6 - That Complements

7/28/2019 6 - That Complements

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‘THAT’ CLAUSES

That – complements constitute the most representative class of complement clauses. Apart fromthose introduced by that, complement clauses can be preceded by• for (1) It is good for them to know Mathematics.

(E bine să ştie matematică.)

• Whether (2) I don’t know whether he will recover.

(Nu ştiu dacă se va însănătoşi.)• If (3) Tell me if you need anything.

(Spune-mi dacă ai nevoie de ceva.)• ∅

(4) They wanted to leave immediately.(Voiau să plece imediat.)

6.1. Syntactic Properties That Characterize ‘That’ – Complements6.1.1. Extraposition

Extraposition is a very frequent structure in English, being found not only in the case of that-clauses, but also of infinitival ones. The term extraposition refers to a construction where the expletive(empty) pronoun it appears in front position, followed by the complement clause in peripheral

position. In other words, the clause is extraposed, placed in a marginal position.This phenomenon is true of more than one syntactic functions, but the subject positions the most

frequently met in English:• Subject Clauseunextraposed:

(5) That Dorothy flew from Kansas was a surprise to everybody.(A fost o surpriză pentru toată lumea faptul că Dorothy a plecat din Kansas.)

extraposed(6) It was a surprise to everybody that Dorothy flew from Kansas.

(A fost o surpriză pentru toată lumea faptul că Dorothy a plecat din Kansas.)

• Direct Object Clauseunextraposed:(7) The plumber wrongly figured out that the pipe needed replacing.

(Instalatorul a considerat în mod greşit că ţeava trebuia înlocuită.)extraposed(8) The plumber wrongly figured it out that the pipe needed replacing.

(Instalatorul a considerat în mod greşit că ţeava trebuia înlocuită.)

• Prepositional Objectunextraposed:(9) Can you swear that the accused spent the evening with you?

(Puteţi jura că acuzatul a petrecut noaptea cu dumneavoastră?)extraposed:(10) Can you swear to it that the accused spent the evening with you?

(Puteţi jura că acuzatul a petrecut noaptea cu dumneavoastră?)

6.1.2. Topicalization

Topicalization is the reverse of extraposition: a subject clause which is initially placed in thesentence is said to be topicalized.

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Compare:(11) That my horse is the best in the world is absolutely evident.

(Este clar ca bună ziua că armăsarul meu este cel mai bun.)(12) It is absolutely evident that my horse is the best in the world.

(Este clar ca bună ziua că armăsarul meu este cel mai bun.)

Extraposition is the structure that appears much more frequently in English and that is why weconsider it to be the marked case; since topicalization appears mostly when a writer/speaker wishes tocreate a special effect of emphasis, we consider topicalization to be the marked case in the language.

6.1.3. Clause Shift

Clause Shift is a syntactic operation that parallels that of Heavy NP Shift. A NP (Noun Phrase)is said to be heavy when it has a large stretch of modifiers accompanying it: for instance the noun

phrases the letter or the red letter are much lighter than the noun phrase the letter which he had justread.

The rule of Heavy NP Shift stipulates that the heavy NP should be moved to the right and of the sentence for semantic reasons:

Compare:(13) He threw the letter which he had just decoded into the basket.

(A aruncat scrisoarea pe care abia o descifrase la coş.)to(14) He threw into the basket the letter which he had just decoded.

(A aruncat la coş scrisoarea pe care abia o descifrase.)

The sentence under (14) had undergone heavy NP shift by placing the long NP at the end of the whole structure so that the sentence could be more clearly understood. This rule is in fact anexceptional one in that it challenges the fixed word order rules in English, according to which a verbshould not normally be separated from its obligatory complement.

Clause Shift is a similar rule to Heavy NP Shift as it allows for the clausal structure to bemoved to the right end of the sentence. This syntactic operation differs from extraposition in that thereis no pronoun left behind and that clause shift operates only on object clauses. The clausal constituentis moved over an adverb phrase or a prepositional phrase as follows:Since

(15) *Mary said [that she wanted to drive] quietly.

is not semantically acceptable, because the adverb phrase quietly may erroneously refer to the last verb phrase in the sentence (i.e. the verb to drive), clause shift operates and the resulting grammatical

structure is:(16) Mary said quietly that she wanted to drive.

