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NAME INDEX

Abendroth, Wolfgang (1906–85), Germanjurist and political scientist 394

Adams, John Bertram (1920–84), Britishnuclear physicist 540, 545

Adenauer, Konrad Hermann Josef(1876–1967), German statesman 403

Adhemar, Joseph Alphonse (1797–1862),French mathematician 479

Adler, Alfred (1870–1937), Austrianpsychologist 389

Adorno, Theodor Wiesengrund (1903–69),German philosopher 289, 290, 384, 385

Albee, Edward (b. 1928), Americanplaywright 30

Alfred the Great (849–899), king ofWessex 4

Allegre, Claude (b. 1937), French politicianand scientist 567–8

Althoff, Friedrich (1839–1908), PrussianMinister of Culture 18

Althusser, Louis Pierre (1918–90), Frenchphilosopher 392, 408

Arber, Werner (b. 1929), Swissmicrobiologist and geneticist 454

Aries, Philippe (1914–84), French historian411

Aristotle (384–322 BC), Greek philosopher4, 7

Aron, Raymond (1905–83), Frenchphilosopher, sociologist and politicalscientist 380, 388

Attlee, Clement (1883–1967), Britishstatesman 77

Baader, Andreas (1943–77), leader RoteArmee Fraktion (= Baader–Meinhofgroup) 298

Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), Englishphilosopher, scientist and statesman 9

Balibar, Etienne (b. 1942), Frenchphilosopher 392

Bar, Christian von (b. 1952), German jurist422

Barlow, (James) Alan (Noel) (1881–1968),public servant 75

Barthes, Roland (1915–80), Frenchphilosopher 408

Bassi, Laura (1711–78), Italian physicist182

Benedict, Ruth (1887–1948), Americananthropologist 407

Bergstrasser, Arnold (1841–97), Germanpolitical scientist 395

Bergstrasser, Ludwig (1883–1960),German statesman 394

Berlinguer, Luigi (b. 1932), Italianstatesman 568

Białkowski, Grzegorz (1933–89), rectorof the University of Warsaw556–7

Bishop, J. Michael (b. 1936), Americanimmunologist 454

Bloch, Marc (1886–1944), Frenchhistorian 411

Blossfeld, Hans-Peter (b. 1954), Germansociologist 227

Boas, Franz (1858–1942), German-American anthropologist 407

Borodajkewicz, Taras (von) (1902–84),Austrian professor 296

Boudon, Raymond (b. 1934), Frenchsociologist 211, 212–13, 380–1

Bourdieu, Pierre (1930–2002), Frenchsociologist 381, 391

595

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Name index

Bourricaud, Francois (1922–91), Frenchsociologist 380

Boveri, Theodore (1862–1915), Germanbiologist and cytogeneticist 454

Brachet, Jean Louis August (1909–98),Belgian biochemist 457

Braudel, Fernand (1902–85), Frenchhistorian 96

Braun, Wernher von (1912–77), Germanphysicist and astronautics engineer 540

Brecht, Arnold (1884–1977), Germanpolitical scientist 392

Brill, Hermann (1895–1959), Germanstatesman 80, 394

Brocker, Walter (1902–92), Germanphilosopher 83

Brzezinski, Zbigniew (b. 1928), Americanstatesman 388

Bude, Guillaume (1467–1540), Frenchlegal humanist, diplomat and royallibrarian 9

Bullard, Sir Edward (1907–80), Britishgeophysicist 481

Bullock, Theodore Holmes (1915–2005),American zoologist 467

Caputo, Giuseppe (1936–91), Italianuniversity politician 557

Carducci, Giosue (1835–1907), Italianpoet 557

Carrero Blanco, Luis (1903–73), Spanishstatesman 305

Charlemagne (c. 742–814), Holy RomanEmperor 4

Churchill, Winston (1874–1965), Britishstatesman 77, 92, 93

Cicero, M. Tullius (106–43 BC), Romanstatesman and author 28

Clark, Burton (1921–2009), Americaneducationalist 563

Coens, Daniel (1938–92), Belgian Ministerof Education 314

Cohen, Stanley (b. 1942), Americansociologist 302

Cohn-Bendit, Daniel (b. 1945),German-French politician 291

Comte, Auguste (1798–1857), Frenchphilosopher 379

Cossiga, Francesco (b. 1928), President ofthe Italian Republic 557

Courant, Richard (1888–1972), Germanmathematician 429

Cox, Richard Howard (b. 1925), Americanphilosopher 389

Crick, Francis Harry Compton(1916–2004), British molecular biologist453, 455

Croll, James (1821–90), Scottish geologist479

Crowell, John (b. 1917) Americangeologist 478

Crozier, Michel (b. 1922), Frenchsociologist 380

Dahrendorf, Ralf (1929–2009),German-British sociologist andphilosopher 113, 258, 299

Darwin, Charles (1809–82), Britishnaturalist 382

Debre, Robert (1882–1978), Frenchphysician 502

Delors, Jacques (b. 1925), Frencheconomist and politician 555

Derathe, Robert (1905–92), Frenchphilosopher 389

Derrida, Jacques (1930–2004), Frenchphilosopher 408

Descartes, Rene (1596–1650), Frenchmathematician, scientist and philosopher8

Devaquet, Alain (b. 1942), Frenchpolitician 314

Dewey, John (1859–1952), Americanphilosopher 27–8, 108

Dicey, A. V. (1835–1922), British juristand constitutional theorist 419

Dilthey, Wilhelm (1833–1911), Germanhistorian 389

Dirac, P. A. M. (1902–84), Britishtheoretical physicist 429

Dornberger, Walter Robert (1895–1980),German Army artillery officer 540

du Toit, Alexander (1878–1949), SouthAfrican geologist 478

Dubcek, Alexander (1921–92), Slovakstatesman 307

Duby, Georges (1919–96), Frenchhistorian 411

Durkheim, Emile (1858–1917), Frenchsociologist 376, 379, 407

Dutschke, Rudi (1940–79), spokespersonof the German student movement 290,292, 296, 298

Easton, David (b. 1917), Canadianpolitical scientist 390, 392

Ebbinghaus, Julius (1885–1981), Germanphilosopher 91

Eisenstadt, Shmuel (b. 1923), Israelisociologist 388

Erasmus, Desiderius (c. 1466–1536),Dutch humanist 9, 21

Erhard, Ludwig (1897–1977), Germanstatesman 403

596






Name index

Eschenburg, Theodor Rudolf Georg(1904–99), German political scientist394

Euclid (fl. c. 300 BC), Greekmathematician 28

Faure, Edgar (1908–88), French politician,essayist and historian 106–9, 110

Febvre, Lucien (1878–1956), Frenchhistorian 411

Fermi, Enrico (1901–54), Italian physicist546–7

Fiebiger, Nikolaus (b. 1922), Germanphysicist and university politician 167,177

Fischer, Jurgen (1923–94), Germanhistorian and university reformer93

Fisek, Nusret Hasan (1914–90), Turkishscientist and politician 513

Flechtheim, Ossip K. (1909–98), Germanpolitical scientist 394

Flitner, Wilhelm (1889–1990), Germaneducational theorist 93

Foucault, Michel (1926–84), Frenchphilosopher 391, 408

Fraenkel, Hermann (1888–1977), Germanclassical scholar 394

Franco, Francisco (1892–1975), Spanishgeneral and statesman 285, 305

Frederick I Barbarossa (1123–90), HolyRoman Emperor 6

Frederick William III (1770–1840), King ofPrussia 10

Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939), Austrianpsychiatrist 389

Friedeburg, Ludwig von (b. 1924), Germanphilosopher and sociologist 392

Friedrich, Carl J. (1901–84), Americanpolitical theorist 388

Frisch, Otto Robert (1904–79),Austrian-British physicist 546

Fromm, Erich Seligmann (1900–80), socialpsychologist, psychoanalyst andhumanistic philosopher 292

Fulbright, J. William (1905–95), Americansenator 22, 33, 89, 180

Furet, Francois (1927–97), Frenchhistorian 411

Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1900–2002),German philosopher 83

Gagarin, Yuri (1834–68), Russiancosmonaut 473, 474

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand‘Mahatma’ (1869–1948), political andspiritual leader of India 22

Gandolfi, Giuseppe (b. 1927), Italian jurist422

Gaulle, Charles de (1890–1970), Frenchstatesman 75, 106, 108, 291

Gerven, Walter van (b. 1935), Belgianjurist 422

Gigon, Olof (1912–98), Swiss classicalphilologist 92–3

Gilcher-Holtey, Ingrid (b. 1952), Germanpolitical theorist 300

Glass, H. Bentley (1906–2005), Americangeneticist and columnist 464

Goldschmidt, Richard Benedict(1878–1958), American geneticist466–7

Gorbachev, Mikhail (b. 1931), Russianstatesman 311, 556, 557

Gouldner, Alwin W. (1921–82), Americansociologist 378

Gretskina, Elsa (b. 1932), Estonianpolitician 311

Groves, Leslie (1896–1970), AmericanArmy Engineer officer 539

Haberler, Gottfried von (1900–95),Austrian economist 404

Habermas, Jurgen (b. 1929), Germanphilosopher 289, 385, 392

Hahn, Otto (1879–1968), German chemist546

Halban, Hans von (1908–64), Frenchphysicist 546

Hallstein, Walther (1901–82), Germanjurist and statesman 80

Hartshorne, Edward Y. (1912–46),American sociologist and universitypolitician 91

Havel, Vaclav (b. 1936), Czech writer andstatesman 309

Hayek, Friedrich August von (1899–1992),Austrian economist 404

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich(1770–1831), German philosopher 388

Heisenberg, Werner (1901–76), Germantheoretical physicist 167, 177

Hennis, Wilhelm (b. 1923), Germanpolitical scientist 395

Herskovits, Melville J. (1895–1963),American anthropologist 407

Hess, Harry Hammond (1906–69),American geologist 477

Hilbert, David (1862–1943), Germanmathematician 429

Hirsch, Fred (1932–78), Americaneconomist 233

Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945), Germanstatesman 13, 74, 76, 96

597






Name index

Holmes, Arthur (1897–1965), Britishgeologist 476, 478

Homans, Georges G. (1910–89), Americansociologist 377

Horkheimer, Max (1895–1973), Germanphilosopher and sociologist 289, 384,385, 392

Horridge, G. Adrian (b. 1927), Britishgeologist 467

Hospers, Jan (1927–2008), Americangeologist 477

Houtermans, Friedrich Georg (1903–66),Dutch-Austrian-German atomic andnuclear physicist 546

Humboldt, Alexander von (1769–1859),German scientist and explorer 22, 90

Humboldt, Wilhelm von (1767–1835),German philologist, philosopher,politician and educational reformer11–12, 16–17, 28–9, 31, 86, 104, 108,189, 209, 251, 257, 270, 335, 550, 553,554

Huntington, Samuel Phillips (1927–2008),American political scientist 388

Hutton, James (1726–97), British geologist478, 481

Janne, Henri (b. 1908), Belgian universitypolitician 119–20

Jarratt, Sir Alexander (b. 1924), Britishsenior civil servant and Chancellor ofBirmingham University 15, 114, 139

Jaruzelski, Wojciech Witold (b. 1923),Polish communist political and militaryleader 282, 308

Jaspers, Karl Theodor (1883–1969),German psychiatrist and philosopher269, 553

Jeffreys, Harold (1891–1989), Britishmathematician, statistician, geophysicist,and astronomer 476

Jılek, Lubor (1926–75), Czech academichistorian 44

John Paul II (1920–2005), pope1980–2005 557

Joliot-Curie, Irene (1897–1956), Frenchscientist 546

Joliot-Curie, Jean Frederic (1900–58),French physicist 546

Jouvenel (des Ursins), Bertrand de(1903–87), French philosopher 388

Juan Carlos I (b. 1938), King of Spain 557

Kalanta, Romas (1953–72), Lithuanianstudent 311

Kallen, Denis (1922–2004), Frencheducational commentator 40

Kennedy, John Fitzgerald (1917–63),American statesman 474

Kerr, Clark (1911–2003), Americaneconomist and university politician209–10

Keynes, John Maynard (1883–1946),British economist 209, 220, 235, 398,399, 400, 404

Khrushchev, Nikita (1894–1971), Sovietstatesman 218

Kilburn, Tom (1921–2001), Britishengineer 533

Kimmel, Michael Scott (b. 1951),American sociologist 301

King, Lester Charles (1907–89), SouthAfrican geologist 478

King, Martin Luther (1929–68), Americanclergyman, activist and civil rights leader290

Kissinger, Henry (b. 1923), Americanpolitical scientist and statesman 388

Kogon, Eugen (1903–87), Germansociologist and politician 394

Kołakowski, Leszek (1927–2009), Polishphilosopher and historian of ideas 306

Konig, Rene (1906–92), Germansociologist 384, 385

Kowarski, Lew (1907–79), Frenchphysicist 546

Koyre, Alexandre (1892–1964), Frenchphilosopher of Russian origin 413

Krebs, Charles J. (b. 1936), Canadianzoologist 456

Kroeber, Alfred L. (1876–1960), Americananthropologist 407

Kuhn, Thomas S. (1922–96), Americanphilosopher 413, 434

Labrousse, Ernest (1895–1988), Frenchhistorian 411

Lacan, Jacques-Marie-Emile (1901–81),French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist408

Lando, Ole (b. 1922), German jurist 421,422

Laslett, Peter (1915–2001), Englishhistorian 389

Lazarsfeld, Paul (1901–76), Americansociologist 377–8, 380

Le Pichon, Xavier (b. 1937), Frenchgeophysicist 478

Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel (b. 1929),French historian 411

LeGoff, Jacques (b. 1924), French historian411

Leisegang, Hans (1890–1951), Germanphilosopher 83

598






Name index

Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov,1870–1924), Russian politician 82, 301,388, 397

