6 x 10 Long · 2008. 11. 20. · Treaty of Versailles and, 20–1 United States, in, 5, 20–1, 27...

Index

Abdullah, 243–5, 255–6, 258–9, 260Acheson, Dean, 299–300, 315–16,

317–18Adler, Solomon, 309, 310Aeschylus, 53–4Afghanistan

Bush and, 353–4Carter and, 328Clinton and, 353–4Gorbachev and, 331, 353–4Islamic terrorism and, 350–1, 352–4Reagan and, 339–40Soviet invasion of, 326, 328–9, 331Taliban, 353

Agis, 63Ahistoricism

American Civil War and, 25Ancient Greece, in, 24–5Balkans, in, 25Congress of Vienna and, 24, 156–7Iraq War and, 25–6, 27–89/11 and, 25overview, 26–7Sparta and, 23–4Treaty of Versailles and, 20–1United States, in, 5, 20–1, 27Wilson and, 20–1World War I and, 24, 25, 134

Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 365Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of, 151–2Akhromeev, Sergei, 336Alcibiades, 69Alexander I

Congress of Vienna and, 141, 145–6,150, 156

Holy Alliance and, 151, 360“Hundred Days” and, 148Napoleonic Wars and, 135Poland and, 136–7, 139–40, 147–8Quadruple Alliance and, 151–2Treaty of Chaumont and, 138–9

al-Faruqi, Muhammed Sharif, 245Alighieri, Dante, 75Allenby, Edmund, 248–9, 254–6,

258–9, 261–2al Qaeda, 28Alsace-Lorraine

Franceaccession by, 89–91, 92–3, 94–5return to, 228

Prussia, annexation by, 188–9Alsop, Susan Mary, 145–6American Civil War

ahistoricism and, 25conclusion of war, 161–2continued struggle following, 366–7Franco-Prussian War compared, 204Moltke on, 215postwar South

amnesty, 163black militias, 173–4“carpetbaggers,” 172–3Confederates regaining office,

163–4habeas corpus in, 167military, role of, 171–2, 173–4

369

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51719-5 - The Making of Peace: Rulers, States, and the Aftermath of WarEdited by Williamson Murray and Jim LaceyIndexMore information

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370 Index

American Civil War (cont.)overview, 160, 175paramilitary organizations in,

165–6, 168–71, 173Southern defiance, 164–5violence in, 165–6, 168–71, 173

Reconstructioncollapse of, 174conciliatory view of, 162–3enforcement of, 166–8, 169expectations of, 162polarization over, 163political struggles over, 164public opinion turning against, 171radical view of, 162

slavery, pre-war violence over, 160–1Southern “myths” after, 25World War I compared, 204, 215

Ames, Adelbert, 172–4Amherst, Jeffrey, 122–3Amin, Hafizullah, 328–9Anderson, Fred, 360Anderson, John, viii–ix, 304Andropov, Yurii, 328, 329–31Anglo-Persian Agreement, 242–3Anne of Austria, 85–6Aquinas, Saint Thomas, vii, 9Arab independence, British support for,

243–7Arcadia Conference, 297Archidamian War

blockades in, 60–1Cimon in, 53–6, 57–8Corinth in, 44–50difficulty in ending, 34grand strategy in, 60–7inevitability of, 58Nicias, Peace of, 67–9offers of peace in, 63–4overview, 31, 32Pericles in, 51–9, 61–2, 67–8plague and, 61–2rebellions, impact of, 62start of, 35Thucydides on, 2–3, 31, 34, 46–7, 63unresolved nature of, 210

Archidamus, 23, 60, 63Aristeides, 53–4Aristotle, 38–9Aspin, Les, 349Asquith, H. H., 262–3

Athensability to suffer setbacks, 39alliances, 33–4Archidamian War(see Archidamian

War)Corinth, hostility toward, 45innovativeness of, 35–7naval power of, 33overview, 1–3plague in, 61–2Thirty Years’ Peace and, 35, 47, 51Thucydides on, 58tribute to, 33–4

Atlantic Charter, 278–9Attlee, Clement, 281, 314, 317–18Augsburg, Peace of, 73Austrian Succession, War of, 10–11,

95–6, 362–3Austro-Hungarian Empire

collapse of, 232–3, 237Congress of Vienna, interests at, 137,

139–40World War I, as instigator of, 212

Austro-Prussian War, 179, 180–1,193

Balance of powerCastlereagh and, 140Cold War, during, 337–8Congress of Vienna, at, 150, 155–6Congress of Westphalia, at, 79–80,

82Oxenstierna and, 80peace making and, 362–4Peace of Paris, at, 111Richelieu and, 79–81Talleyrand and, 156–7

Balfour, Arthur, 252–3, 261, 263, 367Balfour Declaration, 252–3, 261Balkans, 18–19, 25Baruch Plan, 284Bathurst, Lord Henry, 145Bazaine, François Achille, 183, 194–6Bedford, Duke of

imposed settlement, on, xinaval power, on, viii–ixnegotiations by, 111–13Peace of Paris and, 108–9, 110, 118,

120–1, 127–9Pitt, relationship with, 106–7taxation of colonies and, 125




Index 371

territorial interests in North America,116–17

Belfast Agreement, 367Belgium, World War I and, 213–14Bell, Gertrude, 259, 260–1, 262–3Berlin Blockade, 285–6Berlin Wall, fall of, 331–2Bernadotte, Crown Prince, 138Bernstein, Edward, 302–3, 313Bertie, Francis, 251Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobold, 212,

215–16Bevin, Ernest, 317–19Bidault, Georges, 319Bismarck, Otto von

annexation and, 188–9Balkan politics and, 212Bonapartist restoration, and

possibility of, 190–1Congress of Vienna, and unraveling

of, 153diplomacy of, 205Drei-Kaiser Bund and, 360European monarchies, relationship

with, 192Favre, negotiations with, 187–8, 189,

200–2, 203–4Franco-Prussian War and, 178–9,

183–5, 204–5French resistance and, 186–8German unification and, 191–2, 228military, relationship with, 192–4,

196–7, 198–9, 202–3, 205–6moderation of, 180Moltke, relationship with, 192–5,

196–7, 202–3, 205–6nationalism and, 18negotiations by, 195, 197–8, 200–1non-contextual criticism of, 21overview, 12, 178peace making by, 179, 201–2, 203–4political authority over military and,

206–7politics and, 179–80strategic equilibrium and, 363–4unraveling of policies, 211War of 1866 and, 180–1

Bitterness, endurance of, 18–19Black Codes, 163–4Blainey, Geoffrey, 356Bogislaw XIV, 88

Bonaparte, Josephine, 141Bonaparte, Napoleon

abdication of, 136Congress of Vienna, necessity of

defeat for, 157–8Elba, escape from, 148empire of, 11exile of, 149height of empire, 135“Hundred Days,” 148, 149local rule and, 155Russia, invasion of, 135–6Treaty of Fontainbleau, disposition

under, 136Boughton, James M., 295Brasidas, 65–6, 67–8Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 21–2Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 232Bretton Woods

currency stabilization and, 298–9general principles, 301–2International Monetary Fund and,

298–9, 301Keynes and, 301–2overview, 294, 298Soviet Union, rejection by, 282sterling crisis and, 298–9, 314White and, 301–2World Bank and, 299–301

Brezhnev, Leonid, 327, 329, 330–2Brooks, Preston, 161Brown, John, 161Brutality and war, 19Bush, George H. W.