(Mary spuse liniştit că vrea să conducă maşina.)

This way, the adverb can no longer have ambiguous interpretation. It is obviously linked to themain clause verb as intended.

Let us also supply an example where the clausal structure jumps over prepositional phrase:From the ungrammatical structure under (17).

(17) *They wrote that the firm was going bankrupt to the lawyers.

we obtain, by means of clause shift,

(18) They wrote ti to the lawyers [that the firm was going bankrupt] i

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(Le-au scris avocaţilor că firma urma să dea faliment.)

We use the notation ti (trace co-indexed with the ‘that’ clause) to underline the fact that theclausal structure has been moved in a more semantically advantageous position.

6.2. The Distribution of That Complements

That complements can acquire a whole range of syntactical functions:

• Subject

(19) That her husband might be Jack the Ripper slightly annoys Mary.(Mary e puţin enervată de ideea că soţul ei ar putea fi Jack Spintecătorul.)

• Direct Object

(20) They reported that the bridge had fallen down.(Au raportat că podul s-a prăbuşit.)

• Prepositional Object

(10) She was aware that her husband was lying to her.(Era conştientă de faptul că soţul ei o minte.)

• Adverbial

(11) She remained at home so that she would look after the kids.(A rămas acasă să aibă grijă de copii.)

• Predicative

(12) The important thing was that nobody knew about it.(Lucrul important era că nimeni nu ştia despre asta.)

• Attribute

(13) The report that the bridge had fallen down was not true.(Raportul în care se spune că s-a prăbuşit podul este fals.)

Let us supply a detailed list of verbs or adjectives that require the presence of these complements.We will begin by discussing the context where that complements appear as direct objects, since this is

the most frequent function they fulfil.

6.2.1. That Complements as Direct Object

Here is a list of classes of verbs after which that complements function as direct objects:a) Simple transitive verbs: such as assert, affirm, consider, deem, judge, estimate, deny, desire,

predict, prefer, state, etc.:

(25) a. He announced their engagement.(Şi-a anunţat logodna.)

b. He announced that they were engaged.(A anunţat că sunt logodiţi.)

(26) I really dislike it that he is here. (Extraposed)(Mă deranjează faptul că este aici.)

(27) a. They believe that the man is guilty.

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(Cred că omul este vinovat.) b. They believe the man is guilty. (with that-deletion)

(Cred că omul este vinovat.)(28) He asserted forcefully that he was innocent (with Clause Shift)

(A susţinut cu tărie că este nevinovat.)

b) Ditransitive verbs such as: say, promise, communicate, explain, suggest, etc.

These verbs are called ditransitive because they require two obligatory complements: a direct objectand an indirect object:

(29) They promised him a new house.(I-au promis o casă nouă.)

(30) They promised him that he would received a new house.(I-au promis că va primi o casă nouă.)

Since the direct object that clause is heavy, it tends to appear in peripheral position by means of several syntactic processes:

(31) I explained to Susan that I would be back very late. (Clause Shift)(I-am explicat lui Susan că mă voi întoarce foarte târziu.)

(32) a. I explained it to Susan that I would be back very late.(I-am explicat lui Susan că mă voi întoarce foarte târziu.)b. He owes it to his father that he became lawyer. (Extraposition)(Faptul că a devenit avocat i-l datorează tatălui său.)

6.2.2. That Complements as Subjects

a) This position is filled by that complements in combination with a rather limited number of intransitive verbs: seem, appear, happen, turn out, matter, come about, follow, etc.:

(33) It appeared that a life could be interesting, amusing, and ultimately trivial.(Iris Murdoch, An Accidental Man)

(Se părea că o viaţă poate fi interesantă, amuzantă, şi în fine trivială.)Some of these verbs (seem, occur, appear) may optionally be followed by an indirect object:

(34) a. It appeared to him that she was lying to him.(I se părea că îl minte.)b. It occurred to John that he needed a new car.

(Îi veni ideea că John are nevoie de o maşină nouă.)The most important thing to notice with this class of intransitive verbs is that only extraposed

structures are grammatical:

(12) a. It appears to me that this is a new beginning.(Mi se pare că acesta este un nou început.) b. *That this is a new beginning appears to me.

b) adjectives (evaluative adjectives, that express a belief of the speaker):• likely, unlikely, certain, sure, etc.