Levi-Strauss, Claude (b. 1908), Frenchanthropologist 381, 389, 407–8

Levinson, Daniel (1920–94), Americanpsychologist 389

Lipset, Seymour Martin (1922–2006),American sociologist 373, 388

Litt, Theodor (1880–1962), Germanphilosopher 83

Loewenstein, Karl (1891–1973), Germanphilosopher and political scientist394

Lorenz, Konrad (1903–89), Austrianzoologist 388

Lumley, Robert, British professor of Italiancultural history 303

Lynd, Robert Staughton (1893–1970),American sociologist 376

Lyotard, Jean-Francois (1924–98), Frenchphilosopher 412

Lysenko, Trofim (1898–1976), Sovietagronomist 102

Machlup, Fritz (1902–83), Austrian-American economist 404

Malinowski, Bronislaw Kasper(1884–1942), Polish anthropologist 376,406

Mandel, Ernest (1923–95), Germanphilosopher 400

Mandrou, Robert (1921–84), Frenchhistorian 411

Mannheim, Karl (1893–1947), Germansociologist 269, 300, 383

Mao Zedong (1893–1976), Chinesestatesman 292, 297–9, 313

Marcuse, Herbert (1898–1979),German-American philosopher 289–90,292

Marshall, George (1880–1959), Americanmilitary leader 23, 94, 399

Marx, Karl (1818–83), Germanphilosopher and politician 300, 301,303, 379, 381–2, 388, 397, 400 see alsounder Soviet bloc in Subject index

Matthews, Drummond (1931–97), Britishmarine geologist and geophysicist 477

Mauss, Marcel (1872–1950), Frenchsociologist 407

Maxwell, James Clerk (1831–79), Britishphysicist 428

Mead, Margaret (1901–78), Americananthropologist 389, 407

Meinhoff, Ulrike (1934–76), Germanleft-wing militant 298

Mendes-France, Pierre (1907–82), Frenchstatesman 13, 95, 380

Merton, Robert K. (1910–2003), Americansociologist 377–8, 380

Meynaud, Jean (1914–72), French politicalcommentator 388

Mickiewicz, Adam (1798–1855), Polishwriter 306

Milankovitch, M. (1879–1958),Yugoslavian geophysicist 479

Mills, Charles Wright (1916–62),American sociologist 378

Milosevic, Slobodan (1941–2006), Serbianand Yugoslavian statesman 559

Mises, Ludwig von (1881–1973), Austrianeconomist and philosopher 404

Mitterrand, Francois (1916–96), Frenchstatesman 114, 557

Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi(1919–80), Shah of Iran 14, 105, 290,297

Moliere (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, 1622–73),French playwright 10

Morgenstern, Oskar (1902–77), Austrianeconomist 404

Morgenthau, Hans (1904–80), Americanpolitical scientist 77, 388

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756–91),Austrian composer 10

Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945), Italianstatesman 402

Napoleon I (Napoleon Bonaparte,1769–1821), French emperor 11, 12, 31,86, 214, 218, 553–4

Nathans, Daniel (1928–99), Americanmicrobiologist 454

Neumann, Franz Leopold (1900–54),German political scientist 394

Newman, John Henry (1801–90), BritishAnglican, later Catholic theologian 209,550, 553, 554

Newton, Isaac (1643–1727), Britishmathematician, physicist and astronomer428

Noddack, Ida (1896–1978, born IdaTacke), German chemist and physicist546

Nora, Pierre (b. 1931), French historian411

Oakeshott, Michael (1901–90), Englishphilosopher 389

Oelssner, Fred (1903–77), Germaneconomist 83

Ohnesorg, Benno (1940–67), Germanstudent 105, 290

599






Name index

Oppenheimer, Franz (1864–1943),German sociologist 383, 403

Oppenheimer, J. Robert (1904–67),American theoretical physicist 539

Oxburgh, Lord (Ernest Ronald Oxburgh,b. 1934), British geologist and universitypolitician 480–2

Palach, Jan (1948–69), Czech student 308,309

Pareto, Vilfredo (1848–1923), Italiansociologist and philosopher 376, 388

Parsons, Talcott (1902–79), Americansociologist 372, 376–7, 380, 406

Peers, E. Allison see Truscot, BrucePeierls, Rudolf Ernst (1907–95),

German-born British physicist 546Pender, R. H., British university

administrator 92Piaget, Jean (1896–1980), Swiss

philosopher 389Pieck, Wilhelm (1876–1960), German

politician 83Pizzorno, Alessandro (b. 1924), Italian

sociologist 382Planck, Max (1858–1947), German

physicist 80, 180, 187, 259, 265, 433,446, 544

Plato (c. 427–c. 347 BC), Greekphilosopher 4, 13, 28, 76

Plessner, Helmut (1892–1985), Germanphilosopher and sociologist 384

Polin, Raymond (1910–2001), Frenchphilosopher 389

Popper, Karl (1902–94), Austrian/Britishphilosopher and economist 76

Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred Reginald(1881–1955), English socialanthropologist 406

Riedl, Rupert (1925–2005), Austrianzoologist 388

Rips, Ilia (b. 1948), Latvian-born Israelimathematician 310–11

Robbins, Lionel Charles, Lord(1898–1984), British economist 13–14,97, 164, 165, 181, 228–30, 530–2, 533,537, 541

Rokkan, Stein (1921–79), Norwegianpolitical scientist 387, 388

Romanzi, Carmine Alfredo (1913–94),Italian microbiologist and universitypolicy leader 557

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882–1945),American statesman 77

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–78), Frenchphilosopher 9–10

Roversi-Monaco, Fabio (b. 1938), Italianjurist and university administrator 557

Russell, Bertrand (1872–1970), Britishphilosopher 234

Sagan, Carl (1934–96), Americanastronomer 388

Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira (1889–1970),Portuguese statesman 285

Samuelson, Paul Anthony (b. 1915),American economist 404

Saussure, Ferdinand de (1857–1913), Swisslinguist 407

Saussure, Horace Benedict de (1740–99),Swiss physicist, geologist andmeteorologist 478

Schairer, Reinhold (1893–1971), Germaneducational expert 96

Schelsky, Helmut (1912–84), Germansociologist 385

Schleiermacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel(1768–1834), German theologian andphilosopher 11–12, 169

Schmid, Carlo (1896–1979), Germanpolitician and academic 105

Schmitt, Harrison (b. 1935), Americangeologist 476

Schneider, Erich (1900–70), Germaneconomic theorist 404

Schreiber, Georg (1882–1963), Germanhistorian and politician 92–3

Schweitzer, Bernhard (1892–1966),German archaeologist 83

Short, James F. (b. 1924), Americansociologist 375

Simmel, Georg (1858–1918), Germanphilosopher and sociologist 383

Sloman, Albert Edward (b. 1921), BritishHispanicist and university policy leader120

Small, Albion (1854–1926), Americansociologist 375

Smith, Adam (1723–90), British economist232

Snow, Charles Percy (1905–80), Englishphysicist and novelist 538

Sorokin, Pitirim A. (1889–1968),Russian-American sociologist 376

Soros, George (b. 1930), Americanuniversity sponsor 560

Speer, Albert (1905–81), German politicianand architect 74

Speier, Hans (1905–90), Americansociologist 269

Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903), Englishphilosopher, liberal political theorist andsociological theorist 376, 382

600






Name index

Spengler, Oswald (1880–1936), Germanhistorian 388

Spranger, Eduard (1882–1963), Germanphilosopher and psychologist 83

Springer, Axel (1912–85), Germanjournalist and publisher 290

Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich (1878–1953),Soviet statesman 76, 77, 82, 101, 218,243, 311

Statera, Gianni (1941–97), Italiansociologist 300

Staub, Rudolf (1890–1961), Germangeologist 479

Stein (Heinrich Friedrich) Karl(1757–1831), German statesman 17

Sternberger, Dolf (1907–89), Germanphilosopher 394

Stone, Lawrence (1919–99), Britishhistorian 412

Strassman, Fritz (1902–80), Germanchemist 546

Strauss, Leo (1899–1973), Americanphilosopher 389

Suhr, Otto (1894–1957), Germanstatesman 394, 395

Summer, Frank William (1840–1910),American sociologist 375

Sutton, John (1919–92), British geologist481

Swift, Jonathan (1667–1745), Anglo-Irishpolitical writer 241

Sylvester-Bradley, P. C. (1913–78), Britishgeologist 481

Szilard, Leo (1898–1964), Hungarian-bornAmerican physicist 546

Taylor, Laurie (Laurence John) (b. 1936),British sociologist 181

Thatcher, Margaret (b. 1925), Britishstateswoman 537

Theodosius II (401–450), Byzantineemperor 4

Thomas, William Isaac (1893–1947),American sociologist 375

Thyssen, Fritz (1873–1951), Germanbusinessman 96

Tinbergen, Jan (1903–94), Dutcheconomist 398, 400

Tito, Josip Broz (1892–1980), Yugoslavianrevolutionary and statesman 309–10

Tonnies, Ferdinand (1855–1936), Germansociologist 383

Touraine, Alain (b. 1925), Frenchsociologist 381

Trotsky, Leon (1879–1940), Bolshevikrevolutionary and Marxist theorist297–9

Trow, Martin (1927–2007), Americanhistorian 58

Truman, Harry S. (1884–1972), Americanstatesman 77

Truscot, Bruce (pseud. of E. Allison Peers)(1891–1952), British professor ofSpanish 209

Ulbricht, Walter (1893–1973), Germanpolitician 83

Vadianus (Joachim von Watt)(1484–1551), Swiss humanist andprofessor, poet, reformer and rector ofthe University of Vienna 9

Varmus, Harold (b. 1939), Americanvirologist 454

Veblen, Thorsten (1857–1929),Norwegian-American sociologist 376

Vierkandt, Alfred (1867–1953), Germansociologist 383

Vine, Fred (b. 1939), British marinegeologist and geophysicist 477, 481

Virchow, Rudolf (1821–1902), Germanphysician 17

Voegelin, Eric (1901–85), German politicalphilosopher 394

Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet,1697–1784), French writer andphilosopher 10

Waddington, C. H. (1819–1914), Britishphilosopher 388

Wandel, Paul (1905–95), Germanpolitician 83

Ward, Lester Frank (1841–1913),American sociologist 375

Watson, James Dewey (b. 1928), Americanmolecular biologist 453, 455

Weber, Max (1864–1920), Germaneconomist, jurist and sociologist 52, 381,383, 388

Wegener, Alfred (1880–1930), Germanscientist, geologist, and meteorologist476

Weizsacker, Carl Friedrich von (b. 1920),German physicist and philosopher 546–7

White, Hayden (b. 1928), Americanhistorian 413

White, Michael (1910–83), Britishbiologist and geneticist 466

Wiese, Leopold von (1876–1969), Germansociologist 385

Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, Ulrich von(1848–1931), German classicist 18

Williams, Frederic Calland (1911–77),British engineer 533

601






Name index

Williams, Gareth (b. 1935), Britisheconomist 373

Wilson, Edmund Beecher (1856–1939),American zoologist and geneticist 457,466

Wilson, J. Harold (1916–95),British statesman 481, 535

Wilson, J. Tuzo (1908–93), Canadiangeophysicist 478

Wirz, Charles, museum curator 10

Wright, Quincy (1890–1970), Americanpolitical scientist 388

Ziman, John Michael (1925–2005), Britishphysicist 193, 424

Zimmermann, Reinhard (b. 1952),German jurist 421–2

Znaniecki, Florian (1882–1958), Polishphilosopher and sociologist375

602






SUBJECT INDEX

Aarhus (Denmark), University 391AAU see Association of American

UniversitiesAbitur see school-leaving examinationsabstracting services 468Academia Europaea 440Academic Task Force 559academies

Early Modern 10, 262Soviet 39, 87, 133, 446, 529, 544

access (to higher education) 52equality of, as objective 108, 209, 228,

258, 271, 329, 481increased 98, 112, 113, 331Soviet policies 39–40see also mass higher education; persistent

inequalityaccountability, calls for 136–7, 195ACE see American Council of Educationadministration

head of see Registrarusage of term 124–5see also management

admissionincreasing flexibility 221qualifications for 18, 45, 217–23see also class; school-leaving

examinations; social selectionadult education, university involvement in

358–9see also lifelong learning

advertising (of academic posts) 173–4AEG 543age (of academic staff) 165–7, 188

desirable structure 166distortion of structure 173increasing 134, 175

ageing population see third ageagriculture

faculties of 245role in national economy 223

agriculture, graduate employment in 343–4Airbus Industries 440Albania 557

student numbers 324Albanians (in Kosovo) 310, 559ALFA Programme 566Algerian War, student organizations’

position on 287, 291Algiers, University of 22allocation of funds

fixed levels 152flexible 152

alterity 412American Council of Education (ACE)

570–1American Journal of Sociology 376American Sociological Association 375,

377–8Amiens (France), University of 265Amsterdam

Free University 392University of 294, 392–3, 400

anaesthesia, advances in 485anaesthetics 183animal populations, ecological study 457Ankara (Turkey), University of Haceteppe

506, 513Annales school 410–11anthropology 405–8

cultural 407diffusion theory 405–6links with political science 391social 406–7

603






Subject index

anti-nuclear movement, studentinvolvement 289, 293, 536

antibiotics, development of 485–6Antwerp (Belgium), University of 294apartheid, protests against 288, 293APE see Asociaciones profesionales de

estudiantesApollo missions 474–5Arab–Israeli War (1967) 307Arabic science 5architecture 18–19, 154

faculties of 245Asia-Link 566Asia/Pacific region, mobility programmes

566Asociaciones profesionales de estudiantes

(APE) 304aspirantura (Soviet bloc qualification) 179assessment

international standards 23political legitimization of procedures 23see also evaluation; examinations; staff,

academicAssociation for the Study of Medical

Education 499, 503Association of American Universities

(AAU) 27Association of Dutch Universities 159Association of European Universities

(CRE) 43–4, 59, 100–1, 150, 158,563, 564, 569, 570

Association of Universities and Colleges inCanada (AUCC) 570–1

Association of University Teachers (AUT)196, 200–1

associations (of university staff) 199–201,210

political role 201social significance 200

astronomy 432astrophysics 434, 443Athens, University of 305–6Atomic Energy Authority 544AUCC see Association of Universities and

Colleges in CanadaAustria 46, 130, 330, 568

accession to EU 559–60accreditation body 254course structure 255, 257degrees 337economics, teaching of 404–5faculty structure 245funding system 258–9graduate employment 342, 343; female

354growth in student numbers 41, 61management structure 144

Ministry of Science and Research 35Nazi educational policies 198non-university institutions 62, 63,

242political science 395–6rectors’ conference 90research council 98salaries 186specialized universities 244staff structure 170, 177, 178, 245,

