600CE- 1450CE
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Transcript of 600CE- 1450CE
600CE- 1450CE
Followers called MuslimsBelieve that Allah (God) transmitted his words to the
faithful through MohammadMohammad’s followers recorded teachings in Qu’ranBelieve that salvation comes from submission to God:Five Pillars of Islam:
Confession of faithPrayer 5 times per dayCharity to needyFasting during RamadanPilgrimage to Mecca
Jihad: to struggle
Rise of Islam
2 Sects: Sunni and Shia (Disagree over who succeed Mohammad)
Mecca and Medina; Ka’baDar al Islam: House of Islam
Islam
After Mohammad dies, Abu Bakr becomes caliph (head of the state, military commander, chief judge, and religious leader) Later on there would be lack of clear succession in
terms of leadersTheocracy: government ruled by immediate
divine guidance or by officials who are divinely guided
Caliphate: empire ruled by caliph
After Mohammad
Son of Ali, Hasan, relinquishes throne. Gives way to Umayyad Dynasty
Increased size of Islamic Empire (led to increased conflicts)
Capital at Damascus, spiritual center at MeccaOfficial language was Arabic
Tax on religions other than IslamMuch success during Umayyad, they built the
Dome of the Rock during its reign.
Umayyad Dynasty
Muslims split into two sects: Shiite and SunniShiite: Shia Islam holds the Mohammad’s son
in law, Ali, was heir to empireSunnis: They hold Ali in high esteem, but did
not believe he was the successorThought empires should be derived from base
of people.Battle for control between forces of Abu al-
Abbas (Shia) and reigning power led to decline of Umayyad
Replaced by the Abbasid Dynasty
Umayyad cont.
Eventually destroyed by MongolsGolden age where arts and sciences
flourishedCapital at Baghdad (became cultural center)Islamic empire based on trade
Introduced idea of creditAdvancements in math and medical
Expanded with knowledge learned from India
Abbasid Dynasty
Defeat Tang at Battle of Talus RiverFight over control of Silk Road
Diffusion of paper money from China to Middle East
Muslims monopolized trade routesProtected heritage of western Europe
Translated teachings from Ancient Rome and Greece to Arabic
Abbasid were tolerant of local conquered religions
Sufis were most successful Islamic missionariesAllowed conquered to blend Islam and other
faiths
Abbasid Cont.
Women viewed as property.No rights to own property or inherit it.
Low status of women gave way to female infanticide
After Qu’ran written status of women increased.Women treated with more dignity, considered
equal before AllahWomen still treated unequally in some ways
Example: Testimony in courtOvertime Islamic society became more
patriarchal and more structured
Women in Islam
Internal rivalries between groups weakened empire
Final blow when Turkish slaves (mamluks) revolted and established new capital in central Iraq.
Mongols invade and destroy the empire.
Decline of Islamic Caliphate
Enter Middle Ages, period after fall of Rome and before Renaissance
The Roman Empire split in to two sidesEast v. West, practiced different forms of
ChristianityEastern Roman Empire: AKA Byzantine
EmpireCentered in ConstantinopleHighly centralized
Western Roman EmpireComplete collapseReligion still strong
Europe and Byzantine
Used Greek Language, had domes on buildings, culture similar to Persia
Religion: Orthodox ChrsitianityLeaders had absolute authority with monopolies
over economyUsed coined moneyJustinian restored glory of Roman Empire in
Constantinople Trade and arts, Justinian Code (law), Hagia Sophia
(enormous cathedral)
Byzantine Empire
No Pope, they had secular leadersDisagreement with Western Empire over
sacrament of communion, rules about priests, and use of languages in church.
Orthodoxy in East, Roman Catholicism in West
Byzantine Continued
St. Cyril converted Slavics of southeastern Europe and Russia to Orthodox Christianity
Vladimir (a prince) converted to Christian Orthodoxy
Russia aligned with Byzantine in terms of beliefs and traditions
Russia became culturally different than other powers of Europe
Orthodoxy in Russia
After collapse of Western Roman Empire, small kingdoms were formed. Most significant was the Franks
Franks were a Germanic tribe under leadership of King Clovis Roman Catholicism Empire divided among King’s sons=decline
Muslims attack, Charles Martel leads the Franks and defeats the Muslims at the Battle of Tours.