• clear, possible, probable, appropriate, fair, good, interesting, etc.

(36) a. It was in any case obvious that Marriage was Dorina’s lot.(Era în orice caz clar că i se potrivea Dorinei să fie căsătorită.)

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b. It was not just that Austin was an object of interest because of the Matthew legend.(Iris Murdoch, ibid.)

(Nu era numai faptul că Austin constituia un obiect de interes din cauza legendarului Matthew.)

Sometimes the adjective can appear alone, or without the copula:

(37) a. Odd that one should so naturally wish to lie upon one’s bed to go to sleep forever.

(Iris Murdoch, ibid.)(Ciudat că poţi dori cu atâta naturaleţe să te întinzi în pat şi să adormi pe vecie.) b. … for a few days I thought it possible that you wanted simply to nerve yourself to break

things off.(Iris Murdoch, ibid.)

(… câteva zile am crezut că e posibil să îţi doreşti pur şi simplu să ai curajul să distrugi totul.)

Some of these adjectives my take indirect objects:

(38) a. That he knew nothing about Poland was obvious to all his friends.(Era clar pentru toţi prietenii lui că nu ştia nimic despre Polonia.)

b. It was obvious to all his friends that he knew nothing about Poland.(Era clar pentru toţi prietenii lui că nu ştia nimic despre Polonia.)

b) Nouns – that come from the same semantic area as adjectives: problem, idea, impediment,surprise, miracle, pity, wonder, etc.

(39) It is a wonder that you weren’t killed.(E mare minune că nu ai fost ucis.)

The noun can appear in isolation:

(40) a. A pity that men were so impatient.(J. Galsworthy – Over the River)

(Păcat că bărbaţii sunt aşa de lipsiţi de răbdare.) b. A pity men were so impatient. (that – deletion)

(J. Galsworthy – Over the River)(Păcat că bărbaţii sunt aşa de lipsiţi de răbdare.)

d) –ing forms (verbal nouns)(41) a. There was no denying that business was rotten.

(Nu exista îndoială că afacerile mergeau prost.)

b. There was no denying business was rotten. (that-deletion) (Iris Murdoch, ibid.)(Nu exista îndoială că afacerile mergeau prost.)

e) psychological transitive verbs : alarm, amaze, annoy, confuse, please, frighten, interest, pain,relieve, soothe, tempt, trouble, etc.:

(42) a. It stirs me that I was thought worthy(Mă impulsiona faptul că mă credeau vrednic.)

b. That everybody blames him obviously depressed him.(Faptul că toată lumea da vina pe el îl deprima evident.)

6.2.3. That Complements as Prepositional Objects

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It is known that the presence of THAT normally excludes the possibility that a prepositioncould appear in front of the that complement. We assume that prepositions are dropped in front of that-clauses. We retain however the name prepositional object clause for these particular that-complements because the basic structure it is derived from is a predicate + a preposition:e.g. decide on something > decide that …

(43) a. She decided on coming here.

(S-a hotărât să vină aici.) b. She decided that she would come here.(S-a hotărât că va veni aici.)

In example (43) we consider that the underlined clause functions as prepositional objectrequired by the verb decide.

That complements appear as prepositional objects after:a) simple intransitive prepositional verbs:decide on, pray for, see to, admit of, ask for, bring about, rejoice at, theorize about, vote for, etc.:

(44) a. He wondered that she was still there.

(S-a mirat că mai este acolo.) b. They voted that the strike should go on.(Au votat să continue greva.)c. You may depend upon it that he will agree with your terms. (Extraposed)(Poţi conta pe faptul că va fi de acord cu condiţiile tale.)

b) transitive prepositional verb: advise somebody of, accuse somebody of, blame somebody for,congratulate somebody on ,etc.:

(45) He informed them that he would leave.(I-a informat că pleacă.)

c) the exceptional case of the verb remind somebody of where there is an indirect object present:

(46) They remind him that she should leave.(I-au amintit să plece.)

d) adjectives : afraid of, confident in, alarmed at, happy about

(47) a. I was afraid that she might not come.(Mă temeam că s-ar putea să vină.)

b. I was fully aware of it that things were so bad.(Extraposed)(Îmi dădeam perfect seama că lucrurile stăteau prost.)