251–2student/graduate numbers 324, 325student migrations to 219student movements 287, 296–7

AUT see Association of University Teachersautogestion, as rallying principle of French

movement 291autonomy, university 28–9, 34–5, 115

increasing 563–4loss of: in former Yugoslavia 559; in

Soviet bloc 86of management 137–40(perceived) threats to 118in post-1968 France 107–8in post-war Germany 80relationship with management 131–2in staff appointments 174

Azerbaijan 311–12

‘baby boom’ 162–3, 211, 227baccalaureat see school-leaving

examinationsbachelor’s degree 254–5, 335

downgrading of value (in exact sciences)445

equivalence 339–40, 366in medieval universities 6–7non-university 338status/employment value 255–6in US colleges 21

Baden-Wurttemberg (Germany), Universityof 394

Barcelona (Spain), University of 402Basel (Switzerland), University of 396behaviourism 390, 392, 393, 395, 397Belarus 117Belfast, Queen’s University 253Belgium 37

admissions policy 218, 219course structure 253degree awards 254economics, teaching of 401graduate schools 259history, teaching of 412information policy 59–60linguistic/administrative divisions 37, 53,

55, 269, 503

604






Subject index

medical studies 505ministries of higher education 35non-state sector 55–6non-university education 55, 56–7rectors’ conference 100research council 98student movements 279, 288, 293–4,

302, 303student numbers 324; by subject 327student/university expansion 41, 50, 262teaching conditions 192wartime resistance movement 32, 33

Belgrade (Serbia), University of 131, 558Berkeley, Cal., student activism 14Berlin

Free University 44, 84, 289, 395School of Engineering 242University of see Humboldt University,

BerlinWall, fall of 553, 557–8 (see also Soviet

bloc, impact of collapse)Bern (Switzerland), University of 396‘Big Science’ institutions (EU) 438–9,

538–41Bilbao (Spain), University of 402biological sciences

availability of training 459challenges facing 457–8cost–benefit analysis 464costs of research 464divisions 451–2early retirements of academics 463educational resources 465–7graduate employment 470–1historical development 451–2impact of environmental movement

452new subdivisions 451–2new techniques/approaches 451–3, 465,

467–8publications 459–60, 464reasons for study 464–5review journals 467role of Internet 468–9role of university 459–64; limited extent

of 460–4speed/scale of advance 457, 464teaching methods 467–8textbooks 466–7undergraduate study 464–8see also molecular biology

BIOMED (research programme) 525birth rates, fluctuations in 210–11, 227,

229see also ‘baby boom’

blood transfusions 485Bochum (Germany), University of 104

Bologna (Italy), University of 4, 219, 4921988 anniversary festival 557, 572as medieval model 4, 20, 553

Bologna Declaration (1999) 560, 568–74as catalyst for change 570–1criticisms 571innovations 569objectives 570strengths 568–9

Bologna Process 117, 120, 139, 262, 366,565, 567, 571–4

Bordeaux (France), University of 379Bosnia, political upheavals 558BP 543‘brain drain’ 134, 448Bretton Woods Treaty (1944) 399Brigate Rosse (Red Brigade) 298–9Bristol (UK), University of 428‘British disease’ 234British Journal of Medical Education 499British Medical Association 515British Transport Commission 544Brno (Czech Republic), Masaryk

University 565Brussels, Free University of 55, 294, 401Brussels Pact (1948) 24, 94Buckingham (UK), University of 240–1Budapest (Hungary) 7

University of Sciences 244Bulgaria 46–7, 103, 208

rectors’ conference 100restrictions on university curriculum 38screening bodies 87student/university expansion 50

business administration, schools of 55business studies, as university subject 404

Cadarache (France) 539California Institute of Technology

(CalTech) 532Cambridge University 188

admissions policy 219collegiate system 16, 214earth sciences 477exact sciences 428faculty structure 243, 244migrations to 270political science 392radio telescope 541science park 547social sciences 383staff traditions/background 174, 175teaching methods 248, 257; innovations

249–50Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament

(CND) 536‘campus’ layout 257

605






Subject index

Canada 566cancer

biological research 454–5, 457screening 490

Capenhurst (UK) 539car travel/parking, provision for 154Carlsbad see KarlsbadCarnegie Foundation Survey 191Catholic Church, as organizing power 62Catholic universities, support for New Left

302–3CCC see Council for Cultural CooperationCEA see Commissariat a l’energie atomiqueCEC see Commission of the European

CommunitiesCentral Electricity Generating Board 544Central European University (CEU) 560Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), funding

of student organizations 281, 282,293

Centre europeen pour l’enseignementsuperieur (CEPES) 103, 150, 567

Centre for Educational Research andInnovation (CERI) 149–50

Centre national de la recherche scientifique(CNRS) 107, 175, 180, 187, 193–4,265, 380, 446, 543

centrifugation 453CEPES see Centre europeen pour

l’enseignement superieurCERI see Centre for Educational Research

and InnovationCERN see Conseil europeen pour la

recherche nucleaireCEU see Central European Universitychairs see professorschemistry 193, 424, 436

curricular design 445decline in numbers 536inorganic 429interaction with other sciences 433,

441–2theoretical 428

chemotherapy 486CHER see Committee for Higher

Education and Research; Council ofEurope

Chicago, University of 27, 375‘Children’s University’ 20‘chiliastic utopianism’ 300–1China 22chromatography 452–3chromosome research 454–5CIA see Central Intelligence Agencyclass (social)

diminishing connection with academicachievement 213

and resistance to expansion 210and university entrance 211–13, 223–32

(see also social selection)climate change/research 474, 478–80, 482,

483–4Club of Rome 536Cluj (Romania), King Ferdinand I

University 85CNAA see Council for National Academic

AwardsCND see Campaign for Nuclear

DisarmamentCNRS see Centre national de la recherche

scientifiquecognitive science 432cold war, mirrored in student

organizations 283College of Dutch University Rectors 90colleges of advanced technology 165collegiate universities 9, 214Cologne University 244, 384, 407

Cologne School (sociology) 385colonies, universities in 22

see also North AmericaColumbia University, New York 377–8Columbus Programme 566Comecon see Council for Mutual

Economic AssistanceComenius programme for school education

121Comett see Community Programme for

Education and Training forTechnology

Comite national d’evaluation (France) 159command economy, impact on higher

education 36–40, 46, 49–50commerce, schools of 55Commissariat a l’energie atomique (CEA)

265Commission of the European Communities

(CEC) 29, 118–19, 122, 139, 158,421, 525, 539, 542–3, 556, 562–3,564, 569

Committee for Higher Education andResearch (CHER) 24, 100–1, 150

Committee of Vice-Chancellors andPrincipals (CVCP) 15, 90–1, 114

communications techniques 157Communist Youth Association (KISZ) 215Community Programme for Education and

Training for Technology (Comett;later Leonardo da Vinci) 26, 120, 271,556, 564

competencefostering of, as universities’ mission

319–20qualification for employment 320

606






Subject index

competitionfor employment opportunities 233government incentives 114–16relationship with expansion 235for staff 171for students 248

Compiegne (France), Universite detechnologie 543

comprehensive schools 216comprehensive universities 330computers/computerization 533–5

cost 534EU research projects 541resource management 156role in medical studies 521role in science teaching 469role in scientific research 434–5students’ skills, curricular incorporation

of 249–50timetabling 157see also information technology;

Internet; personal computerscondensed matter physics 434Confederation of European Union Rectors’

Conferences 26, 118–19, 121–2, 563,569

Conference des recteurs des universitessuisses 90

Conference of Baltic University Rectors560

Conference of Danubian Rectors 560Conference of European Rectors (CRE) 24,

25, 26, 94, 118, 121–2, 361, 550–2,556, 557, 559, 561, 562–3, 567, 569

Conference of Ministers of HigherEducation of Socialist Countries 103

Conference of University Administrators(CUS) 150

conscription 88Conseil europeen pour la recherche

nucleaire (CERN) 98, 438–9, 440,441, 540

consortia, formation of 149consultancies 547‘consumer’ side of education 266continental drift 476, 478Continental Europe (distinguished from

UK)attitudes to students 257–9completion rates 257–8technology, study/research 531–2undergraduate/postgraduate division

256contract law 421contracts

first academic appointments 172growth in role/scale 145

handling by national consortia 149cooperation, inter-university 89–95

within Eastern Europe 102–3across EU 93–4, 120–1scientific 98–101Soviet restrictions on 94–5

CopenhagenRoskilde University 249University of 295, 391

Corpus iuris, as qualification 7correspondence (between scholars), as

academic forum 9Cosenza (Italy), University of 52–3cosmology 434, 443cost–benefit analysis 157council(s) see governing bodyCouncil for Cultural Cooperation (CCC)

24Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

(Comecon) 95, 556Council for National Academic Awards

(CNAA) 254, 337Council of Europe 24, 93–4, 99, 117, 339,

399, 569see also Committee for Higher Education

and Research; Council for CulturalCooperation

Cracow (Poland) 7CRE see Association of European

Universities; Conference of EuropeanRectors

credits, course system based on 168, 253,270, 271, 336, 560

crime rates 487crisis management 152–3critical path analysis 157Critical Theory 386‘critical universities’, establishment of 290,

294Croatia 100

political upheavals 558‘Croatian Spring’ (1971) 310Cuba 103cultural capital theory 212cultural change, impact of 267–9cultural studies, departments of 247–8Curie Institute 265curricula

‘baroque’ features 240debates on 241design 157developments in organization 132–3diversification 263, 264Eastern vs Western models 213–14,

246–7evolution 238–42, 272–3extent of regulation 335–6

607






Subject index

curricula (cont.)impact of changes in staff structure

246–7impact of governmental policies 273impact of research 263–6medical 520overloading 88post-war reform 529professional relevance 338, 356, 359–61,

444–5; reforms in line with 360–1,366–7

reorganization 571responsibility for 243–53social influences 274specialization 239–40, 255, 263standardization 336student role 266–9

CUS see Conference of UniversityAdministrators

customers, demands of 135CVCP see Committee of Vice-Chancellors

and PrincipalsCyprus 100Czech Republic 61, 100, 565Czechoslovakia 103, 212

admissions policy 219division of students by subject 327non-university education 57, 63, 64political division 269post-1956 reforms 101–2post-war reconstruction 46, 208–9rectors’ role in administrative structure

142religious foundations 55screening bodies 87Soviet occupation (1948) 279staffing levels 164student movements 109, 266, 284,

307–8, 309university curriculum 38

Dartmouth College (USA) 28DEA see Diploma of Advanced Studiesdegrees

attempts at standardization 339–41(see also European Union); limitedsuccess 340–1

certification 336–8course structure 254–5impact on social selection 320levels of 335occupation-specific 255respective value, debates on 340right to grant 253–4, 337–8stages of study 336status/employment value 255–6structural reforms 338–41

title designations 337see also bachelor’s; doctorates;

Habilitation; master’s degree;‘terminal’ degrees

democracy/ies, university systems under21

democratization (of universities) 108–9,126

dual meanings 108–9in Eastern Europe 142flaws in process 110–12impact on law faculties 416legal enforcement 188of staff structures 188, 245–6student movements’ calls for 312–13,

314–15demographics see birth ratesDenmark 50

admission controls 258degrees 335, 337, 338enrolment rates 227life expectancy 487medical studies 494, 501non-university institutions 62, 63political science 391–2postgraduate studies 261rectors’ conference 100research council 98student movements 279–80, 295student numbers 324; by subject 327technical university 154university management 139

dentistry 486, 490, 520, 521postgraduate training 522

departments see facultiesderegulation 137–8devolution, tendency towards 149, 152dinosaurs, extinction of 480Diploma of Advanced Studies (DEA,

France) 259–60diplomas see degreesdiscipline see securitydiscipline(s), academic see facultiesdisease, incidence/treatment of 487–8, 511

impact on medical studies 493–4distance learning 135, 190–1, 238, 535diversification (of university education)

112–13, 238–9, 357–8positive impact 113see also curricula

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 429discovery 453fingerprinting 457importance 453–4role in later research 454–7, 458–9

docent, rank of 245doctorates 335, 340

608






Subject index

‘defence’ of thesis, requirement of 260,261

and definition of university 43–4downgrading of value (in exact sciences)

445honorary 557as requirement for university teaching

259–60in sociology 372, 377from Soviet academies 39university monopoly on 193see also Habilitation; postdoctoral

research/trainingdoctors (medical)

compulsory retraining 496contracts with UK Department of Health

515contribution to health education 488migrations to/from UK 499–500, 501professional requirements 489–90, 495protests by 497–8public attitudes to 488see also health care; medical students;

medicinedropout rates 224, 258–9

in medicine 519dual institutional model (of higher

education) 357–8Dubrovnik, Croatia 558duration of courses 226, 469–70

concerns expressed about 338extension 340as indicator of achievement 340

Durham Assembly (1989) 557

EAIA (association dealing withinternational relations) 150

Early Modern universitiescurriculum 8role in European society 8–10study perspective (horizontal vs vertical)

8–9earth science see earth system science;

geologyearth system science 474, 480–3East Berlin see BerlinEast Germany see German Democratic

RepublicEastern Europe

academic relations with West 117admissions systems 116delayed response to Western trends 142educational legislation 117graduate employment 334involvement in EU integrative

programmes 565low academic salaries 186

national identities, resurgence of 562post-cold war reconstruction 59,

116–17; common trends 116–17technological institutes 544, 548technological limitations 426, 430, 437,

447–8; structural reforms required448

university management 132wartime devastation 3see also Soviet bloc

ecology 456–9modern approaches 456

economic constraint theory 212–13economic crisis, global (1970s) 299,

312–13, 330–1economic enterprises, partnerships with

universities 133economics 398–405

changing parameters 398–9international treaties/agreements 399Leuven faculty 313specialization of courses 400specialized institutes 400–1, 404

ECTS see European Course Credit TransferSystem

EdinburghHeriot-Watt University 547University of 492

Edinburgh Declaration (1988) 512Education Act (UK 1944) 75education policy/ies

debates on viability 331–2incoherence 240–1

EFMD see European Foundation forManagement Development

Egypt, Anglo-French invasion of (1956)293

EHESS see under ParisELDO see European Space Vehicle

Launcher Organizationelectron microscopy 453electrophoresis 453‘employability’ 367employment, graduate

analysed by profession 346–7areas of change 365–8in biological sciences 470–1career rewards 331changing opportunity structure 343–5cross-border 335‘displacement’ 331diversity of prospects 333earnings 347, 349easing of problems/attitudes (1970s/80s)

