6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture #15 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 2020-01-04 · 6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide...
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #1
6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture #15
• Modulation – to match the transmitted signal to the physical medium • Demodulation
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #3 6.02 Fall 2012 LLecture 15 Slide #3
Single Link Communication Model
Digitize (if needed)
Original source
Source coding
Source binary digits (“message bits”)
Bit stream
Render/display, etc.
Receiving app/user
Source decoding
Bit stream
Channel Coding
(bit error correction)
Recv samples
+ Demapper
Mapper +
Xmit samples
Bits Signals (Voltages)
over physical link
Signals (Voltages)
Channel Decoding
(reducing or removing bit errors)
Render/display, etc.
Receiving app/user g a
Source decoding
etc
de
BBiitt ssttream B
Digitize (if needed)
Original source
iti
Source coding
SSoouurrccee bbiinnaarryy ddiiggiittss SS(“message bits”)
BBiitt sttreamm BB
End-host computers
(Bits
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DT Fourier Tr ansform (DTFT) for Spectral Representation of Genera l x[n]
6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #4
x[n] =1
2πX(Ω)e jΩn
<2π>
∫ dΩ X(Ω) = x[m]e− jΩm
m
∑where
This Fourier representation expresses x[n] as e jΩna weighted combination of for all Ω in [– , ].
X(Ωο)dΩ is the spectral content of x[n] in the frequency interval [Ωο, Ωο+ dΩ ]
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Input/Output Behav ior of LT I System in Frequency Domain
6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #5
H(Ω)
x[n] =1
2πX(Ω)e jΩn
<2π>
∫ dΩ y[n] =1
2πH (Ω)X(Ω)e jΩn
<2π>
∫ dΩ
Y (Ω) = H (Ω)X(Ω)
y[n] =1
2πY (Ω)e jΩn
<2π>
∫ dΩ
Spectral content of output Spectral content
of input Frequency response of system
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #6
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Phase of the frequency response is important too!
• Maybe not if we are only interested in audio, because the ear is not so sensitive to phase distortions
• But it’s certainly important if we are using an audio channel to transmit non-audio signals such as digital signals representing 1’s and 0’s, not intended for the ear
6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #7
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #8
To gauge how it will fare on lowpass and bandpass channels, let’s look at the spectral content of a rectangular pulse, x[n]=u[n]-u[n-256], of the kind we’ve been using in on-off signaling in our Audiocom lab. Any guesses as to spectral shape?
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Derivation of DTFT for rectangular pulse x[m]=u[m]-u[m-N]
6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #9
X(Ω) = x[m]e− jΩm
m=0
N−1
∑
=1+ e− jΩ + e− j2Ω +…+ e− jΩ(N−1)
= (1− e− jΩN ) / (1− e− jΩ)
= e− jΩ(N−1)/2 sin(ΩN / 2)
sin(Ω / 2)Height N at the origin, first zero-crossing at 2 /N
Shifting in time only changes the phase term in front. If the rectangular pulse is centered at 0, this term is 1.
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #10
Simpler case: DTFT of x[n] = u[n+5] – u[n-6] (centered rectangular pulse of length 11)
A periodic sinc (or “Dirichlet kernel”) – not the sinc we’ve seen before!
https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/sasp/Rectangular_Window.html
N
2 /N
Courtesy of Julius O. Smith. Used with permission.
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #11
Magnitude of preceding DTFT
https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/sasp/Rectangular_Window.html
Courtesy of Julius O. Smith. Used with permission.
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #12
DTFT of x[n]= u[n] – u[n-10], rectangular pulse of length 10 starting at time 0
http://cnx.org/content/m0524/latest/
Courtesy of Don Johnson. Used with permission; available under a CC-BY license.
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Back to our Audiocom lab example
6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #13
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #14
x[n]=u[n]-u[n-256]
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #15
|DTFT| of x[n]=u[n]-u[n-256], rectangular pulse of length 256:
48000 samples of |DTFT| spread evenly between [–π , π], computed using FFT (around 3000 times faster than direct computation in this case!)