Afghanistan and, 353–4Cold War and, 326collapse of Soviet Union, role in, 344“new world order,” 345nuclear weapons and, 333post–Cold War period and, 336, 345,

348–9, 354–5Russia and, 343, 344–5Somalia and, 347terrorism, on, 352–3Yugoslavia and, 346–7

Bute, Earl of, 111–12, 115–17, 121,126–8

Byrnes, James F., 283, 317–18

Cairo Conference, 260Caligula, 7




372 Index

Callias, 54–5Canning, George, 152–3Capitalism and peace, 4–5, 27–8Carter, Jimmy

Afghanistan and, 328hostage rescue mission, 350military build-up under, 326, 329,

339political weakness of, 327–8

Castlereagh, Robert Viscountbalance of power and, 140Congress of Vienna, at, 134, 143,

156death of, 152–3Holy Alliance and, 151personality, importance of, 367Quadruple Alliance and, 150–1Saxony and, 145–6, 147–8Treaty of Chaumont and, 138–9

Catholic League, 84Cavour, Count Camillo di, 153Chamberlain, Austen, 247Chamberlain, Joshua, 172–3Chamberlain, Neville, 22, 147Charles IV, 92–3Charles V, 76–7, 80–1Chaumont, Treaty of, 138–9, 150–1,

158Chavez, Hugo, 365Cheney, Dick, 349Chernenko, Konstantin, 330Chiang Kai-Shek, 310–11Chigi, Fabio, 73, 74–5China

Ancient China, 7–8Morgenthau and, 309–10post–World War II economic

situation inhyperinflation, 309, 310–11Nationalists, withholding

American aid from, 309–10overview, 309

strategic equilibrium and, 364Tai Ping Rebellion, 366Truman and, 310White and, 309–11

Chirol, Valentine, 241, 261Choiseul, Duc de, 108–9, 110–11, 115,

116–18, 128–9Churchill, Winston

Clemenceau compared, 223–4

Cold War, role in advent of, 278,279–81

“German problem,” on, 226–7Lend Lease and, 296, 297, 322Middle East peacemaking and, 241,

259–61, 262–3Morgenthau Plan and, 303–4, 305personality, importance of, 147post–World War II loan and, 311–12Roosevelt, relationship with, 317–18Truman, relationship with, 317–18World War I, on, 20World War II and, 275–6

CimonArchidamian War, in, 53–6, 57–8dual hegemony and, 34, 63–4, 67, 69Pericles and, 51

Civilian casualties, 17, 19Civil wars

Northern Ireland, in, 367peace making in, 366–7Russia, in, 232Thucydides on, 18United States, in(see American Civil

War)Clausewitz, Carl von

brutality, on, 19Cold War, relevance to, 289French Revolution, on, 11nature of war, on, 17Nazism and, 13purposes of war, on, 21theory of peace making, difficulty of,

16“total war,” on, 3, 17–18“trinity” of pressures causing war,

133, 157Clay, Lucius, 305–6, 317Clayton, G. F., 244–6Clayton, William L.

Marshall Plan and, 315–16, 318,319, 322

post–World War II loan to UnitedKingdom and, 313, 314

Cleaenetus, 64–5Clemenceau, Georges

Churchill compared, 223–4League of Nations and, 226Middle East peacemaking and, 256,

258personality, role of, 367




Index 373

Treaty of Versailles and, 22, 223–4,229

Cleon, 64–5, 66, 69Clinton, Bill

Afghanistan and, 353–4post–Cold War period and, 349,

354–5Russia and, 343, 344–5Yugoslavia and, 347

Coe, Frank, 309, 310Cold War

Berlin Wall, fall of, 331–2buffers, importance of, 288Churchill, role of, 278, 279–81Clausewitz, relevance of, 289collective governance and

peacemaking, 361–2containment strategy, 337democracy, disputes over, 278–9difficulty of peace making, 267, 273,

274, 287Eastern Europe and

collapse of Communism in, 331–2,334

importance of, 272–3economic boom during, 294–5emergence of, 281end of(see End of Cold War)geopolitics and, 287–9Germany, importance of, 272–3,

276–7, 288, 306Grand Alliance and

brevity of, 275–6disintegration of, 280–1misunderstandings among, role of,

279–80historical context of, 282–6, 290–1ideology and, 288–9, 290inevitability of, 267–8, 271–6,

287Islamic terrorism and, 351Japan and, 308Kennan and, 336–7, 347–8“Long Peace,” as, 272, 275Marshall Plan, significance of, 317military balance during, 337–8nuclear weapons, impact of, 13–14,

273, 280, 283, 332–3orthodox school, 268overemphasis on peace making,

271–2

overview, 265–7persistence of, 286–7, 289–90personalities, importance of, 289Poland and, 331–2political peace, impossibility of,

272–3post-revisionist school, 268, 269–70prior wars contrasted, 3–4Reagan and, 326, 340revisionist school, 268–9Roosevelt, role of, 278, 279–81scholarship regarding, 267–70significance of, 287Soviet Union and

responsibility for, 268role in end of, 354territoriality, centrality of, 287–8territory occupied by, 280, 335

spheres of influence and, 279–80Stalin, role of, 272–3, 276–81,

284–5, 286–7, 289suspicion, role of, 283terrorism and, 352Thucydides, relevance of, 271, 276,

287, 289, 290–1Treaty of Versailles compared, 274–5United Kingdom and, 278United States and

duplicity, role of, 278economic recovery in, 329economic weakness of, 327–8goals of, 336–7legal norms, centrality of, 287–8military build-up, 326, 329–30political weakness of, 327responsibility for Cold War, 268–9

weakness of diplomacy in, 273–4World War I compared, 354

Collateral damage, 17, 19Collective governance and peace

making, 360–2Colonial wars, 14COMCON, 321Commonwealth of Independent States,

343Communism, 13Compromise of 1850, 161Constitution.see United StatesContainment strategy, 337Contextual framework of peace

making, 5, 21–3, 367




374 Index

CorinthArchidamian War, in, 44–50assertion of power, 47Athens, hostility toward, 45blockade of, 45–7, 60–1naval power of, 33Sparta, alliance with, 44, 49–50, 68–9strategic importance of, 44–5wealth of, 46

Cox, Percy, 250–1, 254, 257, 259, 260Crewe, Lord, 249Crimean War, 12, 153–4, 179, 197–8Croxton, Derek, vii–viii, 360Crucé, Emeric, 75Crusades, 9Curzon, George

failure of policy, 261, 262–3imperialism and, 253–4Mesopotamia and, 249–51Middle East peace making and,

242–3, 256–7, 259–60Palestine and, 251–3San Remo Conference, at, 258–9

Custer, George Armstrong, 170Czartoryski, Adam, 136–7, 139–40,

144–5Czechoslovakia

Soviet coup in, 285–6Sudeten Germans in, 22

Daladier, Édouard, 22Dana, Richard Henry, 161–2Danish War, 179Danzig, Treaty of Versailles and, 228D’Avaux, Count, 92–3, 96Davis, Jefferson, 160–1Dayton Accords, 367Declaration on Liberated Europe,

278–9, 283Default condition

peace viewed as, 3, 357–8, 359war viewed as, 367–8

Defining peace, 359Delian League, 33, 50, 57–8Democratization and peace making,

4–5, 27, 364–6Demosthenes, 62–3Destabilization and democracy, 366Devonshire, Duke of, 107Dévots, 85–6Difficulty of peace making, 28, 134–5

Disillusionment in peace making, 359Drei-Kaiser Bund, 360Ducrot, Auguste, 198Durability of peace, 356–7, 358Duvernois, Clement, 200–1