332–5, 363–4, 365educational level appropriate to 348employers’ expectations 355–6, 470–1

609






Subject index

employment, graduate (cont.)fixed-term contracts 343impact of post-war expansion 321increasing flexibility 220–1, 332–3,

350pessimism regarding 330–2, 363, 470in physical sciences 444–5preparation for 319–20pressure on universities 362–3, 366–7recruitment criteria 334relationship with field of study 348,

350–3responsibility for 364role of professional bodies 341, 353selection criteria 349, 354–5student expectations 320, 470–1suitability to qualifications 347–50in technology 545–6transition to, duration/complexity

341–2, 343, 470universities’ adaptation to changing

conditions 320, 327–35, 356–62;debates/problems 332, 356–7, 364;range of options 328–9, 332–5;structural reforms 329–30, 357–9,366

value of planning 331–2, 333, 364‘vertical’ shift 345vocational qualifications 355–6 (see also

vocationalism)widening of debate on 334–5see also unemployment

energy systems, biology of 455–6engineering 242

decline in numbers 536degree titles 337distinguished from ‘pure’ science 424–5,

441graduate employment 353

England, collegiate university system 9, 214see also United Kingdom

Enlightenment era/ideology 10–11entrepreneurial management, transition to

19–20, 28, 114–16, 202, 364, 563see also economic enterprises

environmental movementconcerns about technology 536impact on curricula 536impact on estate management 154interaction with biological sciences

452interaction with geological sciences

483EQUIS programme 158–9Erasmus see European Action Scheme for

the Mobility of University StudentsErasmus-Mindus programme 573

Erfurt (Germany) 7, 113ESF see European Science FoundationESIB see European Student Information

BureauESMU see European Centre for the

Strategic Management of UniversitiesESPRIT see European Strategic Programme

for Information TechnologyEssex (UK), University of 392estate management 153–5

changing priorities 154increasing professionalism 154–5proportion of annual budget 154social implications 154technical services 154‘wiring’ of buildings 155

Estonia 61, 311–12rectors’ conference 100

ETA see Euskadi ta askatasunaethnic conflict, impact on university life

269, 558–9ethnology 381, 405, 407–8

links with political science 391EUA see European University AssociationEUCEN (association dealing with

continuing education) 150EURASHE see European Association of

Institutions in Higher EducationEuratom Treaty (Treaty establishing the

European Atomic Energy Community,Rome 1957) 99–100, 119, 399, 539,542

EURECA see European Research CommonAction

Europecontributions to biological research

459–60educational/cultural model 572–4fragmentation 558management associations 149–50‘moral reconstruction’ (post-war) 32–5pan-European ideology 9–10, 118–22

(see also ‘Europeanization’)staff structures 171university management 131–2; general

trends 138; transfer of experience 158university model, decline in influence of

3–4, 21–2see also Continental Europe; European

UnionEuropean Action Scheme for the Mobility

of University Students (Erasmus) 26,29, 120–1, 180, 271, 272, 273, 335,339, 519, 556, 560, 564–6, 571

participation levels 271–2European Association of Institutions in

Higher Education (EURASHE) 569

610






Subject index

European Centre for the StrategicManagement of Universities (ESMU)150

European Coal and Steel Community 399,542

European Commission see Commission ofthe European Communities

European Conference of Ministers ofEducation 116–17, 118, 119

European Congress 93European Convention on the Equivalence

of Certificates of Secondary Education1953 99

European Convention on the Equivalenceof the Time of Study at University1956 99

European Convention on the Recognitionof Academic Degrees and Diplomas1959 99

European Council of Economic Ministers118

European Course Credit Transfer System(ECTS) 121, 271, 560, 564–5, 569,572

European Foundation for ManagementDevelopment (EFMD) 158–9

European Graduate College, Florence 25European Higher Education Area 64–5European Molecular Biology Organization

525European Research Common Action

(EURECA) 26, 120European Roundtable of Industrialists 361European Science Foundation (ESF) 26,

120, 440, 482, 525European Space Agency 440, 540–1European Space Research Organization

(ESRO) 98, 540European Space Vehicle Launcher

Organization (ELDO) 540European Strategic Programme for

Information Technology (ESPRIT) 26,120

European Student Information Bureau(ESIB) 569

European Union/Community 24–6, 135–6,202

application of qualitative criteria 122categorization of diplomas 339–40Common Educational Policy 29conference of education ministers 25–6,

30definition of university 554development of university systems 60–1directives on academic recognition 339enlargement 235–6establishment of guidelines 25

funding agencies 542–3harmonization 239; of degrees 30,

99–100, 118, 339–41, 366, 420; ofmedical accreditation 505–6, 514;opposition to 121, 563; problems of271–2; of undergraduate studies 120

integrative strategies 559–60, 561–2,572–4 (see also ‘Europeanization’)

inter-university cooperation 93–4law: convergence of systems/studies

420–2; establishment of generalprinciples 421; European Law School,calls for 420–1; historical research421–2; rules on contract law 421

management initiatives 159medical research programmes 525mobility programmes 26, 115–16,

120–1, 180, 187–8, 271–2, 367–8,555–6, 564–6, 569; popularity/imitation outside EU 565, 566–7,571–2

moves towards 93national variations 330, 563–4opposition to pan-European institutions

24–6, 118–19relations with university leaders 121–2retention of national systems 239scientific initiatives 438–41, 482,

539–41; collaboration of researchgroups 439

European University, proposals for 24,99–100, 118

academic opposition to 119see also European Graduate College;

European University InstituteEuropean University Association (EUA) 26,

29, 59, 94, 570, 571European University Institute, Florence

119‘Europeanization’ 29–30, 119–20, 555–8Euskadi ta askatasuna (ETA, ‘Basque

Fatherland and Freedom’) 305evaluation 195–6, 562

‘anthropological’ approach 249see also assessment; management;

self-assessment; staffexact (mathematical) sciences

collaboration of research groups 439collective research 435–7common culture 429curricula/course structure 444–6defined 424divisions between 426–8; erosion/

rearrangement 429equipment, increasing cost/sophistication

436–7ethical debates 443–4, 448

611






Subject index

exact (mathematical) sciences (cont.)European role in global developments

425–6, 447expansion in resources/personnel

(1960–75) 426, 447focus on research 425future challenges 447–9global collaboration 441hybrid subdisciplines 431–2increasing cosmopolitanism 440–1industrial involvement 435, 437,

440; in research 442–4interdisciplinarity 428, 429–35,

436international exchanges/collaborations

429, 437–41‘levelling off’ period (1975–95) 426major research centres 428–9multi-author papers 435–6new research technologies 430–1overlap with other sciences 432post-war reconstruction period

(1945–60) 425–6, 429, 437staff requirements 437subdivisions 428summary of post-war developments

446–7textbooks 429

examinationsadministration 197national (for university admission)

218–19role in degree structure 252–3;

diminishing 250students’ selection of date 257–8see also school-leaving examinations

exchanges, academic 89–90decrease 115–16East–West 117see also mobility; names of subjects

expansion, in university/student numbers3, 12, 40, 41–6, 104, 133–4, 201,207–9, 426

arguments for 232–5continuation/renewal (1980s) 233–4,

235–6desirability 232–3driving forces 133–4, 209, 214economic impact 136–7(fears of) decline in standards 165,

229–30funding 236impact on age structures 166–7impact on class distinctions 212impact on curricula 262impact on graduate employment 321,

364–5, 470

impact on staff structure/numbers163–5, 245–6

newsworthiness 233patterns of development 231–3resistances 209–10socio-economic objectives 328–9statistics 44, 46–52, 60–1

Fachhochschulen (FRG) 226–7, 329, 358,361

faculties/departmentsas basis of university structure 130–1,

239, 243; weakening 131, 168–9distribution of student numbers 325–7diversity of organization 244–5divisions between 130–1, 427–8financial responsibilities 152fragmentation 168–9loss of role in curricular development

248in medieval university 4, 9, 16, 243ordering by subject matter 169–70over-subscription 45ranking order 241rearrangements 243, 247–8resource management 151–2, 153strengthening 247see also heads of department

Faculty of Workers and Peasants,Greifswald 40

Falangists see Franco (index of names);Sindicato espanol universitario

FAST see Forecasting and Assessment inthe field of Science and Technology

Federacion universitaria democraticaespanola (FUDE) 304

Federal Republic of Germany 46, 212, 544academic exchanges 89–90access routes/figures 226–8age structure 167birth rates 227career structures 251–2course structure 254–5, 257–60, 336,

361curricular reform 360degrees 337, 338distance learning 535division of students by subject 327geography, teaching of 409graduate employment 333, 343–4,

354–6; female 354history, teaching of 412Institute for Talent Research 96as international model 97–8medical studies 491–2, 503–4, 505, 514,

519migration of rejected students 219

612






Subject index

Ministry of Education and Science 35new foundations 52non-university education 57, 64, 113,

226–7, 329–30 (see alsoFachhochschulen)

political science 393–5professional qualifications 341research council80, 98, 180, 394–5, 503resource management 152science council 96–7, 104, 114scientific training/research 96–7social selectivity 223, 224–5sociology 384–6staffing 176–7, 362; data 163; numbers

164student movements 105, 266, 287,

289–91, 301, 302, 307 (see alsoBerlin); collapse 298; governmental/social response 110, 111, 267, 290–1,302

student/university expansion 41–2, 44,48, 50, 104; growth rates 262

support staff 181teaching posts/course structure 169university management 137–8; role of

Kanzler 143, 144; separation of rolesof officers 151

upgrading of establishments 43women students 222, 228

FEDORA (association dealing with studentorientation) 150

feminist theory 264FernUniversitat Hagen (Germany) 535finalization, theory of 433–5, 436finance 117

administration 129crisis (1980s) 15–16, 113–14, 124techniques 157–8

Finland 46, 568accession to EU 559–60course structure 336degree awards 254ethnic divisions 269graduate employment 350management structure 142–3medical studies 501non-university institutions 62, 63postgraduate studies 261rectors’ conference 100research council 98staff structure 178staffing levels 164student movements 110, 288, 296student/university expansion 41, 48, 50teaching conditions 193university locations 53

Florence University 292, 381

Fontenay (France) 539Ford Foundation 387Forecasting and Assessment in the field of

Science and Technology (FAST) 120‘fortress Europe’ 573–4fossil fuels, burning of 480founders/foundation dates, fabrication of 4France 46, 130, 571

admission controls 45, 218, 219–20age structure 166anthropology 407–8assessment system 114, 159, 562attendance levels 58biological research 458career structures 171, 172, 251–2course structure 254–5, 336cultural theory, developments in 248curricula 239; responsibility for

determining 248degrees 253, 335economics, teaching of 398, 401–2educational ideology 356educational system 7, 31, 239foreign teachers 109funding system 258–9geography, teaching of 409graduate employment 343, 345, 347,

348–9, 351, 355history, teaching of 410–12law studies 417mature students 211medical studies 492, 502–3, 517; costs

508; postgraduate 502–3Ministry of Universities 35Nazi occupation 74new universities 20, 48non-university education 32, 42–3, 55,

57, 58, 59, 113, 234, 242, 329, 358,543–4, 545

nuclear projects/capability 539policy in occupied Germany 78–9political science 390–1post-revolutionary university model 11post-war reforms 13–14, 75professional qualifications 341professorial appointments 173public lectures 17rectors’ conference 100regionalization 53research organizations 98, 180, 193–4,

265, 266, 446Revolution 10, 572salaries 185, 186scientific training/research 95–6secondary education 210secularization of education 214social sciences 371–2

613






Subject index

France (cont.)social selectivity 223–6sociology 379–81specialized training institutions

(Revolutionary/Napoleonic era)10–11, 553–4

staff associations 200–1staffing 175–6; control of appointments

174; data 163; numbers 164student movements 14, 105–6, 266–7,

279, 286, 287, 291, 307, 313, 314;collapse 297–8; governmentalresponse 106–9 (see also Loi del’orientation . . . )

student numbers 324student/university expansion 41–2, 50,

61, 107, 335; growth rates 262teaching conditions 192–3teaching structure 249technology, study/research 532university administration/management

131, 139, 140, 143wartime resistance movement 32

Frankfurt, University of 19, 80, 104, 384,398, 403, 407

Frankfurt School 289–90, 385–6, 392Fraunhofer Institutes 443, 529, 544freedom, intellectual, principle of 12, 170,

251, 524Freiburg University 79

Freiburg School (economics) 395, 398,403–4

Friends of the Earth 536FUDE see Federacion universitaria

democratica espanolafunctionalism 376–7, 380, 406, 408‘further’ education, use of term 229, 234

Gas Board 544General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

(GATT) 566General Medical Council 498–9, 501, 514,

516general practitioners

independence of central system 501numbers 505postgraduate training 500–2production, as aim of medical studies

491, 510, 512–13, 515–16Geneva University 260, 396Ghent University 294gentleman see honnete hommeGeo-Traverse Project 439geography 249, 408–9

links with political science 391geology 424, 428, 432

concentration of resources 481–3

future requirements 483interaction with other sciences 441–2local nature of studies 473–4, 482–3major topics 473, 474, 483–4marine 482–3planetary 473, 474–6, 482, 483political transformations 480–3

Georgia 311–12German Democratic Republic 40, 103, 395

academics’ perks 186adaptation to Soviet system 82–4assimilation after reunification 62, 177,

558defections to West 83defence of German traditions 83history, teaching of 412post-war reconstruction 46–7, 81–4sociology 386staff structure 179student movements 284student/university expansion 50

German Rectors’ Conference 90Germany

admissions policy 219–20anthropology 407curricula, responsibility for 248decline of legal system 415degree awards 253–4diversity of Lander policies 177duelling fraternities 287economics, teaching of 398, 403–4educational ideology 356faculty structure 243, 244foreign students 22geological studies 482graduate employment 345–50, 351, 367,

427international/global influence 12–13,

26–7, 177–8, 214, 225, 372, 391, 550junior academic staff 172law studies 417mature students 211military technology 540Nazi educational policies 198non-university institutions 62, 63, 165,