– Ω = f = fs /2
0 rads/sample 0 Hz
If sampling rate is 48 kHz, then this is 24,000 Hz
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #16
Zooming in:
0
187.5 Hz (corresponds to 2 /N when fs = 48 kHz)
256 = N
Too much of the signal’s energy misses the loudspeaker’s passband!
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #17
What if we sent this pulse through an ideal lowpass channel?
|DTFT| of lowpass filtered version of x[n]=u[n]-u[n-256], cutoff 400 Hz
– 0 Ω = f = fs /2
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #18
Zooming in:
0
400 Hz
256 = N
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #19
No longer confined to its 256-sample slot, so causes “intersymbol interference” (ISI).
Corresponding pulse in time, i.e., lowpass filtered version of rectangular pulse
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Effect of Low-P ass Channel
6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #20 6 02 Fall 2012
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How Low Can We Go?
6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #21
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Complementary/dual behav ior in time and frequency domains
• Wider in time, narrower in frequency; and vice versa. – This is actually the basis of the uncertainty principle
in physics!
• Smoother in time, sharper in frequency; and vice versa
• Rectangular pulse in time is a (periodic) sinc in frequency, while rectangular pulse in frequency is a sinc in time; etc.
6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #22
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #23
Slightly round the transitions from 0 to 1, and from 1 to 0, by making them sinusoidal, just 30 samples on each end.
A shaped pulse versus a rectangular pulse:
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #24
|DTFT| of rectangular pulse
Negative|DTFT| of shaped pulse
Frequency content of shaped pulse only extends to here, around 1500 Hz
In the spectral domain:
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #25
The lowpass filtered shaped pulse conforms more tightly to the 256-sample slot, and settles a little quicker
After passing the two pulses through a 400 Hz cutoff lowpass filter:
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But loudspeakers are bandpass,
not lowpass
6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #26
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #27
© PC Magazine. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our CreativeCommons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #28
Spectrum of rectangular pulse after ideal bandpass filtering, 100 Hz to 10,000 Hz
10,000 Hz
0
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #29
Zooming in:
100 Hz 0
10,000 Hz
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #30
Corresponding pulse in time, i.e., bandpass Won’t do filtered version of at all!! rectangular pulse
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The Solution: Modulation
• Shift the spectrum of the signal x[n] into the loudspeaker’s passband by modulation!
6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #31
x[n]cos(Ωcn) = 0.5x[n](e jΩcn + e− jΩcn )
=0.5
2π[ X(Ω ')e j (Ω '+Ωc )n
<2π>
∫ dΩ '+ X(Ω")e j (Ω"−Ωc )n
<2π>
∫ dΩ"]
=0.5
2π[ X(Ω− Ωc )e
jΩn
<2π>
∫ dΩ+ X(Ω+ Ωc )ejΩn
<2π>
∫ dΩ]
Spectrum of modulated signal comprises half-height replications of X(Ω) centered as ±Ωc (i.e., plus and minus the carrier frequency). So choose carrier frequency comfortably in the passband, leaving room around it for the spectrum of x[n].
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Is Modulation Linear? Ti me-Invariant? …
6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #32
×x[n]
cos(Ωcn)
t[n]
… as a system that takes input x[n] and produces output t[n] for transmission?
Yes, linear! No, not time-invariant!
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #33
So for our rectangular pulse example:
Time domain: Pulse modulated onto 1000 Hz carrier
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #34
Corresponding spectrum of signal modulated onto carrier
0
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #35
0 Hz 100 Hz, lower cutoff of bandpass filter
Zooming in:
1000 Hz
128, i.e. half height of original
10,000 Hz, upper cutoff of bandpass filter
–1000 Hz
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #36
Pulse modulated onto 1000 Hz carrier makes it through the bandpass channel with very little distortion
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At the Receiver: Demodulation• In principle, this is (as easy as) modulation again:
If the received signal is r[n] = x[n]cos(Ωcn),
then simply compute
d[n] = r[n]cos(Ωcn) = x[n]cos2(Ωcn)
= 0.5 {x[n] + x[n]cos(2Ωcn)}
• What does the spectrum of d[n] look like? • What constraint on the bandwidth of x[n] is needed
for perfect recovery of x[n]?
6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 15 Slide #38
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6.02 Introduction to EECS II: Digital Communication SystemsFall 2012
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