Martel declares Carolingian Dynasty
Franks versus Muslims
Crowned by Pope, kn0wn as Charles the Great
Built the Holy Roman Empire (relatively small, compared to the Roman Empire)
Strong focus on arts and educationFeudalistic society, meaning Charlemagne
shared power with local lordsCharlemagne did not levy taxes (did not build
strong empire)After death, empire divided among sons in
Treat of Verdun
Charlemagne
Used multi oared boats to invadeNotorious for raiding Roman Catholic
MonasteriesDeveloped some of the earliest commercial
fisheries in Northern Europe Vikings converted to Christianity
Vikings (AKA Normans)
The social, economic, and political system of the middle ages
European Feudalism
King
Nobles
Vassals
Peasants
Kings holds power of kingdomNobles give king military service and loyalty
to the kingdom and king gives them power over sections of the kingdom
Nobles divide land into smaller sections under the control of vassalsLand given to vassals called fiefs
Vassals could then split the land again and allow peasants to work on it
Peasants (serfs) eventually tied to land
How it Works
Rotation of fieldsOne for fall harvest, spring harvest, and one
replenishing it’s nutrients“Great Clearing” used by lords to create more
farmland
Three Field System
Code of etiquette, an honor system that strongly condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respectFollowed by lords and knights
Chivalry
Serfs specializing in specific skills gave way to a middle class of merchants (burghers)
Serf Specialization
One of the most significant alliances between towns
Established in 1385, had an economic basis and controlled trade throughout much of northern Europe
Hanseatic League
Cathedrals designed to bring worshippers closer to God Flying buttresses, gave support to windows and vaulted
ceilings.Crusades- military campaigns undertaken by
European Christians of 11th through 14th C. to take over the Holy Land Gave way to heresies (religious practices or beliefs that
do not conform to traditional doctrineGood things came from the Crusades, in the form
of diffusion of culture and ideas between ethnic groups
Gothic Cathedrals and Crusades
Issued strict decrees on church doctrineHeretics and Jews were frequently
persecutedFourth and final unsuccessful Crusade was
ordered by Innocent IIIPope Gregory IX started Inquisition,
formalized interrogation and persecution process of heretics
Pope Innocent III
Pope Innocent III
1st Crusade, initiated by Pope UrbanResponse to Seljuk Turks who controlled Holy
LandChristians wanted Jerusalem
2nd and 3rd CrusadesNot significant
4th CrusadeCatholic Church sacked Constantinople and
est. Latin EmpireMade Holy Land violent and uncertain
Crusades (4 of them)
Famous Christian realistHe wrote Summa Theologica
Outlined his view that faith and reason are not in conflict, but that both are gifts from God and each can be used to enhance the other
Thomas Aquinas
Interregnum- time between kingsGermany and Italy became decentralized in a
group of strong, independent townships and kingdoms
EnglandMagna Carta- reinstated feudal rights of the
lords, and extended the rule of law to other people in the country
Parliament established: two branches- House of Lords and House of Commons
Power Solidifies
Claimed to have heard voices telling her to liberate France from England
Eventually claimed all French territorySaid she was divinely inspired to lead men into
battleJoan of Arc was eventually burned at the
stake by the FrenchHundred Years War- btwn France and
England, England eventually withdrew from France
Joan of Arc
After 100 Years War, power in France became more centralizedUnder Bourbons (series of monarchs) France
was unified and became major powerSpain was united by Queen Isabella, who
married Ferdinand, making a single monarchy
Spanish Inquisition: non-Christians forced to leave the country
More about power and government
1242 Russia succumbs to invading Tatars (Mongols) ruled by Genghis Khan
By late 14th C that Russian Princes gained back power
Ivan III expanded Muscovy territory (area around Moscow) and declared himself Czar
Moscow declared third Rome Ivan the Terrible centralized power and ruled
with Secret Police
Russia!!!
