60 Things to Know for the World History I SOL

Key

1. Where homo sapiens emerged and went

“homo sapiens” = US (newest stage in human evolution)

Emerged from East AFRICA and spread around the world

2. Differences: Paleolithic vs. Neolithic

Paleolithic: Neolithic:

• “Old Stone” Age• Hunter/gatherers• Nomadic• Clans• Fire• Simple Tools

• “New Stone” Age• Domesticated crops

& animals (agriculture)

• Permanent settlements

• Advanced tools

3. Jobs of archaeologists and anthropologists

Anthropologist: Studies CULTURES (modern or ancient)

Archaeologist: Type of anthropologist who studies ANCIENT CULTURES through ARTIFACTS

4. Locations of early river valley civilizations

Nile River (Egypt)

Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia /Fertile Crescent /Sumer)

Indus River (Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, (India)

Huang He River (China)

5. Monotheistic vs. polytheistic (religions)

Monotheistic: Polytheistic:

• ONE God• Ex: Judaism,

Christianity, Islam

• MANY Gods• Ex: Greek/Roman

mythology, Mayan, Aztec, and Incan religions

6. Basics of Judaism

• *First major MONOTHEISTIC religion• Holy text: The Torah• Founder: Abraham• Early followers: Hebrews• 10 Commandments• Moses (led Hebrews out of Egypt, received 10

Commandments from God)

THE 10 COMMANDMENTS THE TORAH STAR OF DAVID

(SYMBOL OF JUDAISIM)

ISRAEL

7. Languages (groups)

Pictograms

Hieroglyphics (Egypt)

Cuneiform (Sumer – Mesopotamia)

Alphabet (Phoenicians)

HIEROGLYPHICS (EGYPT) CUNEIFORM

(SUMER/MESOPOTAMIA)

PHOENICIAN ALPHABET

8. The Persian Empire

R.I.T.Z.

Roads (the Royal Road)

Imperial Bureaucracy (government system)

Tolerance (attitude to conquered peoples)

Zoroastrianism (Persian religion)

Known for excellent roads:• Persia• Rome• Incan Empire

9. India (Asoka, Gupta, and Caste System)

Asoka: Indian ruler who spread Buddhism to East Asia

Gupta Empire: “Golden Age” of India (developed zero, decimal system)

Caste System: Rigid social structure; determines job, marriage, etc.

THE CASTE SYSTEM

10. Basics of Hinduism

• No single founder• Many forms of one god• Sacred texts: Vedas + Upanishads• “Karma”: actions, thoughts impact your

future• Cycle of reincarnation

11. Basic of Buddhism

• Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)• Four Noble Truths• Follow the Eightfold Path• Began in India; spread to E. Asia by Asoka

EIGHTFOLD PATH

12. The Silk Road (goods transported)

• Trade routes from China to the Mediterranean

• Spread goods (porcelain, silk, paper), ideas (civil service system), technologies to the West

13. Great Wall of China

• Built by Qin Shi Huangdi (1st Chinese Emp.)

• Meant to keep invaders out

EMP. QIN SHI HUANGDI

14. Confucianism and Taoism (Yin/Yang)

• Key relationships• “filial piety” (respect

elders)• Ancestor worship• Politeness• Education

• Inner peace• Simple life• Harmony w/ nature

Confucianism: Taoism:

15. Geography of Greece (cities)

• Cities isolated by mountains and water (developed unique character)

• Limited farmable land; forced to colonize and trade

• Cities designed to promote commerce and government

16. Differences between Athens and Sparta

• (Direct) Democracy• Focus on arts,

education• Gov’t transition:

1. Monarchy2. Aristocracy3. Tyranny4. Democracy

• Oligarchy (rule by a few)

• Militaristic

Athens: Sparta:

ATHENS: EDUCATION, DEMOCRACY SPARTA: MILITARISM

17. The Persian Wars (Battles of Marathon, Salamis)

• Persia tried to invade Greece• Greeks defended together• Key Athenian victories at Marathon,

Salamis• Greeks won, kept control of Aegean Sea

18. Peloponnesian War (why was it fought?)

• Struggle for control of Greece• Athens vs. Sparta• Sparta wins• Ends “golden age” of Athens; Greece

weakened overall

19. Golden Age of Pericles

• (Athens)• Between Persian & Peloponnesian Wars• Rebuilt Athens after Persian Wars• Achievements in arts, philosophy, science• Expanded democracy

PERICLES

THE PARTHENON (ATHENS)

20. Contributions of the Ancient Greeks

• Drama Aeschylus, Sophocles• Poetry Homer (Illiad & Odyssey)• History Herodotus, Thucydides• Sculpture Phidias• Architecture Columns• Science Archimedes, Hippocrates• Math Euclid, Pythagoras• Philosophy Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

21. Alexander the Great (areas conquered and “Hellenistic” culture)

• Empire: Greece to Egypt to edge of India• “Hellenistic”: blend of Greek, other cultures• Spread H. culture through empire via trade

ALEXANDER THE GREAT

22. Greek gods vs. Roman gods

Greek Gods: Roman Gods:

• Zeus, Apollo, Athena, Aphrodite

• Jupiter, Apollo, Minerva, Venus

• Both explained natural events, human qualities• Symbols in Western art, architecture, lit.

