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4/26/2011 USMAN JAVED CHEEMA

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Common Name : Bell PepperTechnical Name : Capsicum Annum

F

amily : Solanaceae

Sweet pepper is a nutritious vegetable that is gaining inpopularity throughout the world.

The fruit is also frequently consumed in its unripeform, when the fruit is still green.Sweet pepper are usually less pungent peppervarieties.


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Most sweet pepper varieties are adapted to the cool,dry season when the environment for production isfavorable.

Sweet pepper grows best at 2124C.Growth and yields suffer when temperatures exceed 27C or

drop below 18C for extended periods.Sweet pepper crops benefit from crop rotation. Growing

pepper after paddy rice, for example, reduces the incidenceof diseases and nematodes.They are very sensitive to waterlogging. Soil pH should be

between 5.5 to 6.8.


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" Sweet peppers come in many different colors, includinggreen, red, yellow, purple, white and chocolate.

" Shapes range from spherical to bell to elongated types .


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B ell types B ells are sweet peppers which are grown primarily for fresh market. Their shape is blocky with 3 to 4lobes and thick flesh.Most are green when immature and red when ripe.

Varieties that perform well are Keystone Resistant Giant,Yolo Wonder, California Wonder 300, Lady B ell, Hybelle,

and Pip.Most require 75 to 80 days from transplanting to harvest.


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O ptimal soil temperature for germination is 28C. The soilshould be watered to keep it moist but not waterlogged.Thin seedlings and feed with a soluble fertilizer after their

true leaves appear.Seedlings can be grown in either trays or seedling beds.

Seed rate is 1.5-2 kg for raising seedling in one hectare.


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F eb-Apr Summer crop

August Autumn-winter

November Spring-sum

March Hilly areas


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Seedling Tray Method .Peat moss, commercial

potting soil, or a mixture of sand, compost, and burnt ricehulls.We recommend a mixture of 67% peat moss and 33%coarse vermiculite.Sow 1-2 seeds per hole,

thinning to keep the strongest plant.

Seedbed Method .

F orming a raised seedbed of 15 cm or higher to improvedrainage might reducesoilborne disease problems.Sow the seeds in rows

approximately 6-cm apart.Cover the bed surface with athin layer of compost or ricestraw mulch.


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SEEDLING TRAYMETHOD SEED BED METHOD


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A good seedling is in the 4 or 5-leaf stage (about 4 weeksold), vigorous, disease-free, stocky, and without flowers.

Transplant in the late afternoon or on a cloudy day tominimize transplant shock.Insert the seedling in a hole so the cotyledons appear abovethe surface. Irrigate the field as soon as possible after transplanting.


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Raised beds are used to facilitate furrow irrigation and toimprove drainage.A mulching of rice straw, polyethylene plastic, or other

material is used to cover the soil surface. Mulches reducefertilizer leaching, conserve moisture, and reduce weeds.During hot weather (>25C nighttime temperature), cover

plastic mulch with rice straw to prevent it from getting toohot.


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Cross-pollination is primarily caused by bees; thereforeisolating the crop from bees is very important.Remove any off-type plants (this is called rouging ).

These off-types can arise from volunteer plants from previous crops, cross-pollination in the previous seed crop,seed mixtures, mutations, or damage to the plant.Plants suffering from viral and some other types of diseasesshould also be removed.


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In the tropics, common fertilizer application rates are 140-200 kg N per hectare,60-140 kg P2O 5/ha.

140-180 kg K2 O /ha.Apply 40% of the inorganic N fertilizer before transplanting.The remaining 60% should be applied in 3 equal amounts at2, 4, and 6 weeks after transplanting.

Apply 50% of the P2 O 5 and K20 before planting.The rest is applied 4 weeks after transplanting.


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Irrigation and water management is critical with sweet pepper. The plants have shallow root systems.F urrow or drip irrigation are recommended. Sprinkler

irrigation should be avoided as wet leaves and fruits promotedisease development..


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DISEASE CONTROLDISEASE CONTROLB acterial Spot .Small spots develop on leaves.

Later, the leaves can turn yellow and drop.Disease is controlled by using pathogen-free seed, rotating crops , and sprayingwith copper fungicide mixes. Resistant

varieties are becoming available .

B acterial Soft RotInfected fruits will collapse and hang likewater-filled bags.

Management strategies include rotatingcrops, using raised beds to enhancedrainage, mulching to reduce soil water splash, and harvesting fruits carefully toavoid wounding.


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INSECT PESTINSECT PESTMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Tomato Fruit WormB ores inside fruits.

Chemical insecticides, Bac illusthuringiensis , and parasitic waspsare used to control this pest.