IVAN THE TERRIBLE!!!!
3 powerful Chinese dynasties (600 to 1450): Tang, Song, and MingGolden Ages
Tang DynastyRuled by Xuanzong, empire expanded to
Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet and KoreaLocal warlords gained more and more power and
Tang collapsesSong Dynasty
Unified by TaizuFell to Mongols, who established Yuan DynastyMing Dynasty rose after Yuan fell
Asia
Nearly every aspect of life and culture advanced during the Tang and Song dynastiesArt, architecture, science, porcelain, silk,
transportation, Tang=poetrySong= printing processes, gun powder,
compasses,Both used Civil Service Examinations, focus
on Confucian PrinciplesBoth had paper money and letters of credit
Tang built military garrisons on major trade routes
China
Wu Zhao became first and only empress of China, ever, during the Tang DynastyImpressive, right?
China was very patriarchal at this time (foot binding)
Empress of China
Most influential religion was BuddhismTwo forms: Mahayana and Chan
Mahayana: emphasis on peaceful and quite existence, life apart from worldly values
Chan: emphasis on meditation and appreciation of beauty. Had converts from educated classes
Neo Confucianism Borrowed Buddhist ideas about the soul and
individualFilial Piety (maintenance of proper roles and
loyalty to superiors)
Religion in China
First important ruling family was the Yamamoto ClanFirst and only dynasty to rule Japan
Current ruler is descendant of this clanShinto religion “the way of the gods”
Japanese worshipped the kami, referring to nature and all forces of itGoal of Shinto is to become part of kami by
following certain rituals and customsTaika reforms to make Japan more similar to
China
Japan
Yoritomo Minamoto given title of shogun, given “real power”Power not in hands of emperor
Beneath shogun were daimyo’s (owners of large tracts of land, and powerful samuraiCode of Bushido (followed by Samurai), like
code of chivalry in Europe
More Japan
When Islam conquered India, they set up Delhi Sultanate
Made non-Muslims pay a taxHindu temples were destroyedGood things did come from Delhi Sultanate
though:Colleges founded, irrigation improved,
Mosques built,
India
Great horsemen and archersGenghis Khan unified Mongol tribes and set
them on a path of expansionHe invaded China in 1234, Mongol Empire
eventually spanned from Pacific Ocean to eastern EuropeSplit into Hordes, or small independent
empiresGolden Horde: Russia; treated as vassal state
Kublai Khan ruled ChinaCalled Pax Mongolica
Mongols
Did not have organized religion, so they didn’t enforce one on conquered
Invaded India under Timur Lang (AKA Tamerlane), ruthless and cruel leaderDestroyed everything and massacred
thousandsMongols were great diffusers of culture (i.e.
Buddhism)World trade grew and cultural diffusion grew
Mongols
Developed to the south of EgyptKush developed at same time as Ancient
EgyptAxum rose after Kush declined
Christianity in the 4th C. and converted to Islam in the 7th C
Swahili Coast: settled by BantuMajor trade and merchantry
Africa: Kush and Axum
West Africa south of SaharaBegan trade with Muslim Empire in 7th C.
Trade increased across the Sahara as time progressed
Gold became major trade and symbol of wealth and power
Islam led to decline of Ghana (holy war)Mali:
Greatest ruler was Mansa Musa (built capital and expanded)Gold pilgrimage to Mecca
Ghana, Mali, and Songhai
Sonnia Ali made the largest empire in West AfricaConquered entire region
Became major cultural center
Used oral literatureBronze sculpting
Songhai
MayansCity states ruled by single kingLargely agricultural
Lowlands of Central AmericaWars for capturing slaves and sacrificesDecline of Mayan unknown
The Americas
AztecsAKA the MexicaCapital at Tenochtitlan Expansionist policy with professional armyExtensive road system for trade and
transportationWarriors were elite classTribute from conquered peoples
IncaAndes Mtns in PeruExpansionist policy with professional army,
established bureaucracyPrimary labor source was humansCapital at CuzcoMummification of rulersNo private propertyTemple of the Sun and Machu PicchuQuipu for record keeping