6.2.4. ‘That’ complements as Predicatives

They appear in equative copulative sentences (of the type X is Y or Y is X) when the subject isan abstract nominal such as:fact, idea, statement, claim, reason, etc.:

(48) a The fact is that he cannot join us tomorrow.

(Fapt e că nu poate veni cu noi mâine.) b. The second reason for my departure was that I didn’t love Bill any more.(Al doilea motiv pentru plecarea mea era că nu-l mai iubeam pe Bill.)

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6.2.5. ‘That’ Complements as Attributes

3 after abstract nouns (idea, fact, etc )4 after deverbal nouns (nouns derived from verb):claim, wish, proposal, etc. :

(49) The fact that she is in debt bothers his wife immensely.(Faptul că are datorii o deranjează enorm pe nevastă-sa.)

One has to bear in mind that the examples above contain that complements, not wh-ones. Weincluded that-relative clauses in the larger class of wh-complements (although relative that, like now,for instance, are not graphically wh-words). The examples here contain only that complements andthis is explained by the fact that they are required only by nouns that are either abstract, or derivedfrom verbs.

Compare:

(50) the book that I gave him(cartea pe care i-am dat-o)

Where that is replaceable by which (i.e. the book which I gave him),to:

(51) the wish that he should return the money.(dorinţa ca el să returneze banii.)

Where in fact the that -clause can be seen as the former complement of the verb wish:

(52) She wished that he should return the money.(Dorea ca el să returneze banii.)

A further argument against interpreting the that -clause from (51) as a relative clause is the factthat the introductory element cannot be replaced by which in this case:(53)* the wish which we should return the money.

6.2.6. ‘That’ complements as Adverbials

Adverbial that clauses can be divided into two classes according to what pattern of subordination they observe:a) the prepositional phrase model – where prepositional phrases are used to introduce that -adverbialclauses: for fear that, on the ground that, in order that, to the end that, in the hope that, in/with the

intent that, on purpose that, in event that, on condition that, with a view that, etc.:(53) a. They dislike her on the ground that she is too proud.

(O antipatizeaza pe motiv ca e prea mindra.) b. They paid her a large salary in the hope that she would stay with them.

(I-au dat un salariu mare in speranta ca va ramine la ei.)

In example (54) the Conjunctive phrases introducing it are formed by means of a prepositional phrase and that. The noun within the prepositional phrase indicates the meaning, the interpretation of the adverbial clause:ground => reason, hope =>purpose.

The nouns in these constructions tend to become grammaticalized (i.e. they lose their meaning, become abstract) and that is why they may lose their ability to take determiners and adjectives: we say,for example, on condition that, not *on the condition that exactly because the noun is losing itsautonomous meaning and is becoming more and more part of the conjunctive phrase.

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In older stages of English, prepositions were allowed in front of that-clauses, but nowadaysthere are very few examples of this kind left:

(54) Before that man came I saw you. (this example is a sample of archaic language, similar to theconstruction existent in Romanian:

Te-am văzut înainte ca el să vină.)(55) I like him in that he is smart. (this is one of the few examples still used in contemporary

English.)(Îmi place de el pentru că e deştept.)

A similar situation is exhibited in:

(56) a. … now that Charlote had insinuated herself into the flat there was nowhere to bring Dorina…

(Iris Murdoch, ibid.)(…acum că Charalote se insinuase în apartament nu mai avea unde să o aducă pe Dorina…)

b. She has everything save that she lacks intelligence.(Nu-i lipseşte nimic cu excepţia faptului că nu e inteligentă.)

c) adverbial subordination – by means of that conjunction phrases where there are no prepositional phrases available:

Result : so +adverb/adjective … that – in this structure the degree word ( so, such) is crucial for thegrammaticality of the sentence in question:

(57) He is so competent a teacher that every student loves him.(Este un profesor atât de competent încât toţi studenţii îl iubesc.)

(58) *He is a competent teacher that every student loves him.(59) He is such a nice man that women instantly fall for him.

(Este un om aşa de drăguţ că femeile se îndrăgostesc imediat de el.)(60) *He is a nice man that women instantly fall for him.

That can be deleted, as is shown in the following:

(61) He placed his chair by the window so he would see her pass.(Şi-a pus scaunul lângă fereastră, să o vadă trecând.)

When the structure contains the word such, the noun following it is deletable:

(62) a. His answer was such an answer that we couldn’t doubt its wisdom.