242, 544political history 415post-war exodus 415, 428–9post-war reconstruction 13–14, 76–84,

91–3; academic societies 80–1; ‘FourDs’ programme 77–8; fundamentalreform plans 81; promotion ofinternational contacts 79–80;university autonomy 80

professorial appointments 168, 169research institutes 180, 194, 265, 446retirement ages 178

614






Subject index

role of research 262–3salary structure 184–5science council 13secondary education 210social background of academics 174social sciences 371–2sociology 383–4staff appointments 174staff associations 201staff experience 362staff/research evaluation 195–6staff structure 171, 180, 188student mobility 258, 270teaching conditions 191, 192–3teaching traditions 189, 190, 268–9university administration 197wartime destruction of universities 528women academics 183see also Federal Republic of Germany;

German Democratic Republic;Nazis/Nazism; Prussia

Germersheim (Germany), Higher Schoolfor Translators 79

GI Bill see Servicemen’s Readjustment Actglaciation, geological investigations 478–80Glaxo 543globalization 22–6, 202–3Goodenough Report (1944) 498Gothenburg, University of 122Gottingen, University of 111, 384governance, university

adaptation to new requirements 145structure 140–1see also management

governing body, role in managementstructure 140, 141

government agencies, supra-national 542–3government(s) see state(s)grandes ecoles (France) 107–8, 175, 214,

219, 235, 242, 265, 338, 401, 529,543, 545, 548, 553–4

grants 19research 541–4

Graz University 244Greece 46, 503

growth in student/institution numbers41, 47

rectors’ conference 100student migrations from 219student movement 305–6

Greifswald, University of 40Grenoble, Institut Laue-Langevin 439Grenoble Charter 286Groningen University 392, 400

Habilitation 167, 176–7, 179, 259–60,335, 340

habitus, sociological concept of 381Hamburg (Germany), University 384,

407Harvard University 27, 376–7, 413Harwell (UK) 539heads of department, resource management

responsibilities 151, 153health care

assessment of quality 511costs 490demand for 488–9, 490as human right 488international prioritization 491patterns of delivery 489–90personal responsibility, diminishing

awareness of 488professionals, increasing range/

specialization 487, 489 (see alsodoctors (medical); nursing)

Heidelberg (Germany)molecular biology laboratory 525University 91

Helsinki (Finland), University 295, 296,528

Hessen (Germany), University 394high energy accelerators 540high energy physics 434, 436, 440, 443,

444Higher Attestation Commission (Soviet

bloc) 87Higher Education Framework Law

(Hochschulrahmengesetz, FRG1976/1985) 177, 330, 360

higher education institutes seenon-university institutions

historical approach to study 371displacement 374–5

Historical Compendium of EuropeanUniversities (1984) 551–2

history of science and technology 413history, teaching of 249, 409–14

career opportunities 414heterodox nature 412–13links with geography 409post-war change of direction 410

History of the University in Europe(Vols. I–IV) 573

genesis 550–2structure/volume divisions 552–5

honnete homme, as product of universitysystem 8

honours see titlesHull (UK), University of 293human capital, education as investment in

232–3Human Genome Project 458–9

benefits 458–9

615






Subject index

humanism 8–10degeneration 10

Humboldt University, Berlin 169, 284,492

1893/1900 public addresses 17–18foundation/founding ideals 10–12, 28–9,

262–3social sciences 384, 394student unrest 14, 84, 233

Hungary 103, 212admissions policy 218, 219ideological control 215life expectancy 487post-1956 reforms 101–2post-war reconstruction 46, 85, 208rectors’ conference 100restrictions on university curriculum

37–8secularization of religious foundations

214social selectivity 224–5specialized universities 243–4staff structure 171, 179student movements 266, 283–5uprising against Soviet control (1956)

280, 284–5, 293women academics 182

hydrodynamics 434

IAU see International Association ofUniversities

IBM 194Iceland

geological studies 477medical studies 501rectors’ conference 100research council 98

ICI 543, 547ICPs see Inter-University Cooperation

Programmesidleness, social/philosophical attitudes to

234involuntary 235

IFREMER see Institut francais de recherchepour l’exploitation de la mer

IMCS see International Movement ofCatholic Students

IMHE see Institutional Management ofHigher Education

India 22industry

collaboration on scientific research 435,441–4, 460–4, 543, 547; benefits463–4; ‘cultural divide’ 443–4; newinstitutions 443; R&D departments442; threat to academic ideals 443–4,449

funding of medical research 524–5graduate employment in 343–5, 353

infant mortality, decrease in 487informality (in staff–student relations) 251,

268–9information technology 133, 135, 430–1,

432, 533–5, 538Innsbruck (Austria), University of 396INRA see Institut national de la recherche

agriculturelleINRP see Institut national de la recherche

pedagogiqueINSERM see Institut national de la sante et

de la recherche medicaleInstitut francais de recherche pour

l’exploitation de la mer (IFREMER)265

Institut national de la rechercheagriculturelle (INRA) 265

Institut national de la recherchepedagogique (INRP) 265

Institut national de la sante et de larecherche medicale (INSERM) 265

Institute of Physics 427Institutional Management of Higher

Education (IMHE) 149–50‘instructor class’ 251–2Inter-University Cooperation Programmes

(ICPs) 271interdisciplinarity 132–3, 360–1

in exact sciences 428, 429–35, 436Interdisciplinary Research Centres 443International Association of Universities

(IAU) 23–4, 59–60, 92, 100, 150International Council of Scientific Unions

480International Geosphere–Biosphere

Programme 480International Movement of Catholic

Students (IMCS, Pax Romana) 281International Student Conference (ISC)

foundation 279–80growth 280–1loss of credibility/downfall 282, 293significance 282–3

International Union of ChristianDemocrats (IUCD) 281

International Union of Socialist Youth(IUSY) 281

International Union of Students (IUS)278–9, 282

breakdown of relations within 279–80departures from 279–80opposition to ISC 280significance 282–3

International Young Catholic Students(IYCS) 281

616






Subject index

internationalization 367–8Internet

origins 440provision of access to 155role in science teaching 467, 468–9speed of communication 469

‘invisible university’ see ‘virtual university’Ireland 46

degrees 335, 337–8graduate employment 342–3, 351information policy 59–60medical studies 499nineteenth-century institutions 550,

554non-university education 57professional qualifications 341rectors’ conference 100research council 98support staff 181

ISC see International Student ConferenceItaly 130, 212, 330, 568

age structure 166class system 213course structure 253curricula 336, 571degrees 337economics, teaching of 402geology 473graduate employment 344, 347,

348–9history, teaching of 412medical studies 505Ministry of Higher Education and

Research 35new foundations 52–3non-state sector 55–6non-university education 57post-war policies 75professorial appointments 173proportion of universities to other

institutions 222rectors’ conference 100research council 98salaries 185, 186sociology 381–2staff appointments 174staff structure 178staffing levels 164student/graduate numbers 324, 325student movements 109–10, 266,

291–2, 301, 302, 307; disintegration298–9; governmental/social response302

student/university expansion 41, 44, 48,61; growth rates 262

support for European University 99teaching methods 250

tuition fees, importance to universityeconomy 258–9

IUCD see International Union of ChristianDemocrats

IUS see International Union of StudentsIUSY see International Union of Socialist

Youth‘ivory tower’, university as

criticism/demolition of concept 3, 15–21,158, 163, 360

evolution of image 16as nineteenth-century ideal 16–17

IYCS see International Young CatholicStudents

Japan 22, 212, 216European competition with 114private universities 214

Jena (Germany), battle of (1806) 31JET see Joint European TorusJewish teachers/students

Nazi expulsions 198, 384Soviet bloc campaign against 307

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 27Joint European Torus (JET) 438, 539–40Joint Research Centres 443, 542–3Joint Study Programme 555–6junior staff 172–3

duration of appointments 172–3progression within institution 173promotional opportunities 167, 251–2relations with undergraduates 268role in teaching structure 248–9

Jussieu University 267

Kaiserslautern, University of 52Kanzler see registrarKarlsbad (Germany) agreement (1819) 12Kazakhstan 311–12Keele (UK), University of 293, 392Kharkov (Ukraine), University of 283Kiel (Germany), University of 244, 384,

404Kiev (Ukraine), University of 283, 397KISZ see Communist Youth AssociationKlagenfurt (Germany) 245

University of Educational Sciences 244knowledge, growth in 132–3, 167–8, 273,

366–7, 460, 537–8Koln see CologneKondratieff cycle 58Konigstein (Germany), Agreement (1949)

80–1, 393Kosovo 310, 559

La Palma (Canary Is.), NorthernHemisphere Observatory 439

617






Subject index

labour marketefficiency, as driving force for expansion

209gender ratios, shift in 220relationship with educational systems

220–1, 273, 328–9language teaching, new methods 249–50laser technology 431Latin America 22, 54, 566, 571–2Latvia 100, 310–12Latvian Academy of Agriculture 37Lausanne (Switzerland)

school of engineering 242University 260

law 130–1, 244, 414–22case-study method 416celebrated cases 420convergence of European systems

419–20difficulty of courses 417–19graduate employment 351–2links with economics 401, 402national character 414–16, 419–20, 422new fields 418popularity with students 416–17private, study of 418professional training 417public, study of 418rapidity of change 418–19reduction of course options 417specialization 419teaching methods 249, 416teaching of, combined with legal practice

414underfunding of faculties 416

law and economics movement 419laws see legislation; litigation; managementlecturer, rank of 245lectures 190, 239

optional attendance 257Leeds (UK), Metropolitan University 247–8legislation

compliance with 145health and safety 154proliferation, impact on law studies

418–19rapid changes in 112see also names of countries/laws

Leicester (UK), University of 383Leiden (Netherlands), University of 294,

392, 492Leipzig (Germany), University of 384Leningrad (Russia)

Conference (1991) 561, 562University 283, 397, 561

Leoben (Austria), University of Mining244

Leonardo da Vinci programme seeCommunity Programme for Educationand Training for Technology

Leuven (Belgium), Catholic University 55,288, 293–4, 299, 302, 312–15

library usage, pre-/post-Internet 468–9licentiate’s degree 6–7, 340Liege (Belgium), University of 294‘life cycle’, of fields of study 434life expectancy, increasing 487–8lifelong learning 336, 359, 555, 570

see also ‘third age’Limburg, University of 249Lingua programme (for the promotion of

foreign language skills) 121, 271Linz (Austria), University 245Lisbon Recognition Convention (European

Convention on the Recognition ofQualifications concerning HigherEducation in the European Region1997) 103, 567

Lisbon Summit (2000) 573Lithuania 100, 311–12litigation

medical 488, 511settlement of internal disputes by 145–6

Liverpool (UK), University of 392Łodz (Poland), University of 308logit regressions 212Loi d’orientation de l’enseignement

superieur (‘Loi Faure’) (France 1968)106–9, 110, 131, 140

achievement of objectives 107–9implementation 106–7provisions 106

Loi no. 84–52 sur l’enseignement superieur(France 1984) 140, 259–60

Londoncharity hospitals 498Imperial College of Technology 254,

477medical schools 498, 500, 501, 518School of Economics (LSE) 293, 299,

383, 392, 399, 406School of Engineering 242‘smog’, deaths from (1952) 452student congress (1945) 278University of 49, 55, 97, 233, 254;

medical studies 492, 499‘weighting’ 185

lottery, role in admissions 219, 518Louvain (Belgium), University of 401Lublin (Poland)

Catholic University 85, 87Maria Curie-Skłodowska University 85

Lund (Sweden), University of 295, 409Luxembourg 100

618






Subject index

Lyngby (Denmark), school of engineering242

Maastricht (Netherlands), University of506

European Law School 420–1Maastricht Treaty 1992 121, 202, 399Macedonia 559Madrid

Autonomous University 154, 506Complutense University 44, 402

Magna Charta Universitarium 557magnetometry 477Mainz (Germany), University 79Malta, University of 154man, nature of 5management, university 124–5

accountability 136–7areas covered by 148–9balance of power 141changes in routine/equipment 128–30competition with academic leaders

150consortia/support networks 149–50degree of autonomy 137–40evaluation standards 159external parties’ involvement in 158and governance 144–50handling of internal disorder 147–8historical development 132–4, 137,

159–60; national variations 139–40impact of technological change 134–5,

155increased openness 146–7increased size/complexity of operation

148, 149increasing influence/role 132, 137, 146,

157–8influence of law on 145–6interaction with external environment

159internal forces for change 132–4internal leadership role 146–7internal quality management 159isolation from academic community 146,

149levels of functioning 149maintenance of old traditions 127new skills/techniques 144, 147, 156–9;

in 1980s 158; in 1990s/2000s 158–9quadrilateral structure 140–4; shifting

roles within 141range of positions/activities 128, 160role of rector/vice-chancellor 141–3separation of teaching and research

136–7socio-political forces for change 135–6

support from specialized professions128

techniques 155–9traditional skills 155usage of term 124see also estate management; resource

management; systems approachThe Managerial Revolution in Higher

Education (Rourke/Brooks, 1956)125

‘managerialism’ 125Manchester (UK), University of 55, 160,

533, 547Manhattan Project 538–9Manila (Philippines), Conference (1980)

550–1Marburg (Germany), University of 244

Discussions 91, 92–3market, relationship of university with 20,

59, 115, 216, 240–1, 537Mars, geological investigation 475Marxism see Soviet bloc; names indexmass higher education, drive towards

41–3, 329see also access

Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) 27, 532

master’s degree 335and definition of university 43–4equivalence 340, 366as first degree 254in medieval universities 6–7non-university 338in political science 391in ‘university type’ establishments 43in US colleges 21

materials science 432–3, 442subdisciplines 433

mathematical sciences see exact sciencesmathematics 193, 424, 428

links with political science 391pure 428, 443, 446

matriculation 217–23evolution 220

mature students 220, 555see also adult education; lifelong

learning; ‘third age’Max Planck Institutes see Planck, Max, in

names indexmedia

internal 146–7managers’ dealings with 148

medical students 518–19age of entry 518background 518, 519lifestyle/popular image 519motivations 519

619






Subject index

medical students (cont.)selection 518unrest among 504–5work experience 518, 519

medicine, practice ofadvances 485–6, 489–90alternative 488, 490critiques 490–1EU regulations 118graduate employment 346, 351,