Easton, Treaty of, 123Economics of peace making

Bretton Woods(see Bretton Woods)China, post–World War II economic

situation inhyperinflation, 309, 310–11Nationalists, withholding


Germany, post–World War IItreatment(see Germany)

Japan, post–World War II economicrecovery(see Japan)

Lend Lease(see Lend Lease)Marshall Plan(see Marshall Plan)overview, 293–6postwar economic crisis, pattern of,

293–4United Kingdom, post–World War II

loan to(see United Kingdom)Egremont, Earl of, 116–171848, Revolutions of, 1531859, War of, 1791866, War of, 179, 180–1, 193Eisenhower, Dwight D., 282, 302Ellis, Joseph, 365Emotion and war, 17–18End of Cold War

Bush and, 354–5Clinton and, 354–5Eastern Europe, collapse of

Communism in, 331–2, 334European response, 348instability following, 345, 347–8Poland and, 331–2reasons for, 326–34Russia and

economic situation following, 343effect on, 324military situation following, 344

scholarship regarding, 324–5small scale of conflicts following, 348Soviet Union, role of, 354uniqueness of, 323United States and




Index 375

confusion in policy, 334–5effect on, 323–4military build-up, 326, 329–30

unsatisfactory nature of, 324World War I compared, 354

England.see United KingdomEntente cordiale, 211–12Ephialtes, 53–4, 57Erhardt, Ludwig, 306ETA, 351Ethnicity and war, 365–6Eugénie, Empress, 185, 190, 195, 200European Recovery Plan.see Marshall

PlanEuropean Union, 362Expectations of peace, 2Extraordinary event

peace viewed as, 367–8war viewed as, 3, 357–8, 359

Faidharbe, Louis, 199Faisal, Sharif, 254–9, 260–1Falkenhyn, Eric von, 215–16Falkland Islands’ War, 14Favre, Jules

Bismarck, negotiations with, 187–8,189, 200–2, 203–4

Franco-Prussian War and, 195, 198Ferdinand II, 78, 83, 84, 89, 98–9Ferdinand III (Holy Roman Empire),

84–6, 94–5Ferdinand III (Sicily), 149Foch, Ferdinand, 209, 219–20, 221,

242Fontainbleau, Treaty of, 118, 136Foote, Henry, 160–1Forbes, John, 121–2Foresight, lack of in peace making,

358–9Former Soviet states, 343–4“Fourteen Points,” 25, 222, 236, 365Fox, Henry, 119France

Alsace-Lorraineaccession of, 89–91, 92–3, 94–5return of, 228

Congress of Vienna andfavorable terms imposed on, 158interests at, 138

Congress of Westphalia and(seeWestphalia, Congress of)

Franco-Prussian War and(seeFranco-Prussian War)

French Revolution, 11, 135, 157, 215Holy Roman Empire, relationship

withGerman Catholics, 86German Protestants, 85–6German states, 85overview, 94

Middle East, interests in, 253–4Navarre, accession of, 91–2Peace of Paris and(see Paris, Peace of

(1763))restoration of monarchy, 140Third Republic, 185–6, 187–8, 204–5Thirty Years’ War, role in, 78–9Treaty of Versailles and

Alsace-Lorraine, return of, 228“German problem,” 226–7

World War I, alliances in, 211–12Francis I, 137Franco-Prussian War

American Civil War compared, 204Bismarck and, 178–9, 183–5, 204–5brevity of, 24Congress of Vienna, unraveling of,

154fall of Paris, 201–2Favre and, 195, 198France and

Bonapartist restoration, possibilityof, 190–1

defeat of, 183–5franc-tireurs, 186–7military strategy, 182resistance by, 185–7, 188, 189–90,

199–200legacy of, 204–5, 206Moltke in, 182–3, 195–6, 204Napoleon III and, 154, 177, 181–2,

183negotiations to end, 195–6, 197–9,

200–1overview, 12, 177–8, 204–7prosecution of, 183, 194–6Prussia and

annexation by, 188–9military strategy, 182–3

purposes of, 178–9, 184siege of Paris, 196–7strategic equilibrium and, 363




376 Index

France and (cont.)treaty ending, 203–4World War I compared, 204

Franklin, Benjamin, 114, 115, 116–17,125

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 212Frederick Henry of Nassau, 80–1Frederick the Elector, 83Frederick the Great, 10–11, 95–6,

115–16, 135Frederick William, 88–9, 95, 137,

145Freedmen’s Bureau, 163, 164French Revolution, 11, 135, 157, 215Friedrich Karl, Prince, 195–6Fromkin, David, 251Frossard, Charles, 182Fukuyama, Francis, 348–9Fundamentalism, Middle East

peacemaking and, 264

Gaddis, John, 265–6Gambetta, Léon, 185, 186, 201–2, 203,

204Ganem, Chekri, 257–8Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 153General Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade (GATT), 315, 316Gentz, Friedrich, 151Geopolitics and Cold War, 287–9George III, 106–7, 121Georges-Picot, Francois, 248George William, 88–9German Confederation, 188–9, 190“German problem.”see Versailles,

Treaty ofGermany. See also Prussia

Berlin Blockade, 285–6Berlin Wall, fall of, 331–2Cold War, importance in, 272–3,

276–7, 288, 306deindustrialization, proposal for,

302–3division of, 286, 335economic recovery, 306Morgenthau Plan, 302–6post–World War II treatment(see

World War II)relocation, proposal for, 304–5reunification of, 335–6rogue state, as, 27

subsistence level, proposal to reduceto, 303–4

Sudeten Germans, 22, 238Treaty of Versailles and(see

Versailles, Treaty of)unification of

Bismarck and, 191–2, 228Congress of Vienna and, 146–7Franco-Prussian War, legacy of,

206overview, 153

unlimited aims in war, effect of,19–20

World War I and(see World War I)Gibbon, Edward, 6–7Gipson, Lawrence Henry, 120Globalization, problems of, 8Godwin, William, 108Goltz, Leopold von der, 157Gonzaga-Nevers, Charles of, 77–8Gooch, John, 358–9Gorbachev, Mikhail

Afghanistan and, 331, 353–4arrest of, 342–3collapse of Soviet Union, role in, 344Eastern Europe and, 331–2, 334glasnost and, 331military reductions under, 333–4nuclear weapons and, 333, 338–9,

340–1opposition to, 341perestroika and, 331political weakness of, 341–2reforms under, 341rise of, 330–1Yel’tsin, relationship with, 342

GOSPLAN, 326–7Gouraud, Henri, 258–9Grafton, Duke of, 107Grand Alliance, War of, 362–3Grant, Ulysses S., 160, 165, 167–8,

170–1, 173–4Granville, Lord, 197–8Gray, Colin, 3–4, 356, 358–9, 361–2Great Britain.see United KingdomGreat Depression, 237, 293–4Greece, Ancient

ahistoricism in, 24–5Archidamian War(see Archidamian

War)Athens(see Athens)




Index 377

Corinth(see Corinth)dual hegemony, vision of, 34overview, 1–2Sparta(see Sparta)

