6$03/(Judy McDougall - Doc · PDF file1.1 Plant cells and animal cells 13 ... Practical task 1...

Natural SciencesGrade 9

Textbook and Workbook

Santie du Plessis • Pikkie du ToitCarlien Fanoy • Natalie Janse van Rensburg

Susan Keuris • Patricia Lees-RolfeJudy McDougallSA

MPLE

Doc ScientiaPosbus 7011

Ansfrere 1711

www.docscientia.co.za

For any queries and feedback: [email protected]

Jacques Fanoy or Stephan FanoyOffice: 011 472 8728

Fax: 086 546 1423

ISBN: 978-1-920537-30-2

First edition December 2011Revised edition December 2012Second edition December 2013

Revised edition December 2014; 2015

Graphic design: Helene Jonck

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means –

mechanical or electronic, including recordings or tape recordings and photocopying – without the prior permission of the publisher.SAMPLE

INDEXUnit Page

TERM 1 LIFE AND LIVING 13

Unit 1 CELLS AS THE BASIC UNITS 13

1.1 Plant cells and animal cells 13

1.2 Structure of cells 14

1.3 Differences between plant cells and animal cells 15

Project 15

1.4 Cells in tissues, organs and systems 15

Activity 1 15

Activity 2 16

Case study 19

Practical task 1 21

Exercise 1 21

Summary of Unit1 24

Mind maps of Unit 1 25

Unit 2 SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BODY 27

2.1 Introduction 28

Practical task 2 28

2.2 Digestive system 28

2.2.1 Steps in digestion 28

2.2.2 Types of digestion 29

2.2.3 Organs 29

2.2.4 Functions of the organs 30

2.2.5 Nutrition and nutrients 34

2.2.6 Balanced diet 36

Activity 3 37

Activity 4 37

Practical investigation 1 37

2.2.7 Health issues 39

Activity 5 39

Exercise 2 41

2.3 Muscular system 46

2.3.1 Skeleton 46

2.3.2 Muscles 48

2.3.3 Tendons, ligaments and cartilage 49

2.3.4 Diseases that affect the skeleton 49

Exercise 3 49

2.4 Circulatory system 52

2.4.1 Blood 52

2.4.2 Anatomy 52

2.4.3 Blood vessels 54

2.4.4 Heart 54


Practical task 3 57


Activity 6 58

Exercise 4 59

2.5 Respiratory system 63

SAMPLE

2.5.1 Anatomy 63

2.5.2 Gaseous exchange and diffusion 65

Practical task 4 66

2.5.3 Respiration 66

Activity 7 66

2.5.4 Differences between inhalation and exhalation 66


Activity 8 67

Exercise 5 68

2.6 Excretory system 73

2.6.1 Anatomy 73


Exercise 6 76

2.7 Nervous system and sensory organs 78

2.7.1 Eye (sight) 78

2.7.2 Ear (hearing) 80

2.7.3 Tongue (taste) 81

2.7.4 Skin (touch) 82

2.7.5 Nose (smell) 83

2.7.6 Impulses and the brain 84

2.7.7 Thermoregulation 86


2.7.9 The impact of drugs and alcohol on the brain 88

Exercise 7 88

Summary of Unit 2 92


Unit 3 HUMAN REPRODUCTION AN PUBERTY 107

3.1 Introduction 107

3.2 Male reproductive system 107

3.3 Female reproductive system 108

3.4 Sexual intercourse 109

3.5 Puberty 109

3.6 Phases of reproduction 110

3.7 Contraception 112

3.8 Health issues 112

Activity 9 113

Activity 10 114

Exercise 8 114



Glossary 120

Term test 123

TERM 2 MATTER AND MATERIALS 139

Unit 1 COMPOUNDS AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS 139

1.1 Periodic Table 139

1.1.1 General information 140

1.1.2 Representation of elements 141

1.2 Compounds 141

Practical task 5 143

Exercise 9 144

SAMPLE

1.3 Chemical reactions 148

1.3.1 Chemical equations 148


Exercise 10 151

1.3.2 Balancing 154

Exercise 11 156



Unit 2 METALS AND NON-METALS 161

2.1 Indicators 161

2.2 pH scale 162



2.3 Reactions of metals with oxygen 164


2.3.1 Rust 167