Thrips :-Remove sap from foliage, causingmid veins to dry and leaves to cupupwards.

Thrips are managed by eliminatinghost weeds, rotating crops, andspraying insecticides


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Sweet pepper fruits should be harvested when they reach fullsize and firmness.They are usually harvested before they begin changing color

(reddening or yellowing), unless they are intended for that purpose.Most sweet pepper plants produce for 6-8 weeks until theylose vigor.If possible, store the fruit in a well-ventilated location at cool(10C) temperatures and relative humidity of 90-95% .


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Sw eet pepper seeds should be extracted from fresh fruits.Seeds may be removed by hand or by grinding the fruits(with dull blades to minimize seed damage).

Separate the seeds from fruits with a series of water washes.Do not extract diseased or poor quality seeds.


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Spread the seeds on a screen for drying at 25C and 40%relative humidity for one week. Use an air dryer if available.If one is not available, dry the seeds in a warm, well-

ventilated placed out of direct sunlight. Stir the seedsoccasionally and/or use a fan to hasten drying.


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Pepper seeds can be safely stored for at least 3-5 years.Place seeds in envelopes, cloth or mesh bags, plasticcontainers, or foil envelopes.

The best containers are airtight, such as a sealed glass jar,metal can or foil envelope.

Store seeds in a cool, dry place.The temperatures should not exceed 20C and relativehumidity (RH ) in the storage area should not exceed 30%.


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Vegetable seed is being imported from China, India,Thailand, Italy, Japan, Korea, Denmark, India,United States of Amarica,etc.

In our market sweet pepper seed is imported fromChina, India and USA.


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Chaudhary M. Azhar Siddiqui & Sons Pvt. Limited.

Yousaf Sohail and Company F aisalabad, importers and

distributors of vegetable seeds of both opi and hybridverities.

Green Gold Agri-Seeds , vegetable and fodder seed importers

and distributors inF

aisalabad.


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California Wonder , packing of 100gms having price of 1800rupees imported by Hussan Seeds Grw, Pakistan.

Hybrid Capsicum Gun Gun , packing of 10gms having priceof 300 rupees, Phauja Seeds Pvt Ltd are distributors andInsaaf Seeds Stores, Hyderabad are importers of this seed.

Sweet Yolo Wonder , packing of 100gms,having price 900

rupees, Modesto Seeds American are producer, seed wastreated with THIRAN.


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SP were grown under in greenhouse under three differentcultivation methods ( organic , integrated and conventionalfarming).

Aim of this work was to characterize and evaluate, under same climate conditions, the yield and fruit quality of SPunder organic fertilization management, compared to other two methods in which chemical fertilizers was added atdifferent dosages through crop cycle to avoid nutrient

depletion.During that exp, plant growth and especially yield andfruit quality parameters were mentioned to determine theeffects.


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Conventional treatment consisted of local fertilizer dosage N : 30.7, P2 O 5: 28.3, Mg O: 10.5, K2 O: 54.7. Ca O: 27.5.

Integrated treatment received half of the fertilizer dosage of the conventional treatment.

No chemical fertilizers were added to the organic treatment.


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Pl ant fresh weight and tota l l eaf fresh weight wereprogressively reduced by 32.6 and 35% respectively inorganic treatment compared with conventional due tonitrate depletion at the end of cycle.But no significant differences in total marketable yieldwere observed b/w conventiona l and organicfarming .At the same time fruit firmness , pericarp thickness ,pH and TSC showed higher va l ues with organicmethod with no significant difference to conventionalmethodI ntegrated farming showed highest yield in extra andfirst class fruit categories.


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.Treatment Total Marketable Yield Extra & Class 1 Class 2 & Class 3 Non-marketable

(Kg/m-2) (Kg/m-2) (Kg/m-2) (Kg/m-2)Conventional 7.34 1.96a 5.37 1.34Integrated 7.99 2.45b 5.54 1.03Organic 7.33 1.91a 5.42 1.40ANOVA ns ** ns ns


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Treatment Dry Matter Content% Firmness Pericarp Thickness pH EC(dS m-1) TSS (Brix)% Kg (mm)

Conventional 8 .3 8 4. 8 9 5.61 5.32 4.20 4.9 8Integrated 8 .0 8 4.47 5.70 5.30 4.37 4. 8 4Organic 8 .26 5.0 8 6.12 5.31 3. 8 7 5.02ANOVA NS NS NS NS NS NS


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It was suggested that with proper manure dosage, chemicalfertilizers could be reasonably avoided in sweet pepper cultivation, lowering production costs and reducing groundwater pollution without decreasing fruit yield and only aminor effect on fruit quality.


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