Greek-Turkish War, 179Grenada, American invasion of,

329–30, 339–40, 350Grenville, George, 126–7Grey, Edward

Mesopotamia and, 249Middle East peace making and, 244,

245–7Palestine and, 251Russia and, 241Sykes-Picot Agreement and, 247–9

Grimaldi, Marquis de, 108–9, 110–11,128–9

Gulf War, 345–6, 350, 354–5, 357Gustavus Adolphus, 78, 81–2, 86, 87–8

Habeas corpus, 167Habsburg, House of, 82–3, 95–6Hague Convention, 214Haig, Douglas, 219–20, 221, 227Halifax, Earl of, 125, 126–7Halifax, Lord, 147Hampton, Wade, 164–5Handel, Michael I., 274–5Hankey, Maurice, 250Hardenberg, Prince, 139–40, 143,

145Hardinge, Lord, 246–7, 249Hart, Basil Liddell, 271Hayek, Friedrich von, 27–8Hayes, Rutherford B., 174–5Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin, 350–1Hellenic League, 34, 36–8Herodotus, 1–2, 37–8Herwig, Holger, 236Hindenburg, Paul von, 217, 231, 235Hiroshima, 273, 280Historical background, 6, 27, 28–9Hitler, Adolph

democracy and, 365rearmament by, 229–30Rhineland, remilitarization of, 228self-determination and, 238Stalin, relationship with, 276–7Sudeten Germans, on, 22Treaty of Versailles, dissolution of,

22–3

war and, 13World War II, role in, 237, 275

Hobbes, Thomas, viiHohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Prince

Leopold von, 181Holden, William W., 166Holy Alliance, 151, 152, 360Holy Roman Empire

alliances with German states,restricting, 82–5

Congress of Westphalia and(seeWestphalia, Congress of)

election of Emperor, restrictions on,82–3

France, relationship withGerman Catholics, 86German Protestants, 85–6German states, 85overview, 94

Habsburgs as Emperors, restrictionson, 82–3, 95–6

Imperial Diet, 83–4power of Emperor, restricting, 82–4Sweden, relationship with

German Protestants, 86German states, 85, 86–7

Homer, 32Hoover, Herbert, 217Howard, Michael, 4, 12, 28, 198–9,

359, 367–8Huguenots, 85Hull, Cordell, 303–4Human legacy of war, 20–1Human values, loss of in war, 18“Hundred Days,” 148, 149Hundred Years’ War, 8–9Hussein, Saddam, 4–5, 14, 345–6, 350,

357Hussein, Sharif

British overtures to, 243–4loss of power, 263–4McMahon, correspondence with,

245, 246–7, 248–9, 256Mesopotamia and, 257Sykes-Picot Agreement and, 254

Ibn Sa’ud, 264Ideology

Cold War and, 288–9, 290war and, 13, 134

Iliad, 23–5, 32




378 Index

Industrial Revolution, 215Innocent III, 73–4Innocent X, 72–3, 74–5Intellectual conception of peace, 4International Bank for Reconstruction

and Development.see WorldBank

International Monetary Fund, 282,298–9, 301

Ionian War, 210Iran

Ancient Persia, 1–2, 36–7, 39, 51–2,54–5

breakup of Ottoman Empire and,242–3

theocratic regime in, 350–1Iran-Iraq War, 345–6, 350–1Iraq War, 14, 25–6, 27–8Iroquois League, 122Isabella II, 181Islamic terrorism, 349–51, 352–4Issues in peace making, 16–17Italy

Ancient Rome(see Rome, Ancient)city-states, wars among, 9–10unification of, 153, 363

JapanCold War and, 308Korean War and, 307–8post–World War II economic

recoveryAmerican aid to, 307Economic Stabilization Board, role

of, 308Ministry of International Trade

and Industry, role of, 308overview, 306–7self-reliance, emphasis on, 307strength of, 308

Jaruzelski, Wojchiech, 331–2Jefferson, Thomas, 365Jenkins, Roy, 317–18Jenkins’s Ear, War of, 362–3Jerome, Don.see Grimaldi, Marquis

deJohn George of Saxony, 84Johnson, Andrew, 162–3, 164–5Johnson, William, 121–3Jones, Marcus, 363Joseph, Father, 71

Kagan, Frederick W., xiii, 364Kalsich Accord, 139–40Kamal, Mustafa, 258Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, 161Kant, Immanuel, vii, viiiKarmal, Babrak, 328–9Kennan, George

Cold War and, 336–7, 347–8Long Telegram and, 268–9, 283–4Marshall Plan, on, 317Soviet Union, on, 326strategic equilibrium and, 364

Keynes, John MaynardBretton Wood and, 301–2currency stabilization, on, 298–9death of, 314–15imposed settlement, on, xiLend Lease and, 297, 298Morgenthau Plan and, 304overview, 295post–World War II loan to United

Kingdom and, 311–12World Bank, on, 299–300

Khomeini, Ayatollah, 327Khrushchev, Nikita, 327King-Crane Commission, 258Kissinger, Henry, 131–2, 133, 156,

157, 358, 362Kitchener, Lord, 241–2, 243–4, 245,

247–8, 249Knox, Bernard, 26Korean War, 307–8, 338Kosciusko, Thaddeus, 144–5Krüdner, Baroness von, 151Ku Klux Klan, 165, 166, 167–8Ku Klux Klan Act, 167

Labrador, Don Pedro, 143Lacedaemon.see SpartaLacey, Jim, xii, 367Lack of political solutions, 28Lawrence, T. E.

Arab nationalism and, 245, 255–6,260, 263

Middle East peacemaking and, 257,259, 262–3

World War I and, 254–5League of Nations

Clemenceau and, 226establishment of, 225–6Lloyd George and, 226




Index 379

Middle East peace making and, 261,263

United States, rejection by, 282–3universal governance, example of,

360, 361Lebanon, American military in, 339–40,

350Legitimate environment and war, 133–4Lemann, Nicholas, 169–70Lend Lease

Churchill and, 296, 297, 322conditions on, 296–7extent of, 298Keynes and, 297, 298loss of empire and, 297–8Roosevelt and, 297self-interest and, 296termination of, 318Truman and, 318White and, 296–8

Lenin, Vladimir, 231–2, 284Leonidas, 23–4, 63–4Libya, American attack on, 339–40,

350, 352–3Ligachev, Yegor, 341, 342Ligne, Prince de, 146Limited war, shift to and from total

war, 133–4, 157Lincoln, Abraham, 162Lloyd, George, 254Lloyd George, David

League of Nations and, 226Middle East and

failure of policy, 262–3peace making in, 255, 256, 258,

259–61World War I, 241, 249–50, 251–2,

253Treaty of Versailles and, 22, 224, 229

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 226Lodi, Peace of, 80–1London Conference, 261“Long Peace,” 272, 275Longstreet, James, 170Long Telegram, 268–9, 283–4Longueville, Duc de, 91–2Lorraine.see Alsace-LorraineLouis Napoleon, 12Louis XIV, 85–6, 91–2, 94–5, 111, 112Louis XV, 116–17Louis XVIII, 140, 141, 146–7, 158

Lowndes, Thomas Pickney, 165Ludendorff, Erich, 13, 206, 217, 218,

231Lusitania, sinking of, 216Luxford, Ansel, 313Lyons, Lord, 187

MacArthur, Douglas, 306–7, 338Macdonogh, George, 250, 255–6Macedonia, Ancient, 2Machiavelli, Niccolò, 9MacMahon, Patrice de, 183MacMillan, Margaret, 223–4Manhattan Project, 280Manteuffel, Edwin von, 194–5, 199Mantua, Duke of, 77–8Mao Tse-Tung, 220–1, 307–8, 309Marie-Louise, 136, 141Marshall, George C.

