ____. _______________________________________________ and __________________________. Secondly, _____________ in the soil __________________________. This prevents it from __________________________. Finally, ________________ and _______. This ________________________ (starch grains). Some roots may become _______________ _____________________ (example: carrot!). This storage of energy is an important strategy for _________________________________. These types of roots are called __________.

To the right is an image of the cross-section of a root. Notice the __________________ (_______________) in the ______ _____________.

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Roots grow by ___________________ through __________. The ________________________. The structures in the diagrams are described below.

Epidermis (___________). These cells ____________________ and ____________________.

Cortex (____________________________). - found between the ___________________________

Endodermis (______________). The _____________ contains a layer of a waterproof substance that stops further movement of __________________. For water to get into the root it _________ __________________________________. The innermost tissues are ______________________________________________. The ________________________________. Lateral roots are formed by the __________________________.

Xylem -This is the _____________________ that ____________ and _________________ upward from the ______ and also helps to form the _________________________.

Phloem -This is the __________________________ that _______________________________ _______________________________. Pericycle -The pericycle is __________ of plant tissue _________________________________. Root Cap -The _________ of the root cap is the ___________ of the ______________________ __________________. In the process, its outer cells are continuously peeled off and replaced by new cells formed from root meristem. Apical Meristem -This area is made up of compactly or closely arranged small thin walled isodiametric and meristematic cells. They undergo repeated division. The meristematic region produces new cells for the root cap and the basal region of the root. Therefore, it is essential for the growth of the root. Zone of Elongation -The ____________________ are newly formed cells which lose the power of division but they __________________. This ______________ of the root. The external cells possess the power of ___________________________________ from the soil. Zone of Maturation -_____________________________. Most of the ____________________ __________________. Some of the outer cells of this zone give rise to lateral tubular outgrowths called ______________. Root Hairs -The ____________________________________________________.

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Stems

Stems push up through the soil from the seed. They ___________________________________. Stems also ____________________________________________.

Cactus stores water. Sugar cane stores large amounts of sugar.

The diagram below illustrates how sugars made in the leaves move into the phloem and how water from the roots is moved up into the stem by xylem.

Leaves

Leaves ______________. They _____________ (____________________) and _____________ (_______________________) of _________________. Most leaves are thin and flat. Others are more needle-like in appearance. Leaf Structure Most of the ____________ occurs in the ___________ ______________. Spongy _________ allows _______, ___________________________________________. Notice the location of the __________________ in this diagram. The _______ is located on the top and bottom of the leaf and _______________________.

Stomata

__________________________ on the bottom of a leaf surrounded by _________________________ that allow ________________________. Stomata are _____ during the ____ and _____ at night. This opening and closing is regulated by the ________________________________. When guard cells are 'full' of water they ______, making

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them ______________________. The ____________ necessary for ____________ can enter the leaf through the __________ and the ______ produced by photosynthesis can _______________ through _____________. _________ ________ is also _________________________________. Cottonwood trees lose 100 gallons of water on a hot day.

6.3 Questions

1) Name and describe 3 major characteristics of vascular plants (3 marks)

6.4 Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms include four divisions of plants:

1. _______________ 2. _______________ 3. _______________ 4. _______________

The __________________ are the most widely studied. They are the _____________ and are the _____________________________. All conifers have no protecting ovary wall around the seed. In fact, ________________________________________. ______________________________________________________________;

1. __________________________________. 2. ____________________________________________. 3. ____________________________________________. 4. ________________________________. 5. _________ from __________ is air borne (________________) so __________________

____________________. 6. They _______________, a ________________, on plant surfaces that ______________. 7. _____________________ that ______________________________ giving an ________

_________________________.

Here's an image of the vascular tissue within the trunk of a tree that moves water and nutrients. It is like a ______________________________.

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Life Cycle In gymnosperms, as in other seed plants, the _________________________________. However, it is __________ in the gymnosperm that is _________ for ____________________________. The ______ of a gymnosperm _______________________________ to ______________________ so that the embryo can _____________________ before growing. The seeds have _________________________________. When the seed lands on the ground it will grow into the ________________________. Once mature, this tree will bear _______________. On trees that have both male and female cones, the ___________ are located

_________________________________________________. This allows the pollen (n) of the male cones to _________________________ on a windy day giving _________________. When a pollen grain lands on an ovule of a female cone (n), __________________________________ (_____). This is an important ______________ because this means that the sperm _________________________________________ ___________. There are __________ produced by each __________. ____________________________ the ____________________________. Once the egg is fertilized forming a __________, it will grow into a _____ ready to become a ______________________.