23. Democracy in Greece vs. Rome

• Greece: Direct Democracy

• Rome: Representative Democracy (Republic)

24. Social classes in Rome

Patricians(rich elites)

Plebeians(lower class – most

people))

Slaves (captured in war – not racial)

25. The Punic Wars (who fought?)

• Rome vs. Carthage• Fought for control of Med. Sea• Hannibal (Carth. general invaded Italy w/

elephants)• Rome wins; dominates region

HANNIBAL

26. The Roman Republic

• Representative democracy• The Senate• Consuls• Codified laws (the 12 Tables)

THE 12 TABLES

ROMAN SENATE

27. The Roman Empire

• 1st Emperor: Augustus Caesar (Octavian)• Strong military• Good roads throughout emp.• Common currency

AUGUSTUS CAESAR

28. Pax Romana

• “Peace of Rome”• 200 years of peace + prosperity• Empire expanded• Civil service system• Uniform laws• Social stability

29. Basics of Christianity

• Monotheistic• Founder: Jesus (son of God; God on earth;

“messiah”)• Holy text: The Bible (new testament)• Life after death• Spread by the “apostles,” esp. Paul

JESUS TAUGHT FOR 3 YEARS THE DEATH (CRUCIFIXION) OF JESUS

HOLY TEXT = NEW TESTAMENT OF BIBLE PAUL HELPED IT SPREAD

30. Contributions of Ancient Romans

• Art/Architecture Pantheon, Colosseum, Forum• Technology arches, roads, aqueducts• Science Ptolemy• Medicine public health (i.e. baths, water, sanitation)

• Language Latin• Literature Virgil’s Aeneid• Religion Roman mythology, later adoption of Christianity

• Law 12 tables, innocent until proven guilty

THE COLOSSEUM THE ROMAN FORUM THE PANTHEON

AQUEDUCT A ROMAN ROAD

31. The fall of Rome (why did it happen?)

• Size (too big)

• Economics (expensive to defend, inflation)

• Military (loss of discipline)

• Moral decay

32. The Great Schism (West vs. East – key differences?)

• Division in Christian Church

Western Church Eastern Church

• Roman Catholic Church• Centered in Rome• Leader: Pope• Language: Latin

• Eastern/Greek Orthodox Church

• Centered in Constantinople

• Leader: Patriarch• Language: Greek

ROMECONSTANTINOPLEWestern Church

(Roman Catholic)

Eastern Church(Eastern/Greek

Orthodox)

The Pope The Patriarch

33. Constantinople (location and importance)

• Constantine moved Roman capital to Constantinople

• Location:• Crossroads of trade• Far from Germanic invaders• Easily defended

34. Emperor Justinian (Roman law & reconquest)

• Ruled w/ wife Theodora

• Codified old Roman laws

• Reconquered areas once under Roman control

Emperor Justinian & wife Theodora

“Justinian’s Code”

35. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) works

• Art: Icons, Mosaics

• Architecture: Hagia Sophia (church)

• Preserved old Greek + Roman knowledge

Religious “Icon”

Mosaic

The Hagia Sophia (now a mosque)

36. Russian Orthodox Church (Cyrillic alphabet)

• Offshoot of Eastern/Greek Orthodox Church

• Byzantine influence

• Cyrillic alphabet developed to spread Christianity to Slavic people

Byzantine missionaries St. Cyril and Methodius

St. Basil’s Cathedral (Russian Orthodox) (Moscow, Russia)

The Cyrillic Alphabet

37. Basics of Islam

• Founder: Muhammad (prophet)• Followers: “Muslims”• Began on Arabian Peninsula• Cities: Mecca, Medina• Holy text: Qur’an• Key beliefs: 5 Pillars• Split: Shia vs. Sunni

Mecca

Medina

The Kaaba in Mecca

The Qur’an “God” (Allah) in Arabic Script

38. Role of the Church in the Middle Ages

• (Christian Church)• Most powerful institution• Central to people’s lives• Uniting force• Involved in politics (ex: Pope crowned