Eastern Europe, offer of aid to, 318foreign policy of, 315, 317–18Marshall Plan and, 285, 315–16negotiations by, 318–19Nobel Peace Prize and, 322

Marshall Planamount of aid, 319–20Anglo-American relationship and,

317–18Clayton and, 315–16, 318, 319, 322Cold War, significance in, 317Eastern Europe, offer of aid to, 318economic crisis in Europe, 317economic impact of, 320–1European reaction, 318–20Kennan on, 317overview, 285, 314–16political impact of, 320psychological impact of, 321–2results of, 320–2Stalin and, 285Truman and, 316

Marx, Karl, 186–7, 284, 327–8Masoud, Ahmad Shah, 353Matthias, 82–3Maximilian of Bavaria, 83, 84, 86Maxwell, John, 245–6Mayhew, Jonathan, 123–5Mazarin, Cardinal Jules, 85–6, 91–3,

96, 97Mazzini, Giuseppi, ix–xMcIntosh of Haringey, Lord, 293




380 Index

McMahon, Henry, 244–7, 248–9,250–1, 256

McPherson, James M., x, 366–7Megarian Decree, 50, 51, 58–9Memory, problems of.see AhistoricismMesopotamia

Gulf War, 345–6, 350, 354–5,357

Iran-Iraq War, 345–6, 350–1Iraq War, 14, 25–6, 27–8peace making in, 249–51

Metternich, Prince Clemens vonCongress of Vienna, at, 137, 150,

155, 156personality, importance of, 367Poland and, 139–40Saxony and, 145, 147Treaty of Chaumont and, 138–9

Middle-class conception of peace, 4Middle East, peacemaking in

Arab independence, British supportfor, 243–7

Balfour Declaration, 252–3, 261buffers, importance of, 242–3Churchill and, 241, 259–61, 262–3Clemenceau and, 256, 258Curzon and, 242–3, 256–7, 259–60failure of, 261–4French interests, 253–4fundamentalism and, 264Grey and, 244, 245–7imperialism and, 253–5indigenous governments,

establishment of, 255–61Lawrence and, 257, 259, 262–3League of Nations and, 261, 263Lloyd George and(see Lloyd George,

David)London Conference, 261Mesopotamia and, 249–51nationalism and, 263overview, 240Palestine and, 251–3Paris Peace Conference, 256, 257–8personalities, role of, 262–3Russia, interests of, 242San Remo Conference, 258–9self-determination and, 250, 255Sykes-Picot Agreement(see

Sykes-Picot Agreement)Syria and, 247–9

tribalism and, 263–4United Kingdom, goals of, 241Wilson and, 257–9Zionism and, 251–2, 256–7, 261

Military circumstances, effect onpeacemaking, 357

Military role in peace making, 28Milosevic, Slobodan, 8, 346Minos, 31–2Mississippi Plan, 173, 174Modern conceptions of peace, 12Molotov, Vyacheslav, 266, 285Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 335Moltke, Helmuth von

American Civil War, on, 215annexation and, 188–9Bismarck, relationship with, 192–5,

196–7, 202–3, 205–6fall of Paris and, 201–2Franco-Prussian War, in, 182–3,

195–6, 204political authority over military and,

206–7siege of Paris and, 198–9

Monarchies, rise of, 9, 10–11Montagu, Edwin, 257Morgenthau, Henry

China and, 309–10Lend Lease and, 296–7post-war Germany, proposal for

treatment of, 302–4, 305–6Morgenthau Plan, 302–6Münster, Treaty of, 74–5Murray, Williamson, x–xi, 357–8, 359,

361Muslim invasions, 8Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD),

338

Nagasaki, 273, 280Najibullah, Mohammed, 353Napoleon.see Bonaparte, NapoleonNapoleon III

Bonapartist restoration, andpossibility of, 190–1

capture of, 183–5Franco-Prussian War and, 154, 177,

181–2, 183negotiations by, 195, 200–1rise of, 153–4War of 1866 and, 180–1




Index 381

Napoleonic Wars.see Vienna, Congressof Nationalism

Arab nationalism following WorldWar I, 245, 255–6, 260, 263

Bismarck and, 18Congress of Vienna, downplaying at,

150, 154–5Middle East peace making and, 263Treaty of Versailles and, 238–9war and, 18, 365–6

Nation-states, rise of, 9NATO.see North Atlantic Treaty

Organization (NATO)Nature of war

bitterness, endurance of, 18–19brutality and, 19Clausewitz on, 17emotion and, 17–18human values, loss of, 18limited aims, effect of, 19nationalism and, 18politics and, 17popularization of, 18technology and, 17unlimited aims, effect of, 19–20

Navarre, French accession of, 91–2Nazism, 13Newcastle, Duke of, 111New Testament, 32Nicaragua, American military

intervention in, 339–40, 350Nicholas I, 153–4Nicholas II, 211Nicholson, Harold, 140, 142, 223Nicias, 64–5, 69Nicias, Peace of, . See also

Archidamian War 67–9Nietzsche, Friedrich, xi–xiiNightingale, Florence, 1549/11 attacks, 25, 353–4, 355Nine Years’ War, 94–5Nitze, Paul, 336–7Nixon Doctrine, 364Nobel Peace Prize, 322Noriega, Manuel, 25–6, 350North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO), 335–6, 343–4, 346–7,367

Northern Ireland, civil war in, 367North German Confederation, 177,

178, 180–2, 191–2

Novikov, Nikolai, 284Nuclear weapons

Bush and, 333Cold War, impact on, 13–14, 273,

280, 283, 332–3Gorbachev and, 333, 338–9, 340–1Reagan and, 333, 340–1Soviet Union and, 332–3, 338Stalin and, 273–4, 280, 283, 332–3United States and, 338–9

October Revolution, 231Odyssey, 32Old Testament, 32Olivares, Count-Duke of, 77–8Ottoman Empire

breakup of, 241, 243Congress of Westphalia, strength

during, 71–2Overview, vii–xivOxenstierna, Axel

balance of power and, 80Congress of Westphalia, at, 81–2,

95–6personality, importance of, 367Pomerania and, 87–9Thirty Years’ War and, 75–6

Paine, Thomas, 108, 365Palestine, peace making in, 251–3Panama, 25–6, 350Papacy, rejection of Congress of

Westphalia, 72–3Paris, First Treaty of, 140–1Paris, Peace of (1763)

balance of power at, 111Bedford and, 108–9, 110, 118,

120–1, 127–9collective governance and

peacemaking, 360colonial rebellions, effect of, 119–20,

121, 123–7criticisms of, 107, 118diplomats, rise of, 109–10expectations at, 108France and

boundary disputes in NorthAmerica, 115–17

desire for revenge after, 127–9fishing rights of, 111–12, 115–17naval power of, 111–12




382 Index

Paris, Peace of (1763) (cont.)territorial interests in North

America, 113–15Indian rebellions, effect of, 119,

121–3monarchical power, impact of, 109nobility, importance of, 109overview, 101Pitt and, 111–12, 119political assumptions underlying,

108–9The Reign of George VI and, 120,

128satire inspired by, 101–8Spain, role of, 110–11, 117–18support for, 118–19tripartite negotiations, problems

with, 110unintended consequences of, 119–27United Kingdom and

approval by Parliament, 119authority of Parliament, 110boundary disputes in North

America, 115–17public’s view of, 106territorial interests in North

America, 113–15“universal monarchy,” fear of,vision of permanent peace in, 107–8

Paris, Second Treaty of, 132, 148–9,150–1

Paris, Treaty of (1641), 92Paris, Treaty of (1856), 197–8Paris Commune, 203–4Paris Peace Conference, 256, 257–8Parker, Geoffrey, vii–viii, 360Pasha, Jamal, 248–9Paulus, Friedrich von, 276–7Pax Romana, 6–7, 8, 15Peloponnesian League, 41–2, 55–6,