499–500public attitudes to 488–9redefining of objectives 491specialization 486, 488, 489; young

doctors’ preference for 505universities’ contribution to 526working conditions 486, 499, 500see also doctors (medical); health care;

nursingmedicine, study of

aims/objectives, debates on 512breakdown of system (1950s) 493–5certification 505clinical facilities, selection of 510costs 507–11, 515, 521course structure 492, 520criticisms 512, 513–14disillusionment among graduates

513–14, 516examinations system 494–5, 512‘experimental’ schools 506faculty governance 517, 524funding criteria 508–9future challenges 526graduation process 505integrated teaching 506–7internships 491–2, 493, 494, 496, 498,

521length of courses 492, 494, 514; national

variations 505–6limitation of entry 505national associations 521overcrowding of curriculum 514postgraduate training 496, 499, 500–1,

502–3, 505, 510–11, 521–3; extent ofuniversity’s role 522

practical experience 491–2, 493–4,505–6, 519, 522

primary health care courses 512–13professional preparation 491, 492–3,

495–6, 510, 513public attitudes to 510–11, 518, 526reforms 95, 495–507; outcome 511–16;

problems of implementation 514–16research 523–6; concentration of

resources 525; evaluation 524; funding523–5; international collaborations

525; national organizations 523;spread across departments/areas 524

responsibility for funding 509–10sources of pressure for change 503–5specialized colleges/academies 37, 492,

496–7, 517specialized courses 495, 516; student

preference for 512–13staff structure 245, 517strengthening of universities’ role 497–8student–teacher relationships 517–18teaching methods 491–4, 517, 520–1teaching staff: incomes outside university

186; numbers 516–17technological advances 507three-stage structure 496, 497see also medical students

medieval universitiesalternatives to 7completion rates 7criticisms 7curriculum 6–7degree structure 6–7guilds 200key values 5–6marketing 20models for 4–6, 553openness 6prescribed texts, attitudes to 6revival of ideals 271social function 7, 16sources, attitudes to 5–6student unrest 147study norms 5teaching posts/ideology 168see also faculties

Memorandum on University Education inthe European Union (1991) 26

mental illness, incidence/treatment 486,487–8

mergers 357meritocracy 175, 188, 213, 223–4, 320metallurgy 428meteoric impacts, geological investigation

475–6, 480meteorology 441, 541Metropolitan-Vickers 547Mexico 566Michigan, University of 26–7, 387microscopy 431Middle Ages see medieval universitiesmiddle-level positions, graduate

employment in 345migrations, impact of 269Milan (Italy)

Bocconi University 402Catholic University of 292, 302

620






Subject index

ministers (of state), role/remit 35see also European Conference of

Ministers of EducationMinistry of Defence (MoD, UK) 542Mittelbau (German staff structure) 176–7mobility (of academic staff/students)

187–8, 202, 270–2, 561, 564–6efforts to promote 338, 339–41, 367–8,

570 (see also European Union)opposition to 270problems of (in science subjects) 427,

471reductions in 187–8thematic networks 565–6between university and industry/research

institutes 187models, organizational 213–17modules, course structure based on 270–1

European adoption 271objections to 270–1

molecular biology 431–2, 453–6EU research projects 525, 541relationship with ecology 456–7

Mongolia 103Montan Union see European Coal and

Steel CommunityMorrill Act (US 1862) 31Moscow

Conference (1987) 556University 283, 397

‘multiversities’ 239–40Munich

School of Engineering 242University 44

Munster (Germany), University/School385

Nanterre (France), University 233, 267,291

Narodowy zwiazek studentow (NZS)308–9

narratives 553–5National Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA) 540–1National Coal Board 544National Defense Education Act (US 1960)

38National Health Service 486, 493

creation of career opportunities499–501

planning 498relationship with medical education 498

National Insurance Act (UK 1911) 501National Physical Laboratory 533, 544National Research Development

Corporation 547national service, compulsory 220

National Union of Students (NUS) 267,278, 279–80, 286, 287–8

opposition to libertarian moves 293nationalism 562, 571

involvement of student movements310–12

NATO see North Atlantic TreatyOrganization

navigational colleges 7Nazis/Nazism 198–9

execution of student protesters 278, 308impact on education: in Germany 384; in

occupied territories 32, 33–4, 74–5,84, 117, 404–5

impact on German legal system 415impact on post-war consciousness

372–3see also resistance movements; Second

World WarNetherlands 130, 212

admission controls 45, 219, 258attendance levels 58course structure 254–5, 336, 361curricular divisions 114degrees 254, 337economics, teaching of 400–1evaluation procedures 562exact sciences 446faculty structure 248geology 473, 482graduate employment 331, 347;

unemployment 342graduate schools 259health care 489history, teaching of 412information policy 59–60medical studies 492, 501–2, 505, 506,

509, 518Nazi occupation 74non-state sector 55non-university education 57, 241–2political science 392–3proportion of universities to other

institutions 222rectors’ conference 90, 100research council 98sociology 375staff/research evaluation 195staff structure 177–8, 249staffing levels 164student movements 110–11, 279, 286–7,

294–5student numbers 324; by subject 327student–teacher relations 268student/university expansion 41, 50, 55;

growth rates 262teaching conditions 191

621






Subject index

Netherlands (cont.)university management 139, 143, 159wartime resistance movement 32, 33women academics 182, 183

network analysis 157New Left 283, 293, 296, 300–3The New Scientist (periodical) 466New Social Movements 303‘new student movement’ (1958–69) 14, 97,

105–6, 124, 233, 266–7, 288–97, 360,363

affiliation with workers’ movements292, 298–9, 304, 308–9

aims 108anniversary celebrations 312at Catholic universities 302–3cultural element 301–2disintegration 292, 297–9, 312–13, 315;

causes 315–16dress codes 302fragmentation 297, 299governmental responses 106–13;

negative impact 113; positive impact113

impact on management 135impact on social sciences 378, 393, 395impact on teaching 198, 199, 256‘inheritors’ (1980s) 313, 314key features 301legacy 312–16managerial responses 147–8media attention 148medical students’ protests 502, 504–5nature 299–303in non-democratic countries 303–12occupation of university buildings

291–2, 305–6, 308orientation 300–1origins/development 288–9public attitudes to 290–1, 292, 302, 536suicide protests 308, 310–11underlying psychology 301violence employed by 292, 298–9, 301,

305violent suppression 292, 305–12

new universities (1960s/70s) 14, 20–1architecture 154social sciences 383

Newcastle Polytechnic 471‘Night of the Barricades’ (10–11 May

1968) 291Nijmegen (Netherlands), Catholic

University 294, 299, 392non-state sector 54–6

range of disciplines 55non-university institutions 12–13, 56–8,

61–3

‘academic drift’ 357–8categorization 56–7degrees, awarding/status 338dividing line from universities 42–3expanding range of types 41–2, 113,

222–3integration into multidisciplinary

universities 357prestige, superior/equal to universities’

242, 543–4, 548rivalry with universities 87in Soviet bloc 36–7, 45, 86–7specialization 10–11, 20–1, 37–8, 43,

86–7, 112–13, 353upgrading to university status 43, 48–52,

65, 165, 233–4, 329–30, 364–5see also dual institutional model;

polytechnics; short-cycle highereducation

Nordplus 519North America

colonial period 22, 28, 29integration/mobility programmes 566

North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO) 93–4, 98–9, 445, 559

North Korea 103North-West German University Conference

91–3Northern Ireland 217Norway

course structure 253degrees 335, 338educational ideals 255–6geology 473graduate employment 344–5medical studies 501, 508non-university education 57, 113, 329postgraduate studies 261rectors’ conference 100regionalization 53research council 98staff structure 246staffing levels 164student/graduate numbers 324, 325; by

subject 327student involvement in administration

267student/university expansion 41–2, 48subsidy of studies abroad 219teacher–student ratios 252teaching conditions 192university management 139

Nottingham (UK), University of 383nuclear physics

development of technology 546–7ethical debates 448industrial involvement in research 444

622






Subject index

misguided application 447wartime/post-war developments 538–40see also anti-nuclear movement

nursing 486–7, 520postgraduate training 522–3

NUS see National Union of StudentsNZS see Narodowy zwiazek studentow

Odense (Denmark), University of 391OECD see Organization for Economic

Cooperation and DevelopmentOEEC see Organization for European

Economic Cooperationoffice equipment 128–9oil supply/crisis see economic crisis, globalopen system, change to 146–7, 162Open University (UK) 19, 135, 190–1, 211,

228, 229, 234, 474, 480–1, 482, 535Open University of the Netherlands 535Ordinarius, office of 168, 194, 245, 269organization and methods techniques

156–7Organization for Economic Cooperation

and Development (OECD) 23, 99,117, 149, 156, 158, 209, 221–2,321–3, 325–7, 328–9, 333, 353

Organization for European EconomicCooperation (OEEC) 23, 93–4, 399

over-qualification, and graduateemployment 330–1, 334, 348–9

overcrowding 258protests against 266–7

Oxford University 188admissions policy 219collegiate system 16, 214computer equipment 534faculty structure 243, 244foundation 4funding 542joint degrees 532migrations to 270political activism 293PPE degree 392social sciences 383, 406staff traditions/background 174, 175teaching methods 248, 257technological studies/research 530, 536

ParisAcademie royale des sciences 9Dauphine University 401–2Ecole des hautes etudes en sciences

sociales (EHESS) 380Ecole libre des sciences politiques 391Ecole nationale d’administration 13, 32Ecole pratique des hautes etudes 380,

410

World Conference on Higher Education(1998) 567

Paris University 553800th anniversary celebrations 567–8appeal to staff/students 188, 265–6division into specialized institutions

112–13foreign students 22management 160medical faculties 492, 502, 508as model for academic world 4, 12, 20social sciences 379–80student unrest 14, 105–6, 219, 233, 291,

504‘party schools’ 86passive learning, challenges to 249,

250–1Pasteur Institute 265patronage, role in academic appointments

172Pax Romana see International Movement

of Catholic StudentsPecs (Hungary), Medical University 506performance indicators 153persistent inequality (of educational

opportunities) 211–13historical background 212–13

personal computers, use of 534–5Perugia (Italy), University of 292pharmaceutical industry, contribution to

medical research 486pharmacy, study of 183‘Philadelphia chromosome’ 454Philips 543philosophy, study of 130–1, 243, 244

in East Germany 83photocopiers, development/academic

importance 535photosynthesis 455physical sciences 424–5Physical Society 427physics 424, 428, 432

curricular design 445decline in numbers 536interaction with other sciences 433new research technologies 430subdivisions 434–5theoretical 428see also names of subdivisions e.g. high

energy physicsPhysikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt

544PISA see Programme for International

Student AssessmentPisa (Italy), University of 292planning, corporate

defined 151

623






Subject index

planning, corporate (cont.)increasing flexibility 152integration of resource management with

150–2, 158Planning and Management in Universities

(Fielden/Lockwood, 1973) 126plate tectonics 473, 474, 481, 482, 483

birth of theory 478precursors/evolution of theory 476–7

Poland 103, 212admissions policy 219control of student/staff activities 88curriculum 247faculty structure 244–5graduate employment 348, 349growth in student/institution numbers

50, 61, 62junior academic staff 172‘March Movement’ 306–7medical studies 518–19non-university institutions 63overloading of curricula 88post-1956 reforms 101–2post-war reconstruction46, 84–5, 208–9rectors’ conference 100religious foundations 55, 85, 87screening bodies 87social selectivity 223, 224–5staff structure 171, 179staffing levels 164student movements 109, 280, 282, 284,

306–9student numbers 324views on role of university 102wartime destruction 528wartime resistance movement 32, 33, 74women academics 182working-class students 39

political economy, shift to right 316political science 244, 386–98

conceptual uncertainty 386–7evolution as university subject 387–8,

391–7key issues 388–90left-wing tendencies 389numbers of teachers 387–8(perceived) need for study 387psychological approach 389–90

political/social change 220–1, 263–5impact on management 146impact on teaching/research 274;

negative 263–4; positive 264–5role of university in 135see also ‘new student movement’

political theory/ies, development/implications 264, 273

see also under Soviet bloc

politicization (of university staff/teaching)197–9

coinage of term 198polytechnics 104, 113, 165, 329

course structure 361curricula 58degree awards 337dividing line from universities 42staff association 200student numbers 228–9teaching conditions 193upgrading to university status 49, 63,

174–5, 247–8, 254, 358, 482Porto (Portugal), University of 122Portugal 7, 46

accession to EU 555course structure 255degree awards 254growth in student/institution numbers

47, 50, 61life expectancy 487non-university education 57, 63post-war policies 75–6staff structure 178staffing levels 164student/graduate numbers 325student movements 285, 305

post-behaviourism 390, 393post-structuralism 408postdoctoral research/training 446, 470,

545postgraduates

changes in system 260–1deferring of career choices/

unemployment 343diplomas 340staff/public attitudes to 257

postmodernism 264, 316, 409Potsdam Agreement (1945) 34, 77–8Poznan (Poland) 284

University 37PPBS (Planning Programming and

Budgeting Systems) 156Prague (Czech Republic)

Charles University 243, 244Coup (1948) 279IUS Congresses (1946/56) 278–9, 280‘Spring’ (1968) 307University 278

Prague Convention 1972 102–3, 339president see rectorpress offices, introduction of 19printing, development of 7Pristina (Kosovo), (unofficial) University of

559private academic circles 7, 10

see also academies

624






Subject index

private sector, funding of universities/colleges 236, 266

see also researchprivate universities 214privatization 54–5, 59, 60–1, 240–1problem-based learning 249professors

abolition 170administrative duties 196–7age of appointment 188appointment 173–4; from within

university (Hausberufung) 173–4division from junior staff 172dress code 268of economics 404extraordinary 245female 182–3financial/social position (in East) 186guarantees 170–1honorary 180of medicine 517–18multiple salary scales 177, 188national variations 174–9‘one per subject’, dissolution of theory

168‘parallel chairs’ 169part-time 178, 185, 245professional experience outside academia

362proliferation 186proportion of teaching staff 175, 176,

177qualifications 259retirement age 178role in academic structure 239, 246,

265social status 202of sociology 384–5visiting (from abroad) 180working hours 192–3see also Ordinarius

