6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits · PDF fileMicroelectronic Devices and Circuits ......
Transcript of 6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits · PDF fileMicroelectronic Devices and Circuits ......
MIT, Spring 2003
6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits
Jesús del AlamoDimitri Antoniadis, Judy Hoyt, Charles SodiniPablo Acosta, Susan Luschas, Jorg Scholvin,
Niamh Waldron
Lecture 1 – 6.012 overview
February 4, 2003
• Contents:– Overview of 6.012
• Reading Assignment: – Howe and Sodini, Ch. 1
Overview of 6.012
• Introductory subject to microelectronic devices and circuits
• Microelectronics is cornerstone of:– Computer revolution– Communications revolution
1.E-06
1.E-04
1.E-02
1.E+00
1.E+02
1.E+04
1.E+06
1.E+08
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Year
Cal
cula
tions
per
sec
ond/
$100
0
mechanicallogic
electromechanicallogic
vacuum tubelogic
discrete transistor logic
IC logicfrom R. Kurzweil in "The Age of Spiritual Machines ", 1999
In last 30 years, computer performance per dollar has improved more than a million fold!
Microelectronics:cornerstone of computing revolution
In last 20 years, communication bandwidth through a single optical fiber has increased by ten-thousand fold.
Microelectronics: cornerstone of communications revolution
Si digital microelectronics today
• A thick web of interconnects, many levels deep.
• High density of very small transistors.
Take the cover off a microprocessor. What do you see?
Intel’s Pentium IV
Interconnects
Today, as many as 8 levels of interconnect using Cu.
Transistor size scaling
0.1
1
10
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year
Tech
nolo
gy g
ener
atio
n (
µm
)
size of human blood cell
size of a virus
2-orders of magnitude reduction in transistor size in 30 years.
data for Intel processors
Evolution of transistor density
Moore’s Law: doubling of transistor density every 1.5 years
4-orders of magnitude improvement in 30 years.
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
Num
ber o
f tra
nsis
tors
1.4x/year
Intel processors
2x/1.5year
Benefits of increasing transistor integration
• system performance
• cost-per-function,
• power-per-function, and
• system reliability.
Exponential improvements in:
Experimental SOI microprocessor from IBM
Clock speed
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
1.E+09
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
4-orders of magnitude improvement in 30 years.
Intel processors
Transistor cost
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
Tran
sist
or c
ost (
$)
3-order of magnitude reduction in 30 years.
Intel processors
Cost per function
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
$/M
Hz
Intel processors
4-order of magnitude reduction in 30 years.
Keys to success of digital microelectronics:I. Silicon
• Cheap and abundant
• Amazing mechanical, chemical and electronic properties
• Probably, the material best known to humankind
Keys to success of digital microelectronics:II. MOSFET
MOSFET = switchMetal-Oxide-Semiconductor
Field-Effect Transistor
Good gain, isolation, and speed
Keys to success of digital microelectronics:III. MOSFET scaling
1
10
100
1000
0.1 1 10
Gate length (µm)
Gat
e de
lay
(ps)
MOSFET performance improves as size is decreased:• Shorter switching time• Lower power
consumption
Keys to success of digital microelectronics:IV. CMOS
• “Complementary” switch activates with V<0.• Logic without DC power consumption.
CMOS: Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor
Keys to success of digital microelectronics:V. Microfabrication technology
• Tight integration of dissimilar devices with good isolation
• Fabrication of extremely small structures, precisely and reproducibly
• High-volume manufacturing of complex systems with high yield.
DSP core from IBM
Keys to success of digital microelectronics:VI. Circuit engineering
• Simple device models that:– are based on physics– allow analog and digital circuit design– permit assessment of impact of device variations on circuit
performance
• Circuit design techniques that:– are tolerant to logic level fluctuations, noise and crosstalk– are insensitive to manufacturing variations– require little power consumption
Content of 6.012
• Deals with microelectronic devices…– Semiconductor physics– Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor
(MOSFET)– Bipolar junction transistor (BJT)
• … and microelectronic circuits– Digital circuits (mainly CMOS)– Analog circuits (BJT and MOS)
“One shouldn’t work on semiconductors, that is a filthy mess; who knows if they really exist!”
Wolfgang Pauli, 1931
“To the electron –
may it never be of any use to anybody.”
favorite toast at annual dinners at Cavendish Laboratory, early 1900’s