57–9, 68–9Peloponnesian War, 1–3, 39, 45, 58–9,

67–8Peñaranda, Duke of, 74–5Pericles

Archidamian War, in, 51–9, 61–2,67–8

Cimon and, 51dual hegemony and, 34peace making, presumptions

regarding, 63–5

Thirty Years’ Peace and, 55–6, 57,58–9

Thucydides on, 56–7Pershing, John J., 221Persia, Ancient, . See also Iran 1–2,

36–7, 39, 51–2, 54–5Personalities, importance of

Churchill and, 147Clemenceau and, 367Cold War, 289Middle East peacemaking, role in,

262–3Oxenstierna and, 367peace making, in, 367Stalin and, 289Treaty of Versailles, role in, 223–5Truman and, 289Wilson and, 367

Pertz, G. H., 150Petain, Phillipe, 219–20Philip IV, 77–8, 85–6Phormio, 60–1Pitt, William

Peace of Paris and, 111–12, 119Seven Years’ War and, 106–8taxation of colonies by, 125–6territorial interests in North America,

115–16, 118Plato, 31–2Poland

Alexander I and, 136–7, 139–40,147–8

Cold War and, 331–2Congress of Vienna, disposition at,

144–8Danzig, Treaty of Versailles and, 228Metternich and, 139–40Polish Corridor, Treaty of Versailles

and, 228Polish Succession, War of, 362–3Politics and war, 17Pomerania, Swedish accession of, 87–8,

89, 95Pontiac, 123Popularization of war, 18, 134Potsdam Conference, 280, 283, 285Prague, Peace of, 84, 98–9Prevost-Paradol, Lucien-Anatole,

177–8, 204–5Problems in peace making, 14–17Proclamation of 1763, 125, 126




Index 383

Protestant Union, 84Provisional Irish Republican Army, 351Proxy wars, 3–4Prussia. See also Germany

Alsace-Lorraine, annexation of,188–9

British aid to, 296Congress of Vienna and

interests at, 137, 139reaction to, 158

Franco-Prussian War andannexation by, 188–9military strategy, 182–3

strategic equilibrium and, 363Putin, Vladimir, 324–5, 343, 344

Qaddafi, Moammar, 350Quadruple Alliance, 143, 150–2Quebec Conference, 303–4

Radek, Karl, 231Rahe, Paul H., vii, 357–8Rayburn, Sam, 314Reagan, Ronald

Afghanistan and, 339–40Cold War and, 326, 340collapse of Soviet Union, role in, 344Libya and, 350military build-up under, 326,

329–30, 339–40nuclear weapons and, 333, 340–1strategic equilibrium and, 364terrorism, on, 351–3

Reconstruction.see American Civil WarReformation, 9–10Regional Defense Strategy, 349The Reign of George VI, 101–8, 120,

128Relative power and war, 356Religion and war, 10, 365–6Renan, Ernest, 189The Republic, 32Revolutionary environment and war,

133–4Revolutions of 1848, 153Reynolds, David, 318, 319, 320–1Reza Khan, 242–3Rhineland, Treaty of Versailles and, 228Richelieu, Cardinal

balance of power and, 79–81Congress of Westphalia and, 96–7

personality, importance of, 367Thirty Years’ War and, 71, 75–6,

78–9, 86Rifle Clubs, 168Riga Axioms, 268–9Robertson, William, 251Roll, Eric, 319Rome, Ancient

anomalistic nature of, 7–8, 15enforcement of peace, 14–15fall of, 8Pax Romana, 6–7, 15tyranny of, 7

Roon, Albrecht, 188–9, 196–7Roosevelt, Franklin D.

Churchill, relationship with, 317–18Cold War, role in advent of, 278,

279–81Lend Lease and, 297Morgenthau Plan and, 303–4, 305Stalin, relationship with, 282–3,

317–18World War II and, 275–6

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, ix–x, 98–9Rule of law and peace, 4–5Rumsfeld, Donald, 265–6Rupprecht, Crown Prince, 216, 218Russell, John.see Bedford, Duke ofRussia. See also Soviet Union

civil war in, 232Clinton and, 343, 344–5Congress of Vienna, interests at,

136–7economic situation in, 343end of Cold War and

economic situation following,343

effect on, 324military situation following, 344

Grey and, 241Middle East, interests in, 242military situation in, 344Napoleon, invasion by, 135–6October Revolution, 231Treaty of Versailles, problems for,

231–2World War I, alliances in, 211–12

Russian Federation, 341–2, 343Russian-Turkish War, 179Russo-Japanese War, 212Rutskoi, Alexander, 342–3




384 Index

Saar, Treaty of Versailles and, 228Salvius, Johan Adler, 79, 87–8Samuel, Herbert, 251San Remo Conference, 258–9Santayana, George, 367–8Satire inspired by Peace of Paris, 101–8Saxony

Castlereagh and, 145–6, 147–8Congress of Vienna, disposition at,

144–8Metternich and, 145, 147Talleyrand and, 146–7

Scharnhorst, Gerhard von, 153Schlieffen Plan, 21–2, 212–13Schroeder, Paul, 147, 155–6, 363Schultz, George, 340–1Schurz, Carl, 166–7, 171–2Schwarzenberg, Prince Felix, 154Self-determination, 22, 233, 238, 250,

255Servien, Abel, 90–1, 92–3, 94–5Seven Weeks’ War, 24Seven Years’ War

British public’s view of, 106causes of, 10–11legacy of, 120–1Peace of Paris(see Paris, Peace

of (1763))Pitt and, 106–8strategic equilibrium and, 362–3

Sevres, Treaty of, 258–9Shelburne, Earl of, 118–19Sheridan, Philip H., 170–1, 186–7Sigismund III, 78, 88Sinnreich, Richard Hart, ixSkidelsky, Robert, 297Somalia, 347Sombart, Werner, xi–xiiSoviet Union. See also Russia

Afghanistan invasion, 326, 328–9,331

belligerence of, 284, 285–6Bretton Woods, rejection of, 282Cold War and

responsibility for, 268role in end of, 354territoriality, centrality of, 287–8territory occupied by, 280, 335

collapse ofBush, role of, 344Gorbachev, role of, 344

independence movements, role of,342

Reagan, role of, 344reforms, role of, 341suddenness of, 326Yel’tsin, role of, 342–3, 344

command economy in, 326–7Commonwealth of Independent

States and, 343Czechoslovakia, coup in, 285–6federal structure, 341–2former Soviet states, 343–4glasnost, 331–2GOSPLAN, 326–7Kennan on, 326military, reductions in, 333–4nuclear weapons and, 332–3, 338perestroika, 331, 341Russian Federation, 341–2, 343strategic equilibrium and, 364

Spain, role in Peace of Paris, 110–11Spanish Succession, War of, 362–3Sparta

ahistoricism and, 23–4alliances

Corinth, with, 44, 49–50, 68–9fragility of, 43geographical considerations, 40–1,

42overview, 40problems with, 42–3

Archidamian War(see ArchidamianWar)

cautiousness of, 35–6, 37inability to suffer setbacks, 39–40land defenses of, 33land power of, 33overview, 1–3Thucydides on, 39–40xenophobia of, 38–9