Programme for International StudentAssessment (PISA) 23

provincialization, processes of 3–4, 21,52–4

deciding factors 53Prussia 17–18

academic salaries 184–5modernization programmes 10–12,

18–19rectors’ conference 90university administration 140–1see also Germany

public relations, managerial experience/requirements 147–8

public service professions, graduateemployment in 351–2, 353

public undertaking, education as 54publications, role in academic careers 175

quality, as integrative factor 561–4cooperation initiatives 562–3, 572–3criteria 562relationship with national interests 562,

563–4quantum theory 445

Radical Student Alliance (RSA) 293radioisotope technology 453reader, rank of 245reconstruction, processes of 64–5, 74–95,

162, 201, 327–8expectations 73national policies 75–6phases 74speed 74–5

rector (vice-chancellor/president)appointment 142, 143, 315new requirements 146–7recognition as managerial head 142–3role in management structure 140,

141–3, 151see also rectors’ conferences

rectors’ conferences 90–4, 100–1, 118–19,121–2

in Eastern Europe 560international 93–4see also names of specific bodies

Red Army Faction see Rote Armee Fraktion‘red brick’ universities 214Red Brigade see Brigate Rossereformatio in melius, medieval concept of

4–5reforms 3, 30

administrative 14Early Modern 8–9nineteenth-century modernizations

11–13post-war 13–14, 32–3see also reconstruction; reformatio in

meliusRegensburg (Germany), University of 104Reggio Emilia, Italy 553regionalization see provincializationregistrar (head of administration), role in

management structure 140–1, 143–4,151

broadening of role 144convergence across Europe 143–4

registration fees, increases in 312–13, 314religion/religious studies

dwindling influence 214–15international student organizations 281modern institutions 55, 65, 87, 214

625






Subject index

religion/religious studies (cont.)partitioning of universities by 243relationship with medieval scholastic

ethos 5–6separation from universities 87see also Catholic Church; Catholic

universitiesresearch

as basis of reputation 193, 459challenges to universities’ supremacy in

133collective 435–7costs 464evaluation 195, 524full-time employment in 180–1funding 426, 523–5, 541–3government-funded establishments 544impact on curricula 263–6international centres 438–9international programmes 23, 120–1medical 523–6movement of frontiers 444–5multinational teams 441originality, need for 264personal nature 193place in universities’ mission 262; shift in

emphasis 262–5preparation for careers in 425private sector funding 194pure vs applied 194, 241, 442–3, 524–5,

545relationship with teaching 169–70,

194–5, 444, 446role in academic careers 173, 180–1,

189, 193–4, 246, 256separation from teaching 170, 193–4,

265–6, 446small units, optimal use of 437–8Soviet policy 38–9‘strategic’ 443techniques 157technological requirements 134–5in technology 529undergraduate participation 264–5see also exact sciences

research centres/institutes 131, 133research councils 98resistance movements, relationship of

universities with 32, 33, 74resource management 150–5

buildings/estates 153–5departmental 151–2increased unpredictability/flexibility

152–3, 158–9increasing numbers involved in 151integration with corporate planning

150–2

new skills required 152separation of roles of officers 151transparency 153see also crisis management

resources, decline in 235restriction enzymes 454Revolutionary Socialist Students

Federation (RSSF) 293Riga (Latvia), University of 37, 310right to education 45right-wing politics see under student

movementsRoman law 5, 417Romania 86, 103, 116, 557

division of students by subject 327life expectancy 487post-war reconstruction 46–7, 85,

208rectors’ conference 100screening bodies 87staff structure 171, 179staffing levels 164student/university expansion 50teaching hours 192women academics 182

RomeLa Sapienza University 44University of 160, 292, 382

Rome Treaty (Treaty Establishing the EEC1957) 24, 25, 99, 118–19, 399

Rote Armee Fraktion 298Rotterdam (Netherlands), University of

501Royal Aeronautical Establishment 544Royal Society 9RSA see Radical Student AllianceRSSF see Revolutionary Socialist Students

FederationRussia (post-Soviet) 560–1Russia (pre-revolutionary) 554

dissident movements 266Russian (language), teaching of 247

Saarbrucken (Germany), University of 79sabbaticals 186

for student leaders 267Saclay (France) 539Saint-Etienne (France), University of 267salaries (of academic staff) 153, 184–7

compared with other careers 185–6decrease in inequality 184–5income additional to 184, 186regularization 184

Salzburg (Austria)Seminars 560–1University 245, 396

‘sandwich’ courses 361

626






Subject index

Scandinaviadegrees 335mature students/curricular flexibility336medical studies 492, 522postgraduate studies 261student movements 279student–teacher relations 268see also names of individual countries

school-leaving examination(s), asqualification for university

alternatives to 220, 226automatic/traditional entry route 18, 45,

210, 217, 219–20, 226–7, 267diminishing importance 216–17

sciencedemarcation of fields of study 424–5graduate employment 351, 352–3importance in post-war world 163,

167–8, 372, 425–6, 530–2, 538income outside teaching 186interdisciplinarity 264international cooperation 98–101,

202new fields 432organization of faculty structure

244–5public attitudes to 163pure vs applied 241, 424–5, 427, 433–5,

441–2staff contracts 153state intervention in training 95–102study in Soviet bloc 86–7support staff 181–2teaching 190see also biological sciences; exact

sciences; physical sciencesscience parks 443, 547science research councils 98Scotland 254, 270, 335

medical studies 492SDE see Sindicato democratico de

estudiantesSDS see Sozialistische deutsche

Studentenbundsecond route see working classesSecond World War

aftermath 3, 13, 22–3, 29, 31–5, 73,74–9, 84–9, 162–3, 201, 319–20,528–9; Allied territorial arrangements34, 76–84; and earth sciences 476–7;and exact sciences 425–6; and socialsciences 372–4, 387, 409, 415

destruction of buildings/resources 528impact on medical knowledge/education

485, 491increase in women students/academics

182

interruption of studies 133–4loss of staff/students to 162management techniques 155military/technological research 436,

528–9, 533, 544, 547secondary schools

educational function 255poor quality, remedying of 267productivity 229reforms, influence on university curricula

261–2see also school-leaving examinations

secretarial posts 181secretariat, role/skills 147secularization, exaggerated impact on

teaching 264security, internal 147–8

staffing levels 147–8self-assessment

by employed graduates 347–50by students 249by universities 334

semiconductor physics 434, 435, 447seminars 190Senate, role in management structure 140,

141senior staff 173

see also professorsSerbia

political upheavals 558–9student movements 310

service classes see working classesservice industries, graduate employment in

343–5, 353Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (GI Bill, US

1944) 207SEU see Sindicato espanol universitarioSFS see Sveriges forenander studentkarerShell 440, 543short-cycle higher education 56–7, 58, 226,

234, 329–30complementarity to university system

57relationship with labour market 57–8

Siemens 440Siena (Italy), Conference (1991) 139Sindicato democratico de estudiantes (SDE)

304–5Sindicato espanol universitario (SEU) 285

abolition 304democratization 304

Single European Act (1992) 553, 555SKS see Studenckie komitety solidarnosciSlovakia 61

rectors’ conference 100Slovenia 310

political upheavals 558

627






Subject index

Social Science Research Council (SSRC)392

social sciences 95–6, 186, 235, 244decline in popularity (1970s) 378–9evolution into academic subjects 371–5historical approach 371; supersession

374–5leading role of USA 372–4, 379, 384,

387, 390–415; exceptions 402, 415–16progress to scholastic pre-eminence

374–5social selection

after 1970 226–32patterns of development 232–6prior to 1970 223–6

sociology 193, 244, 371–2, 375–86career opportunities 414developments in 1960s 378focus of study 375, 376, 379–80, 382movements/counter-movements 376–9,

380–1, 385–6as professional discipline 377–8research institutes 380US influence in Europe 379, 380–1

Socrates programme 29, 121, 180, 271,554, 564–6

Sorbonne see Paris UniversitySorbonne Declaration (1998) 560, 567–8,

569South Africa 508

see also apartheidSouth German Rectors’ Conference 91–2Soviet bloc 35–40

academic cooperation 102–3academic interchanges with West 40;

restrictions on 40, 94–5academics’ perks 186adherence to traditional structures 85–6admissions policy 215–16, 218, 219;

effectiveness 215–16age structure 165–6career structures 171comparisons with West 49–52, 63–5,

212, 213–14curricular restrictions 246–7, 359–60de-Stalinization 101degree structure 262educational model 213–16; break from

tradition 36, 201graduate employment 363graduation procedures 87–8impact of collapse 64, 115, 116–17, 198,

199, 201, 215, 220, 241, 263, 334,557–61, 572

imposition of Marxist-Leninist ideology35–6, 38, 82, 83–4, 86, 198, 215, 273,359–60

labour force planning 209, 328life expectancy 487limitation of university’s role 86medical studies 491, 519non-university education 57 (see also

academies)policy shifts: post-1948 86–8; post-1956

101–2politicization of academic system 87–8post-war reconstruction 46–7, 84–9, 162reconstruction, 1980s 216relations between academia and

authority 88, 101–2research institutions 180, 446restricted entry policy 45role of university in social system 36–7,

38–9, 102secondary education, need to

compensate for quality of 267separation of church and state 214shortage of data 163specialized universities 243–4staff structures 178–9staffing levels 164stagnation in growth rates 41, 44–5,

208–9, 321–2, 324State Planning Commissions 39student funding 207student movements 283–4, 306–12student numbers 45–6university management 138see also Eastern Europe; Soviet Union;

state control of universitiesSoviet Union 103

attitudes to European unity 92, 556–7degree awards 253dissolution 269division of students by subject 327employment policy 328enrolment levels 36–7European competition with 14growth rates 208health care 489international relations, impact on

student movement 279junior academic staff 172medical studies 496–7, 509, 518non-university institutions 36–7, 38policy in occupied Germany 76, 81–4political science 397–8post-war academic reorganization 13rectors’ role in administrative structure

142role in international student movement

278, 282staff structure 171, 178–9staff training 196

628






Subject index

student movements 310–12teaching conditions 193

Sozialistische deutsche Studentenbund(SDS) 289–91, 298

space exploration 436, 447, 473, 474–5,540–1

scientific benefits 475–6Spain 7, 46, 130, 214, 239, 247

accession to EU 555admissions policy 45, 219course structure 253, 254–5, 257criticisms of educational system 272curricula 336degree structure 259economics, teaching of 402–3legal system 422non-state sector 55–6non-university education 55political reforms 53post-war policies 75–6professorial appointments 173regional independence movements 269staff structure 178student movements 285, 304–5student numbers 324; by subject 327student/university expansion 41, 44, 47,

50, 61teaching methods 248–9university administration 131

Speyer (Germany), Academy forAdministrative Sciences 79

spin-off companies, creation of 147Sputnik 38, 328, 474SSRC see Social Science Research CouncilSt Gallen (Switzerland), University 396St Petersburg (Russia) see Leningradstaff, academic

associations 199–201attitudes to management 126attraction into management side 158attraction of chosen career 186–7career structure 171–3changes affecting 162, 163decline in prestige 163dismissal 170; for political reasons

198–9, 215, 559evaluation/development 173, 195–6expansion in numbers 163–5, 516–17;

relationship with political systems164–5

future, discovery among students 190,319–20

internal debates 135international associations 150multiple affiliations 200non-academic duties 196–7non-teaching 181–2

numbers 175, 207–8part-time 180, 362personality, impact on learning process

252political influence on appointments

174political stance/activities 148–9, 197–9professional experience outside academia

362‘proletarianization’ 185public perceptions of 192ratio to students 191, 252, 469–70representation on governing bodies

109–12, 116Residenzpflicht (duty to reside in

university town) 187safeguards against wrong decisions

170–1social background 174social lives 200, 201social status 186, 202–3, 536specialization 167–70teaching techniques 157work outside university 197working hours 192–3; flexibility 186–7see also age; junior staff; mobility;

professors; salaries; senior staff; staffstructure; teaching; tenure

staff, administrative/managerialcommercial experience 147daily routine 129–30explosion of numbers 112length of appointments 128tension with academics 127

staff structure 170–9, 245–6changes in 171–2, 180–2, 188–9division between senior and junior staff

172; diminishing 246guiding principles 170impact of expansion 245–6regulation 172, 188–9

Stamokap School 392standardization see curricula; degrees;

European UnionStanding Conference of Rectors and

Vice-Chancellors of the EuropeanUniversities see Conference ofEuropean Rectors (CRE)

state(s)attitudes of representatives to

universities 126bureaucracy 112changing relationship with universities

334funding: of medical research 523–4;

reluctance to provide 210; of students207, 234–5; of universities 113–14

629






Subject index

state(s) (cont.)increased cooperation with universities

104investment in scientific research 460–4professional use of university resources

130representation in university

administration 140–1role in scientific training 95–102

state control of universities 4, 11, 135admissions 218–19decreasing 137–40, 240–1, 334retention/increase in wake of 1968

protests 109, 112retention within EU 239in Soviet bloc 35–6, 39, 86, 215–16(supposed) calls for 433

statutes, medieval 4, 5Stockholm (Sweden)

school of engineering 242University 295

Strasbourg (France), University of 243Strathclyde (UK), University of 392structuralism 392, 407–8Studenckie komitety solidarnosci (SKS) 308student movements 276–8

‘86’ surge in activism 314activists’ role 277conflict between ‘student-as-such’ and

wider political involvement 278–9,280, 281–2, 285–6, 287–8, 313–15

defined 276in democratic West 285–8dissatisfaction with national organs

281–2enabling factors 276–7European meetings 281–2in (ex-)Soviet bloc 116, 215–16formation of alternative unions 313–14international cooperation 278–83‘Leninist turn’ 297–9loss of faith in 297, 298–9medieval 553mutual influence 277–8myth of unity 283, 288–9opposition to anti-democratic regimes

283–5, 304–6relationship with wider political

movements 277–8right-wing orientation 287, 296–7shift in objectives (1970s) 299‘syndicalism’ 285–6see also ‘new student movement’

‘student syndicalism’ see under studentmovements

student–teacher ratios see under staff,academic

student unrest (1960s) see ‘new studentmovement’

studentsaccommodation 257(anticipated) reduction in numbers 233approach to management 126attitudes in aftermath of war 529career choices, confusion over 268choice of subject 351, 354, 464–5, 504counselling 197, 362decreasing numbers at succeeding stages