2.3.2 Prevention of rust 167

2.4 Reactions of non-metals with oxygen 168


Exercise 12 171



Unit 3 ACIDS AND BASES 177

3.1 Acids 177

3.2 Bases 178


Exercise 13 179

3.3 Reactions of acids 180

3.3.1 Acid with a metal 180



Exercise 14 183

3.3.2 Acid with a metal oxide 184

Activity 11 186

3.3.3 Acid with a metal hydroxide 186


3.3.4 Acid with a metal carbonate 188


Activity 12 190

Exercise 15 190



Glossary 196

Term test 197

TERM 3 ENERGY AND CHANGE 205

Unit 1 FORCES 205

1.1 What is a force? 205



SAMPLE



Exercise 16 209

1.2 Types of forces 210

1.2.1 Gravitational force 210



1.2.2 Magnetic forces 213





1.2.3 Electrostatic forces 217


Exercise 17 221



Unit 2 CELLS 225

2.1 Source 225

2.2 Chemical reactions 225


2.3 Connections 226

2.3.1 Series 226


2.3.2 Parallel 227


Exercise 18 228


Unit 3 SERIES CIRCUITS AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS 231

3.1 Conductors and resistors 231

3.1.1 Conductors 231

3.1.2 Resistors 232

3.1.3 Factors that influence resistance 233


3.2 Electrical circuits 235

3.2.1 Current 235

3.2.2 Potential difference 236

3.2.3 Resistance 237

3.3 Series connection 237


3.4 Parallel connection 238


Exercise 19 240



Unit 4 SAFETY WITH ELECTRICITY 245

4.1 Wiring of households 245


4.2 Safety measures 247

SAMPLE

4.2.1 Fuses and circuit breakers 247

4.2.2 Lightning conductors 248

Activity 13 249

4.3 Electrical energy theft 250

Activity 14 250

Exercise 20 251



Unit 5 NATIONAL ELECTRICITY GRID 255

5.1 National network 255

5.2 Coal power stations 255

5.3 Alternative sources 257

Activity 15 259

Exercise 21 260


Unit 6 COST OF ELECTRICAL POWER 267

6.1 Cost calculation 267

6.2 Saving electricity 269

Activity 16 269

Exercise 22 270


Glossary 273

Term test 275

TERM 4 EARTH AND BEYOND 283

Activity 17 285

Unit 1 LITHOSPHERE 287

1.1 What is the lithosphere? 287

1.2 Rock cycle 288

1.2.1 Types of rock 288

1.2.1.1 Igneous rock 289

1.2.1.2 Sedimentary rock 289

1.2.1.3 Metamorphic rock 290

1.2.2 Steps of the rock cycle 290

Activity 18 292

1.3 Minerals and ore 294

Exercise 23 295

1.4 Extraction of minerals in South Africa 298

1.4.1 Indigenous technology of extraction 298

1.4.2 Modern day processes for extraction 298

Activity 19 299

1.4.3 Environmental impact of mines 300

Activity 20 301

Exercise 24 301



Unit 2 ATMOSPHERE 307

2.1 Composition 307

2.2 Layers of the atmosphere 308

2.2.1 Troposphere 310

2.2.2 Stratosphere 310

SAMPLE

2.2.3 Mesosphere 311

2.2.4 Thermosphere 311

2.3 The greenhouse effect 312

Activity 21 313

Exercise 25 313

2.4 Stars 315

2.4.1 Birth 315

2.4.2 Life 316

2.4.3 Death 317

Activity 22 318

Activity 23 318



Glossary 324

Term test 325

Information sheet 331

Work cited 332

SAMPLE

TERM 1:LIFE AND LIVING

Doc Scientia 13NATURAL SCIENCES textbook and workbook - Grade 9

A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.Cells are microscopic and cannot be observed with the naked eye.Microscopes are used to observe cells.

1.1 Plant cells and animal cells

1. Membrane: • The membrane surrounds the cell. • It allows certain substances to move in and out of the cell. • The membrane is living, thin and pliable.

2. Cytoplasm: • The cytoplasm is a liquid in which the chemical processes (metabolism) can take place in the cell. • The largest part of the cell consists of cytoplasm, which is a jelly-like substance.