Stainville, Étienne-François de.seeChoiseul, Duc de

Stalin, Josephbelligerence of, 284, 285–6Cold War, role in advent of, 272–3,

276–81, 284–5, 286–7, 289democracy, disputes over, 278–9economics and, 282, 326–7Grand Alliance and, 278, 279–81Hitler, relationship with, 276–7Marshall Plan and, 285




Index 385

nuclear weapons and, 273–4, 280,283, 332–3

peace making and, 290personality, importance of, 289Roosevelt, relationship with, 282–3,

317–18spheres of influence and, 279–80territorial ambitions of, 280Truman, relationship with, 275, 281,

317–18United States, on, 283–4, 288world view of, 275

Stamp Act, 126–7Stanley, Hans, 107Stein, Karl vom, 139–40, 146–7, 150Stephens, Alexander H., 160–1, 163–4Sterling crisis, 298–9, 314Stevens, Thaddeus, 162Stimson, Henry, 303–4, 305Storrs, Ronald, 243–5, 246–8, 251Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI),

339–40Strategic equilibrium and peacemaking,

362–4Streseman, Gustav, 274–5Sudeten Germans, 22, 238Sully, Duke of, 75Sumner, Charles, 161Sun Tzu, 26–7Sweden

Congress of Westphalia andgains by, 95role in, 79, 81

Holy Roman Empire, relationshipwith

German Protestants, 86German states, 85, 86–7

Pomerania, accession of, 87–8, 89, 95Thirty Years’ War, role in, 78

Sykes, Mark, 245, 248, 251–2, 254Sykes-Picot Agreement

abrogation of, 255–6, 263imperialism and, 253–5Mesopotamia and, 249–51Palestine and, 251–2Syria and, 247–9

Syria, peacemaking in, 247–9

Tactitus, 7Tai Ping Rebellion, 366Taliban, 353

Talleyrand, Charles Maurice debalance of power and, 156–7Congress of Vienna, at, 138, 140–1,

142, 143–4personality, importance of, 367Saxony and, 146–7

Tann, Ludwig von der, 194–5Taraki, Nur M., 328–9Tardieu, André, 227Tea Act, 126–7Technology and war, 17Tehran Summit, 278, 282Territory and war, 10–11Terrorism

Bush on, 352–3Cold War and, 352Islamic terrorism, 349–51, 352–4non-Islamic terrorism, 351Reagan on, 351–3

Themistocles, 35–7, 52–5, 61, 63–4Theories of peace making

collective governance, 360–2democratization, 364–6difficulty of, 16overview, 359–60strategic equilibrium, 362–4

Thiers, Adolf, 195, 197, 198–9, 203–4Thirty Years’ Peace, 35, 47, 51, 55–6,

57, 58–9Thirty Years’ War

Congress of Westphalia(seeWestphalia, Congress of)

consequences of, 9–10France, role of, 78–9justifications for, 76–8Oxenstierna and, 75–6Richelieu and, 71, 75–6, 78–9, 86Sweden, role of, 78

ThucydidesArchidamian War, on, 2–3, 31, 34,

46–7, 63Athens, on, 58civil wars, on, 18Cold War, relevance to, 271, 276,

287, 289, 290–1“father of history,” as, 1–2Peloponnesian War, on, 45Pericles, on, 56–7Sparta, on, 39–40Themistocles, on, 52–5triptych of, 271, 276, 287, 290–1




386 Index

Tiberius, 7Tilsit, Treaty of, 137Tito, Josip Broz, 346Total war, shift to and from limited

war, 133–4, 157Townshend Acts, 126–7Toynbee, Arnold, 246–7Toyota, 307–8Trauttmansdorff, Count Maximilian

von, 86–7, 88–9Tribalism and war, 263–4, 365–6Trochu, Louis, 185–6, 198–9Trotsky, Leon, 231–2Truman, Harry S.

China and, 310Churchill, relationship with, 317–18Lend Lease and, 318Marshall Plan and, 316Morgenthau Plan and, 305–6peacemaking and, 290personality, importance of, 289post–World War II loan to United

Kingdom and, 311–12, 313–14Potsdam Conference, at, 283Stalin, relationship with, 275, 281,

317–18Yalta Conference, at, 282–3

Truman Doctrine, 285, 315–16Turkey.see Ottoman Empire

Uncertainty of war, 28United Kingdom

Cold War and, 278Congress of Vienna and

collective use of force, oppositionto, 152–3

interests at, 137–8, 139–40“German problem” and, 227Lend Lease(see Lend Lease)Middle East, peacemaking in(see

Middle East, peacemaking in)Peace of Paris and

approval by Parliament, 119authority of Parliament, 110boundary disputes in North

America, 115–17public’s view of, 106territorial interests in North

America, 113–15post–World War II loan to

Churchill and, 311–12

Clayton and, 313, 314debate regarding, 312–13, 314importance of, 314Keynes and, 311–12negotiation of, 311–12opposition to, 312, 313overview, 311Truman and, 311–12, 313–14White and, 312, 313

Prussia, aid to, 296Stamp Act, 126–7sterling crisis, 298–9, 314strategic equilibrium and, 363–4Tea Act, 126–7Townshend Acts, 126–7Treaty of Versailles and, 227World War I and

alliances of, 211–12naval race, 211–12

World War II, repayment of debtfrom, 293

United Nations, 282–3, 347, 360, 361United States

ahistoricism in, 5, 20–1, 27Civil War(see American Civil War)Cold War and(see Cold War)Constitution

Congress of Westphalia compared,83–4

Fifteenth Amendment, 164, 166,175

Fourteenth Amendment, 164, 166,169, 175

Thirteenth Amendment, 163democratization and peacemaking,

364–5end of Cold War and

confusion in policy, 334–5effect on, 323–4military build-up, 326, 329–30

Grenada invasion, 329–30, 339–40,350

history of military intervention by,358

independence of, 119–20Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, 161Ku Klux Klan Act, 167League of Nations, rejection of,

282–3Nicaragua, military intervention in,

339–40, 350




Index 387

9/11 attacks, 25, 353–4, 355nuclear weapons and, 338–9post–World War II loan to United

Kingdom(see United Kingdom)Reconstruction(see American Civil

War)Regional Defense Strategy, 349Stalin on, 283–4, 288Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI),

339–40strategic equilibrium and, 364Treaty of Versailles and

“German problem,” 227rejection of, 226

Vietnam War and, 327–8Universal governance and peacemaking,

360–2Urban II, 9Urban VIII, 71, 77–8

VENONA Transcripts, 295–6Versailles, Treaty of

ahistoricism and, 20–1alternatives, lack of, 237–8Churchill, “German problem” and,

226–7Clemenceau and, 22, 223–4, 229Cold War compared, 274–5collective governance and peace

making, 361Congress of Vienna compared,

222–3, 238–9Congress of Westphalia compared,

80, 239context of war, in, 210–11Danzig, disposition of, 228democratization and peace making,

365dissolution of, 22–3Eastern Europe, problems with,

232–4, 237enforcement, lack of, 230–1failure of, 237–9France and

Alsace-Lorraine, return of, 228“German problem,” 226–7

Germany andappeasement resulting from, 236Eastern Europe, German prospects

in, 234–5military restrictions on, 228–30

overview, 225, 237“stab in the back” myths and,

235–6goals at, 21–2League of Nations, 225–6Lloyd George and, 22, 224, 229military circumstances of, 357mistakes in, 27nationalism and, 238–9non-contextual criticism of, 5–6openness of negotiations, 222–3overview, 209–10personalities, role of, 223–5Polish Corridor, disposition of, 228preparation, lack of, 225reparations under, 227–8, 236, 238Rhineland, disposition of, 228Russia, problems with, 231–2Saar, disposition of, 228self-determination and, 233, 238territorial changes under, 237–8Treaty of Brest-Litovsk compared,