224degree of autonomy 27–8, 108, 132–3,

251, 257–8, 268distribution by field of study 325–7evaluation of teaching staff 196former, proportion of population 323gender ratios see womengrowth in numbers 41–8, 104, 156,

162–3, 165, 168–9, 191, 207–8,225–6, 228–32, 234, 251–2, 262, 316,321–2, 357, 363, 470 (see alsoovercrowding)

increased involvement in teachingprocess 248–51

international organizations 278–83migrations 258, 270minimal supervision (in Continental

system) 258national variations in numbers 324–5personality, shaping of 356proportion of age group 220, 221–2,

229–30, 233, 234, 321–2, 334–5representation on governing bodies 106,

109–11, 116, 129, 293role in curricula 266–9social position, changes in 315–16

studium generale 81subsidiarity, principle of 121Suez crisis (1956) 293suppliers, relations with 145surgery 486Sussex (UK), University of 131, 154, 247Sverdlovsk (Russia), University of 283Sveriges forenander studentkarer (SFS)

286, 295Sweden 212

accession to EU 559–60admissions policy 218–19course structure 336curricula 114, 360degrees 337departmental structures 243economics, teaching of 400exact sciences 446faculty structure 244geology 473

630






Subject index

graduate employment 331, 333, 342,345, 346–7, 348

growth rates 262medical studies 494, 497–8, 501, 505,

508, 517, 518National Board of Colleges and

Universities 35non-university education 57, 113, 330political science 396–7postgraduate studies/degrees 260, 261post-war policies 75rectors’ conference 100reforms/foundations, 1970s 52–3research council 98Royal Committee on Medical Education

497–8Royal Institute of Technology 242secondary education 216, 347social selectivity 224–5staff associations 200–1staff experience 362staff satisfaction 186staff structure 178, 180staff training 196student/graduate numbers 325, 335; by

subject 327student movements 276, 279–80, 286,

288, 295teaching conditions 191teaching methods 190, 249unionization 246university management 138–9women academics 182–3

Switzerland 46, 97–8, 212, 330, 565cantonal variations 272degree structure 259degree titles 337geology 473, 478–9, 482graduate employment 342, 343, 348,

350law studies 417non-university education 57political science 396research council 98staff appointments 174student migrations to 219student movements 279–80student numbers 324wartime/post-war developments 73, 75

synchrotron radiation 431systems approach 155–6, 159

application to university management156

tabula rasa, theory/practice of 76Taiwan 212Tartu (Estonia), University of 311

Tbilisi (Georgia), University of 283teacher training 341

job opportunities 352teaching and research units (France) 107teaching (school), graduate employment in

352teaching (university) 189–93

as agent of growth 201conditions 191–2criticisms 192debates on 189–90ethos, difficulty of establishing 273–4evaluation 196interactive technologies 250methods 190–1, 248–51range of communication styles 252responsibility for 243–53in teams 250workload 192–3

technical/technological colleges 424–5diversity 241–2in France 42–3, 553–4in Soviet bloc 38upgrading to university status 49see also colleges of advanced technology;

non-university institutionstechnology, as field of study

career prospects 545–6funding 536–7, 541–3graduate employment 545–6joint degrees 532military backing/relevance 533, 542negative attitudes to 536new chairs/departments 533, 547participants’ role in society 546post-war growth 530–3postgraduate degrees 532practical component 533process of development of ideas 546–8proportion of student population 530–2specialization 532–3student pressures 535–7technical infrastructure 533–5universities’ role in global developments

544–8wartime priorities 529

technology, developments in 134–5impact on biological sciences 465impact on estate management 155impact on exact sciences 442impact on medical studies 507, 522impact on teaching conditions 191role of non-university organizations

547–8role of universities 544–8see also computers; information

technology

631






Subject index

Tempus (mobility programme) 271, 519,559–60, 561

tenure 163, 178abolition 174impact on age structure 166, 188impact on staff representation 111reduction in 153

‘terminal’ degrees 57terrorism see ‘new student movement’,

violence employed byTest Acts (UK 1870) 215Tetovo (Macedonia), (unofficial) University

of 559theological colleges see religiontheology, study/graduate employment 352‘third age’, increased role in society/

education 211, 487–8Tilburg (Netherlands), Catholic University

294, 302, 400Titan (moon of Jupiter), landing of

spacecraft on 475titles (academic), (diminishing) social value

186Torrey Canyon (oil tanker) 452Total Quality Management (TQM) 159totalitarianism 34‘tourism, academic’ 187TQM see Total Quality Managementtrade unions 135–6, 163

formation amongst university staff148–9, 246

transparency, in resource management 153Trento (Italy), University of 291–2, 382‘trickle-down theory’ 547Trier (Germany), University of 52, 154Tromsø (Norway)

medical school 506University of 154, 330

Tubingen (Germany), University of 79, 83tuition fees, increases in 299Tuning Project 565–6, 572Turkey 100

migrations from 269student/graduate numbers 324, 325

tutorials 190, 248, 251, 268

UCCA see Universities Central Council onAdmissions

UFC see University Funding CouncilUGC see University Grants CommitteeUlm (Germany), University of 503–4Ulster, New University of 253UMAP (mobility programme) 566Umea (Sweden), University of 52under-qualification, and graduate

employment 349undergraduates

distinguished from postgraduates 256staff/public attitudes to 256terminology 248see also students

‘Underground Universities’ see resistancemovements

Understanding the Earth (textbook) 481UNEF see Union national des etudiants

francaisunemployment

graduate: compared with non-graduate347; (feared) increases 316, 342–3,347; relationship with field of study351

in society at large 330–1, 334, 364UNESCO see under United NationsUnion national des etudiants francais

(UNEF) 286, 287, 291disintegration 298

unionization see trade unionsUnited Kingdom 212, 334

admission controls 258age structure 167anthropology 406–7attendance levels 58attitudes to expansion 163attitudes to modular system 270–1biological research/teaching 458, 460–4,

469–70career structures 171course structure 169–70, 253, 361degrees 335; awarding of 253–4, 337–8distance learning 238 (see also Open

University)doctorates 259economics, teaching of 399educational ideology 356equality of access 228–32evaluation procedures 562exact sciences 426, 427funding 15, 536–7, 541–2 (see also

grants; Universities Funding Council;University Grants Committee)

geography, teaching of 409geological studies/policies 480–3government assessment strategies 250government-funded research

establishments 544graduate employment 332–3, 344, 350,

351, 355, 367; female 354;unemployment 342, 351

health-care system 485–6, 489; contracts515; costs 486, 490; doctors’ morale513–14; migrations of practitioners499–500, 501

history, teaching of 412junior academic staff 172–3

632






Subject index

law studies 419, 422life expectancy 487mature students/curricular flexibility

336medical studies 492, 493–5, 497–501,

505, 506, 511, 514, 516, 517,518–19, 520–1, 522; costs 507;rebuilding of medical schools 499,508; responsibility for funding 509;slow pace of reform 501

non-university education 56–7, 58, 113,234, 241–2, 544 (see alsopolytechnics)

nuclear projects/capability 539policy in occupied Germany 76–7, 78,

91, 92–3political science 392post-war reconstruction 75postgraduate medical centres 500postgraduate studies 260–1professional qualifications 341reforms, 1960s 13–14research councils 98, 180, 541–2,

544research institutes 180, 446resource management 152Royal Commission on Medical

Education 500salary structure 184–5scientific training/research 97secondary education/university entrance

216–18, 219social sciences 371–2, 382–3social selectivity 223–5sociology 382–3staff (academic) 174–5; administrative

duties 196–7; associations 200–1;control of appointments 174; data163; evaluation 195–6; jobsatisfaction 186; non-academicexperience 362; numbers 164

student grants 207student mobility, restrictions on 270student movements 109, 267, 278, 279,

286, 293, 313 (see also NUS)student–teacher relations 268student/university expansion 41–2, 48,

61, 97, 104, 108, 228–32, 335;growth rates 262

support staff 181teaching conditions 191, 192–3teaching methods/traditions 189, 190–1,

251technology, study/research 530–2theological regulations (pre-1870) 215undergraduate/postgraduate division

256–7

university administration/management127, 131, 138, 139, 140, 142;assessment procedures 159; role ofregistrar 143–4; separation of roles ofofficers 151

upgrading of non-university institutions49, 63 (see also polytechnics)

women academics 182, 183see also Northern Ireland; Scotland

United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization (UNESCO) 23–4, 92,103, 117, 158, 321–2, 324, 325–7,353, 377, 387, 567 (see also CEPES)

Institute for Educational Planning (Paris)23

Institute for University Education(Bucharest) 23

United States 212, 216adaptation of foreign university model

27–8admissions policy 219anthropology 407attitudes to European unity 92biological research 458campus design 257career structure 171Civil Rights movement 378Civil War 31comparisons with Europe 54, 548, 573course structure 168, 253, 336 (see also

credits)cultural studies 248definition of higher education 229degree of student autonomy 27–8development of education system 31European competition with 14, 114,

426, 441exact sciences 425–6, 429, 430, 437,

446exchange of ideas with Europe 156, 545geology 483global primacy in post-war world 373–4graduate schools 260history, teaching of 412as international model 3–4, 22, 26–9,

81, 214, 238, 245–6, 248, 253, 429,445, 554, 560

international relations, impact onstudent movement 279

land-grant colleges 550legal system/teaching 415–16, 419library usage 468–9medical litigation 488medical research 525medical studies 494, 513migrations to 499, 546

633






Subject index

United States (cont.)national law schools 420policy in occupied Germany 76–7, 78,

91–2, 373, 384political science 387, 388postdoctoral training 446PPBS programmes 156private universities 28, 214provincial institutions 21research evaluation 195role in post-war reconstruction 33scholarships for foreign students 89,

180secondary education, need to

compensate for quality of 267separation of church and state 214social sciences 372, 375sociology 375–9; East Coast movements

376–7state universities 28student funding 207student mobility 270–1student movements 14, 105, 279–80teaching methods 249technology, study/research 531–2undergraduate/postgraduate division

256–7university administration 28university numbers 27women academics 183see also North America

Universities Administrative Reform Act(Netherlands 1970) 110, 295

Universities Central Council on Admissions(UCCA) 230

Universities Funding Council (UFC) 15,114, 510, 537, 541

University Grants Committee (UGC) 15,75, 97, 498, 509, 536–7, 541–2

university/iesabolition 10adaptability 160aims/principles 255–6, 319–20, 356,

443–4, 459, 460, 573; nationalvariations 356–7

alternatives to see non-universityinstitutions

central role in planned economy 209creation/foundation, distinction between

48–9critical function 319, 356decline in attractions 235definitions 16–17, 27, 43–4, 59, 86, 240,

241–2, 529–30, 554destruction 3, 13division into specialized units 37–8, 50,

104, 112–13, 243–4

funding 113–14geographical distribution 52–3growth in size 44, 134, 165ideological/social criticisms 10, 14,

234–6, 360 (see also ‘new studentmovement’; student movements)

increase in scale/complexity 132–3innovative function 319, 356, 554–5integrative function 554–5, 561–2(limits of) public visibility 17nature of organization 125–8; differing

views of 126; as pluralistic/fragmented126–7; shift over post-war period130

outnumbered by non-universityinstitutions 36–7, 61–3

scale of consumption of nationalresources 136–7

separation from everyday life 16–17social position/function 37, 38–9, 154,

232–3, 320–1, 364, 448, 550,554–5

social prestige 18–19, 130structure 130–2see also autonomy; expansion;

governance; management‘university system’

creation in Soviet bloc 36, 88–9evolution of concept 35, 201–2system-wide legislation 35

‘university type’ establishments 43Uppsala (Sweden), University of 18–19,

257, 295, 492Uruguay Round (of trade negotiations)

566–7Utrecht (Netherlands)

Conference (1991) 562–3University 122

venture companies 443Versailles, Treaty of (1919) 76Veto (Leuven student magazine) 313,

314–15vice-chancellor(s) see Committee of

Vice-Chancellors and Principals; rectorVienna

Institute of Advanced Studies 396School of Engineering 242University 244

Vietnam war, protests against 103, 282,288, 289–90, 291–2, 293, 294, 296,378

Vilnius (Lithuania), University of 283Virginia, University of (Charlottesville)

77‘virtual university’ 191, 240vocationalism 362, 364

634






Subject index

Waldleiningen Conference (1949) 393war

continuation of scholastic friendships inspite of 9

destruction of universities 3, 13, 528–9,558–9

impact on development of university31

Warsaw (Poland), University of 307Conference (1988) 556–7

Warwick (UK), University of 55websites 20Wellcome Institute 194West German Rectors’ Conference 91–2,

93, 118West Germany see Federal Republic of

GermanyWestern Reserve, University of 506WFLRY see World Federation of Liberal

and Radical YouthWHO see World Health OrganizationWindscale (UK) 539Wingspread Declaration (1997) 566Witten-Herdecke (Germany), University of

508women 182–4

changing social/academic role 163discrimination against 182; in student

movement 292fields of study 183, 354graduate employment 353–4;

inequalities 347, 354growth in staff/student numbers 182–3,

208, 269married/with children 183medical students 518–19mobility 272proportion of student population 182,

222, 226, 227–8word processing 534–5work experience, integration with

university courses 361in Soviet bloc 359–60

working classespolitical movements see under ‘new

student movement’positive discrimination in favour of 39,

219proportion of student population 223–4,

227–8special facilities 39–40, 218

World Bank 117World Federation of Liberal and Radical

Youth (WFLRY) 281World Foundation for Medical Education

512World Health Organization (WHO)

487–8, 491, 512World Student Christian Federation

(WSCF) 281World Student News (periodical) 279World Trade Organization (WTO) 566–7World Union of Jewish Students 281WSCF see World Student Christian

FederationWTO see World Trade Organization

X-ray optics 431

Yakutsk (Georgia) 311Young Men’s Christian Association

(YMCA) 281Yugoslavia 84

course structure 253dissolution 269, 558–9mediation between East and West 558non-university education 57post-war reconstruction 46–7, 85,

208–9rectors’ conference 100student movements 109, 309–10student/university expansion 41, 50

Zurich (Switzerland)School of Engineering 242University 396

635






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