UNIT 1 CELLS AS THE BASIC UNITS

1. Membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Nucleus 4. Organelles

Cells

Cells as the basic unitsHuman reproduction and puberty

Systems in the human body

Life and living

Plant cells and animal cells

Structure of cells

Differences between plant cells and animal cells

Cells in tissues, organs and systems

Cells as the basic units of life

SAMPLE

life and living

14 Doc Scientia NATURAL SCIENCES textbook and workbook - Grade 9

3. Nucleus (core): • The nucleus is surrounded by the nucleus membrane. • The nucleus contains the DNA of the cell. • DNA carries the genetic code with which the cell reproduces. • DNA contains hereditary characteristics which determine things like the colour of your eyes. • Each persoon's DNA is unique. Due to the variation, differences occur in species. • The nucleus controls the life functions and processes of the cell.

4. Organelles: • Organelles include the mitochondria and vacuole. • The mitochondria is responsible for respiration in cells, and release energy.

1.2 Structure of cellsThe structure of the plant cell is as follows:

The structure of the animal cell is as follows:

cell wall

cell membrane

cytoplasm

nuclear membrane

nucleoplasmnucleus

tonoplast

cell sap

chloroplast

vacuole

}

}mitochondria

nuclear membrane

nucleoplasmnucleus

cell membrane

cytoplasm

}mitochondria

vacuole

SAMPLE

life and living


1.3 Differences between plant cells and animal cells

Plant cell Animal cell

1. Cell wall PresentIt consists of non-living cellulose which is rigid. The cell wall gives the shape of the cell and provides protection.

Not present

2. Shape of cell

Inflexible and firm No fixed form

3. Vacuole Large vacuolesThe vacuole contributes to the shape of the cell. The vacuole is also used as storage for nutrients, water and even waste products.

Small vacuolesVacuoles in animal cells are temporary or not present.

4. Chloroplast Chloroplasts are only found in green plants. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which allows the plant to photosynthesise. Photosynthesis is the process whereby green plants produce food (glucose and starch) in the presence of sunlight.

Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts.

Project Date:Build a 3D plant cell that meets the following requirements:• It must be approximately the size of an A4 paper. • Be as creative as possible. • Use different kinds and colours of sweets, play dough, different colours of cardboard or anything from nature to represent the different parts of the cell.

1.4 Cells in tissues, organs and systemsCells are found in a variety of sizes and shapes. Microscopic organisms, like bacteria, consist of only one cell and are studied under a microscope. Macroscopic organisms, like people, consist of a large number of cells.

Activity 1 Date:Do research on the history and discovery of light microscopes and electron microscopes. Search for pictures. Make a poster.Do a presentation in class. SAMPLE

life and living


Activity 2 Date:Study the named sketch of the basic light microscope.

Complete the table below about the function of each of the parts that are listed.

Part Function

Eye piece

Tube

Coarse focus knob

Fine focus knob

coarse focus knob

fine focus knob

arm

adjustable inclination

base

eye piece

tube

revolving nosepiece

small objective

large objective

clamps

table/stage

diaphragm

mirror/light source

SAMPLE

life and living


Part Function

Arm

Revolving nosepiece

Objectives

Table/stage

Clamps

Diaphragm

Light source

Base

There are cells that are specialised. This means that these cells are adapted to perform specific functions. Here are a few examples of specialised cells:

Cell Function

Stem cells These cells have the ability to:• divide and• develop into different types of cells.

Example:Stem cells can develop into nerve cells, muscle cells and bone cells.

Muscle cells

These cells contract and relax to enable movement.SAMPLE

life and living


Cell Function

Nerve cells

Nerve cells transfer electrical impulses in the nerves and the spinal cord.

Red blood cells

The red blood cells transport oxygen throughout the body.

Cell

A group of cells that function together for the same purpose forms tissue.

A group of systems that function together forms an organism.

A group of tissues that function together forms an organ.

A group of organs that function together forms a system.