Charlemagne “Holy Roman Emperor”)

Churches/Cathedrals were at the center of most Medieval towns & cities

The Pope crowned Charlemagne emperor in 800AD

39. Feudalism (feudal obligations system)

• Lord grants “fief” (land) to a vassal (person) in exchange for loyalty/protection

• Serfs (peasants) work on manor (feudal obligation) in exchange for protection

40. Age of Charlemagne

• Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope

• Reinterpretation of Roman culture

• Church become powerful in politics

41. Anglo-Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings (location of each)

• Anglo-Saxons: Cont. Europe England

• Magyars: Cent. Asia Hungary

• Vikings: Scandinavia Russia

42. Major trade routes

• Silk Road: China to Mediterranean• Products, Ideas/Technologies

• Spread of religions:• Buddhism: India China Korea/Japan• Hinduism: India SE Asia• Islam: Arabian Pen. W. Africa, Cent./SE Asia

• Trans-Saharan routes: West Africa• Gold & Salt

43. Japan (location and the influence of China)

• Archipelago (island chain)• Close to China• Mountainous• Influenced by Chinese writing, arch.,

and Buddhism

44. Basics of Shinto

• Unique religion in Japan

• Focus on nature & ancestors

• Coexists w/ Buddhism

45. Axum and Zimbabwe

• Ethiopian highlands• Nile River• Christianity

• Zambezi & Limpopo Rivers

• Indian Ocean coast• Capital city: Great

Zimbabwe

Axum Zimbabwe

AXUM

ZIMBABWE

(EGYPT)

46. West African Kingdoms

• Ghana, Mali, Songhai• Niger River, Sahara Desert• Religions: Islam & Animism• Trans-Saharan gold/salt trade• City of Timbuktu

47. Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas (location and lifestyle)

• Rainforest

• Cent. America

• City: Chichen Itza

• Many city-states

• Pyramids

• Dry Cent. Mexico

• City: Tenochtitlan

• Pyramids

• Andes Mts.

• South America

• City: Machu Picchu

• Good roads

Mayans Aztecs Incas

Mayans

Aztecs

Incas

48. Hundred Years’ War

• England vs. France

• Joan of Arc• French leader• Young girl• United France

Joan of Arc

49. England (common law, Magna Carta, and Parliament)

• Common law: Henry II

• Magna Carta: signed by King John, limited king’s power

• Parliament: Representative body in English gov’t

50. Hugh Capet (Paris) / Ivan the Great (Moscow)

• Hugh Capet: • Est. French ruling dynasty• Moved capital to Paris

• Ivan the Great: • Overthrew Mongols in Russia• Moved capital to Moscow

51. Key events of the Crusades

• (Christian attempts to take back Holy Land from Muslims)

• Pope Urban’s speech: started Crusades• Capture of Jerusalem by Christians• Founding of Christian Crusader States• Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin (Muslim general)• Takeover of Constantinople by Crusaders

52. Effects of the Crusades

• Weakened the Pope and nobles; strengthened kings & queens

• Stimulated trade around the Mediterranean Sea and with the Middle East

• Left bitterness between Christians, Muslims, and Jews

• Weakened Byzantine Empire

53. The “Black Death”

• (Bubonic/Black Plague)• Killed large portion of population• Few workers left• Weakened feudalism• Church influence declined• Disrupted trade

54. Humanism

• Renaissance philosophy

• Focus on goodness and potential of humans, rather than on need for God

55. Machiavelli (The Prince)

• Renaissance book on gaining political power

• Supports absolute power of rulers• The end justifies means (do what you

need to do)• Do good when possible, but evil when

necessary

56. da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Petrarch works

• da Vinci: Mona Lisa, The Last Supper

• Michelangelo: Sistine Chapel, The David

• Petrarch (father of Humanism): sonnets (poems)

57. Northern vs. Italian Renaissance

• Ren. spread from Italy to Northern Europe

• Northern Ren. merged Humanism with Christian ideas more than Italian Ren.

58. Artists of Northern & Italian Renaissance

• da Vinci (painter)

• Michelangelo (painter/sculptor)

• Petrarch (sonnets)

• Erasmus (writer)

• Thomas More (writer)

Italian Ren. Northern Ren.

59. Banking and trade during the Renaissance

• Growth of banking

• Church opposed charging interest on loans (“usury”) – source of conflict

• Letters of credit (buy now, pay later)

• Accounting and bookkeeping

60. Importance of the printing press

• Invented by Gutenberg

• Revolutionized communications

• Spread ideas far and wide

• Bible: 1st book published