232unintended consequences of, 22United Kingdom, “German problem”

and, 227United States and

“German problem,” 227rejection by, 226

war guilt clause, 236, 238Wilson and, 222–3, 224–5World War II, influence on, 237

Victorian conception of peace, 3Vienna, Congress of

ad hoc committees at, 144ahistoricism and, 24, 156–7Alexander I and, 141, 145–6, 150,

156Allied unity before, 138–9Austro-Hungarian Empire, interests

of, 137, 139–40balance of power at, 150, 155–6Bismarck and unraveling of, 153Castlereagh at, 134, 143, 156collective governance and

peacemaking, 361Congress of Westphalia compared, 97defeat of Napoleon, necessity of,

157–8durability of, 356–7endurance of, 12, 151




388 Index

Vienna, Congress of (cont.)endurance of peace after, 15–16enforcement of peace, 150, 152exhaustion of war, significance of,

156, 158–9France and

favorable terms imposed on, 158interests of, 138

German unification and, 146–7“great powers,” designation of, 143international political system, rise of,

156legitimacy of, 142–4lessons of, 157Metternich at, 137, 150, 155, 156military circumstances of, 357modern peace making contrasted,

11–12nationalism, downplaying of, 150,

154–5negotiations at, 144organizational problems, 142overview, 131–2, 142Poland, disposition of, 144–8postponement of, 143procedural background, 142–3Prussia and

interests of, 137, 139reaction to, 158

public opinion, role of, 134ratification of, 149restoration of monarchies, 150Russia, interests of, 136–7Saxony, disposition of, 144–8strategic equilibrium and, 363success of, 134Talleyrand at, 138, 140–1, 142,

143–4Treaty of Versailles compared,

222–3, 238–9United Kingdom and

collective use of force, oppositionto, 152–3

interests of, 137–8, 139–40unraveling of, 153, 154, 159

Vietnam War, 327–8, 364Viking invasions, 8Vinson, Frederick, 312–13

Waldersee, George von, 212Wars. See specific war

Warsaw Pact, 335Webster, Sir Charles, 141, 143Wedgwood, C. V., 96Weinberger, Caspar, 340–1Weizmann, Chaim, 256–7, 261Wellington, Duke of, 148Western-centric nature of study, 6Westphalia, Congress of

Alsace-Lorraine, French accession of,89–91, 92–3, 94–5

anti-protest clause, 73–4balance of power at, 79–80, 82Catholics versus Protestants at, 71–2,

73–4collective governance and peace

making, 360conclusion of, 93Congress of Vienna compared, 97consent, importance of, 96criticisms of, 96democratic peace theory, 83–4dual negotiations, 71–2endurance of peace after, 15–16France and

gains by, 93–4role of, 72, 79–81

fundamental law, as, 98–9Holy Roman Empire, forcing changes

withinalliances with German states,

restricting, 82–5election of Emperor, restrictions

on, 82–3overview, 81–2power of Emperor, restricting,

82–4international leagues, concept of,

80–1international system, as basis of, 98legacy of, 97multi-polarity, concept of, 75Navarre, French accession of, 91–2Ottoman threat, impact of, 71–2overview, 10Oxenstierna at, 81–2, 95–6Papacy, rejection by, 72–3Pomerania, Swedish accession of,

87–9, 95positive results of, 96–7religious issues, removal of, 97–8Richelieu and, 96–7




Index 389

strategic equilibrium and, 362–3Sweden and

gains by, 95role of, 79, 81

Treaty of Versailles compared, 80,239

unified Christendom, hope for, 75United States Constitution compared,

83–4“universal monarchy,” opposition to,

75–6Whitbread, Samuel, 145White, Harry Dexter

Bretton Wood and, 301–2China and, 309–11currency stabilization, on, 299Lend Lease and, 296–8Morgenthau Plan and, 302–3, 304–6overview, 294personality, importance of, 367post–World War II loan to United

Kingdom and, 312, 313suicide of, 314–15treason of, 295–6World Bank, on, 299–300

White Leagues, 168–9, 170–1White Liners, 168, 169, 173Wilhelm I, 181–2, 183–4, 188–9, 191–3Wilhelm II, 216Wilson, Arthur, 257, 259, 260Wilson, Woodrow

ahistoricism and, 20–1collective governance and, 361democratization and peacemaking,

xi, 365“Fourteen Points,” 25, 222, 236, 365League of Nations and, 225–6, 282–3Middle East peacemaking and, 257–9personality, importance of, 367self-determination and, 22, 233, 250Treaty of Versailles and, 222–3,

224–5World War I and, 216–17

Wingate, Reginald, 244–5, 247, 253–4Wohlstetter, Albert, 339–40Wordsworth, William, 108World Bank, 282, 298, 299–301World War I

ahistoricism and, 24, 25, 134American Civil War compared, 204,

215

armistice ending, 221–2atrocities in, 214–15Austro-Hungarian Empire as

instigator, 212Balkan politics and, 212Belgium and, 213–14Churchill on, 20civilians in occupied territory,

destruction directed at, 217–19Cold War compared, 354Entente cordiale, 211–12France, alliances of, 211–12Franco-Prussian War compared,

204Germany and

collapse of, 220–1instigator, as, 211military necessity doctrine, 216,

217naval race, 211–12offensives by, 219–20retreat of, 218–19“stab in the back” myths

following, 25, 222, 235–6strategy of, 212–13

industrialization and, 215–16Lawrence and, 254–5Lloyd George and, 241, 249–50,

251–2, 253Lusitania, sinking of, 216Middle East, peace making in

following(see Middle East,peacemaking in)

overview, 211poison gas, use of, 216Russia, alliances of, 211–12submarine warfare, 216–17technology and, 215–16tragic mistake, viewed as, 12–13Treaty of Versailles(see Versailles,

Treaty of)United Kingdom and

alliances of, 211–12naval race, 211–12

Wilson and, 216–17World War II

air warfare, 277, 278Bretton Woods(see Bretton Woods)China, post-war economic situation

inhyperinflation, 309, 310–11




390 Index

World War II (cont.)Nationalists, withholding


Churchill and, 275–6Cold War following(see Cold War)endurance of peace after, 15–16Germany, post-war treatment

deindustrialization, proposal for,302–3

economic recovery, 306Morgenthau Plan, 302–6overview, 302relocation, proposal for, 304–5subsistence level, proposal to

reduce to, 303–4Grand Alliance

brevity of, 275–6disintegration of, 280–1

Japan, post-war economicrecovery(see Japan)

Kursk, Battle of, 277–8, 282Lend Lease(see Lend Lease)

necessity of, 27Roosevelt and, 275–6submarine warfare, 278total defeat in, significance of, 13–14Treaty of Versailles, influence of, 237United Kingdom

post-war loan to(see UnitedKingdom)

repayment of debt, 293

Xanthippus, 53–4Xerxes, 36–7, 52, 53–4

Yalta Conference, 278–9, 282–3Yel’tsin, Boris, 342–3, 344Yugoslavia

breakup of, 18–19, 346–7Bush and, 346–7civil war in, 367Clinton and, 347

Zaid, 255–6Zionism, 251–2, 256–7, 261



6 x 10 Long · 2008. 11. 20. · Treaty of Versailles and, 20–1 United States, in, 5, 20–1, 27...

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