SAMPLE

life and living


Case study Date:Stem cells and stem cell researchStem cell research has been hailed as a miracle cure by the medical fraternity, because there is the possibility of solutions for incurable diseases, e.g. cancer, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Researchers believe that stem cells can be used to regenerate damaged and diseased organs. On the other hand, stem cell research has been highly controversial, due to the ethical issues concerned with the culture and use of stem cells derived from human embryos.But what is a stem cell? Stem cells are unspecialised cells that have two defining properties: the ability to differentiate into any other type of cell, and the ability to self-regenerate (they can divide and produce more stem cells).Stem cell research is research done on embryonic stem cells. It focuses on medical prospects such as healing diseases that are currently incurable.

There are ethical questions that come to light when one talks about stem cell research.1. The research destroys human embryos. Every living person started life as an embryo. The debate is whether the destruction of embryos is murder or not.2. Stem cell research could lead to unethical behaviour, for example embryo farms, cloned babies and the use of foetuses for organ donation.

The counter-arguments are:1. Embryos cannot be compared to living, complete organisms. Therefore the use of embryo stem cells cannot be considered murder.2. If it is unethical to use embryos for research, then it is just as unethical to use embryos for in-vitro fertilisation. Most fertility clinics prepare more embryos than they need. The excess embryos are frozen or destroyed. If it is therefore immoral to use embryos to cure devastating diseases, it is also immoral to use embryos to overcome infertility.

Questions:1. What is a stem cell?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

2. What is an embryo?

______________________________________________________________________SAMPLE

life and living


3. What is stem cell research?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

4. Why was stem cell research hailed as a miracle cure by the medical fraternity?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

5. Which two ethical questions caused controversy in the debate about stem cell research? State your answer in just one sentence.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

6. Give your own opinion of stem cell research. Do you agree with it or not?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Do further research about stem cell research to support your answer for Question 6. Discuss your findings in class. Take into consideration that stem cells can also be obtained from blood from the umbilical cord after birth. How does this statement influence your opinion?SAMPLE

life and living


Exercise 1 Date:1. Name three specialised cells as well as the function of each.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Explain the following briefly:

Tissue _________________________________________________________________

Organs _________________________________________________________________

Systems _________________________________________________________________

Organism _________________________________________________________________

3. Name the four parts found in all cells.

______________________________________________________________________________

4. What is the function of the cell nucleus?

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Draw a simple sketch to represent an animal cell. Remember to give your sketch a heading and labels.

Practical task 1 Date:Prepare plant cells and animal cells (e.g. cells from an onion and mucous) and study it under a microscope. Draw and name the cells that are studied.

SAMPLE

life and living


6 Study the sketches in the following table. Identify them as cells, tissue, organs, systems or organisms.

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.6

6.7SAMPLE

life and living


7. Draw a simple sketch to represent a plant cell. Remember to give your sketch a heading and labels.

8 What is the function of:8.1 the cell wall?

______________________________________________________________________________

8.2 the chloroplasts?

______________________________________________________________________________

8.3 the vacuole?

______________________________________________________________________________

Notes

SAMPLE

life and living



1. Cell wall PresentIt consists of non-living cellulose which is rigid. The cell wall gives the shape of the cell and provides protection.

Not present

2. Shape of cell

Inflexible and firm No fixed form

3. Vacuole Large vacuolesThe vacuole contributes to the shape of the cell. The vacuole is also used as storage for nutrients, water and even waste products.

Small vacuolesVacuoles in animal cells are temporary or not present.

4. Chloroplast Chloroplasts are only found in green plants. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which allows the plant to photosynthesise.Photosynthesis is the process whereby green plants produce food (glucose and starch) in the presence of sunlight.

Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts.

Cell Function

Stem cells These cells have the ability to divide and develop into different types of cells.

Muscle cells These cells contract and relax to enable movement.

Nerve cells Nerve cells transfer electrical impulses in the nerves and the spinal cord.

Red blood cells The red blood cells transport oxygen throughout the body.

1. Membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Nucleus 4. Organelles

Cells

Cell

A group of cells that function together for the same purpose forms tissue.

A group of systems that function together forms an organism.

A group of tissues that function together forms an organ.

A group of organs that function together forms a system.

Summary

SAMPLE

A group of cells

A group of systems

A group of tissue

A group of organs

All cells contain


1. Shape Rigid Flexible

2. Cell wall

3. Vacuole containing cell sap

4. Chloroplast

CELLS

SAMPLE

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