Economic Importance

In first world countries the _______________________________________ . The gymnosperms are ________________________________. The softwood lumber industry is one of the biggest exporters in Canada with most of the wood going to the USA. ______________________ are all ___________________ used around the world for building homes, furniture, or almost anything else made with wood. This is the primary economic importance of gymnosperms as most do not produce edible fruits or roots and the stem tissue is too woody for consumption. However, there are _____________________________. ____________________________________________, due to its colour and hardiness, but its ____________________________________. Many other gymnosperms are used in _______________________ but it is usually to provide a backdrop or contrast to the beauty of an angiosperm. Pine beetle infestations have been of particular concern to the logging industry in the past decade.

Importance to First People

Cedar trees, an example of a Gymnosperm, have played an important role in Aboriginal people's lives for many generations.

__________________________________________________________________. The wood of the tree can be used to make ________________________________ to name a few.

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In the collection of cedar bark, the First Nations people were very ________________________ _________________________________________.

6.4 Questions

1) What is a Gymnosperm? Provide 2 examples. (1 mark) 2) Label and describe the lifecycle of a gymnosperm found below. Be sure to include which parts of the cycle is n and which part is 2n. (4 marks)

6.5 Angiosperms

________________________________ the division _________________ and are the _______________. Developing from the flower is a ________________ __________. This _________________________ is ___________________________________. We are surrounded by them in everyday life, from _______ and ______________________________________.

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Angiosperms are further _______________________, the _________________. This is based on their __________ and ____________. The _____________ of the seed is called the __________. As the name suggests, a ___________________________________________. Other differences are outlined in the table below.

Monocot Dicot

Seed

Seed leaf (first leaf to form in germination)

Vascular Bundles (xylem and phloem)

Veins in leaf

Flower parts (such as petals and sepals)

The Flower

The _____________________ and the ________________________________________. These specialized structures create a symbiotic relationship with certain animals to ________________ as well as ________________________. A flower _____________________________________ and _________________________________. In exchange, the animal is sprinkled with _______ to ___________________________________. After it is fertilized the flower will develop into a _____ which may be harvested and _______________________. These animals may carry seeds for miles to be dropped with a bit of extra fertilizer. Flowers usually ______________________________. The _______________________ is the _____. In most flowers this is ____________________________. The ___________________________________________. ________________________ until they are fertilized. ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________. The ____________________________________. The

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_________________________ that _____________ and a _________ that _________________ _________. ____________________ when __________________________________________. __________ is often __________ that have ____________________. Plants can __________ or ____________________ (pollen transferred to stigma of a different plant).

Types of Fruit

The fruit in all angiosperms _________________________________. The fleshy part of the fruit develops from the ___________________________. The function of this flesh varies in different plants but it to some extent ______________________________________. The fruit can take on a _________________ to be ____________________ (e.g. maple) or water (e.g. coconut) or can __________________________________________________________________________.

We commonly think of apples, bananas, oranges or melons as fruits, however, many other foods we don't consider are fruits as well. Foods such as _____________________________________ ________________________ and many others __________ because they develop from a flower.

Angiosperm Reproduction

As with the gymnosperms, in ______________ the _____________________________ and the ______ is _________________________________. Flowers ______________________________________. The __________ are in the ______ and the __________ are in the _______. It is here where _______ takes place. In the _____________, meiosis produces the ______________________________________ and in the _________________________________ that _________________________________. When the ________________________________________ a _________________________, around the ______ ___, and provides a _______________________ to __________. _________________ the __________. ___________________________ and the other will ________________________. This process is called _________________. The fertilized polar nuclei will develop into a triploid (3n) ________________ that ______________________________________ that ______________________ (______________). Still ___________________ at this point is ______ that has developed from the ovary wall. The fruit can function in various ways to aid in dispersal.

Economic Importance of Angiosperms

As with gymnosperms, _________________________. However, they generally have a different usage and are ________________. Hardwoods are more often ______________________ due to

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their ___________________________. The durability and strength of hardwoods mean they are used for more ____________________. __________________ are each examples of hardwoods that are commonly used for these purposes.

When we think of _____________, we think of __________________, which both have obvious economic implications. Many angiosperms have a _____________________________ and ____ ____________________________. For example, with ______________ the root is used to make _____ and with sugar cane the stalk of the plant is used. More commonly ________________ of ________________________________________. We do not only consume the fruit. One group of fruits has an __________________________________. These ___________. _____________ and ____ are consumed worldwide as a base of consumption providing ________________.

Other uses of angiosperms are seen in _______________________________________. _______ is _________________. Rubber was derived from the rubber tree. Now most rubber is synthetic. _____________________________________________________________________________.

6.5 Questions 1) What is an angiosperm? Provide 2 examples. (1 mark) 2) Describe the differences between a monocot and a dicot. Are they similar in any way? Provide examples in your explanation. (2 marks) 3) Draw and label a flower. Make sure to include the anther, filament, petal, ovule, ovary and stigma in your sketch (3 marks).

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4) What part of the reproductive system of an apple tree becomes the apple? (1 mark) 5) What are some similarities and differences between an angiosperm and a gymnosperm? (3marks)