(Astfel sună răspunsul lui încât nu ne puteam îndoi de înţelepciunea sa.) b. His answer was such that we couldn’t doubt its wisdom.(Astfel suna răspunsul lui încât nu ne puteam îndoi de înţelepciunea sa.)

On some occasion SUCH can optionally move:

(63) a. He gave such an answer that we couldn’t doubt it.(I-a dat un asemenea răspuns că nu ne-am putut îndoi de el.)

b. He gave an answer such, that we wouldn’t doubt it.(I-a dat un asemenea răspuns încât să nu ne putem îndoi de el.)

(64) a. He gave such an answer as had expected.

(I-a dat genul de răspuns pe care îl aştepta.) b. He gave an answer such that I had expected.(I-a dat un răspuns pe care îl aştepta.)

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6.3. ‘That Deletion

6.3.1. When Can We Delete ‘That’?

- It is impossible to delete that in unextraposed clauses:

(65) That he will ever come back is a question still.

(Încă ne întrebîm dacă se va mai întoarce.)(66) * He will ever come back is a question still.- That – deletion is more acceptable if the verb/adjective/noun requiring the complement clause is a

frequently used item or if it is frequent in combination with that-clauses.

(67) a. He showed he was able to do it.(A dovedit că poate să facă asta.)

b. He got word they were coming.(A prins de veste că ei vin.)c. He said he had borrowed her money.(A spus că a împrumutat bani de la ea.)

The omission of that is an indication that the speaker does not want to be formal, that he uses arelaxed tone.

If the verb in question is a not so ordinary one, omission of that is impossible:(68) *He objected it was already too late to leave.

6.3.2. When is ‘That’ Obligatory?

- That can be deleted if it follows the main verb/adj./noun directly, but it is usually required if thecomplement clause is separated from the main verb by intervening material:

(69) It had also produced the certainty that they belonged together and that, for better or worse, theywere chained to each other forever. (Iris Murdoch, ibid.)(De asemenea, condusese la certitudinea că trebuiau să fie împreună şi că, bune, rele, eraulegaţi pe veci unul de celălalt.)

(70) *It had also produced the certainty that they belonged together and, for better or worse, theywere chained to each other forever.

In example (71) we interpret the last clause as being coordinated with the main clause not withthe first that clause, because that has been deleted.- ‘That’ deletion is blocked if an object clause has been extraposed:

(71) a. I like it that he was here.(Îmi place că e aici.) b. *I like it he was here.

6.3.3. When is ‘That’ Deletion Obligatory?

That deletion is absolutely obligatory if the subject of the complement clause is questioned or relativized:You say

(73) Who did you say was coming?

(Cine spui că a venit?)

But never

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(74) *Who did you say that was coming?

This is explainable by the fact that who is the subject of the that clause. The presence of that canlead to a double subject construction, which is ungrammatical.

6.4. The Sequence of the Tenses in Object That Clauses

The tenses in complement clauses are oriented towards the tenses of the main clause, thusshowing the temporal relation (anteriority, simultaneity, posteriority) holding between the actions of the main and the subordinate clause. The changes in the embedded clause are as follows:Present ----- Past

(75) a. “She is there”, he said.(“Este acolo”, spuse el.)

b. He told me that she was there.(Mi-a spus că ea este acolo.)

Past ]

Present Perfect ] Past PerfectPast Perfect ]

(76) a. “She was here”, he said.(“Era acolo”, spuse el.)

b. He told me that she had been there.(Mi-a spus că a fost acolo.)

Future ------- Future in the Past

(77) a. I will leave her.(Am să o părăsesc.)

b. He said he would leave her.(A spus că o să o părăsească.)

Future Perfect ------Future Perfect in the Past

(78) a. He will have arrived by the time she leaves.(Până pleacă vine el.)

b. He said he would have arrived by the time she left.(A spus că o să vină el până pleacă ea.)

Let us discuss those particular cases when these rules are optional:

1. The Present – Past rule can be optional with the so-called FACTIVE verbs (that is verbs that presuppose the truth of their complement).

For instance, when you say.

(79) I realize that he is a genius.(Îmi dau seama că este un geniu.)

the complement clause is interpreted as true. And that is demonstrated by the fact that even if we

negate the main clause, the truth value of the complement clause remains the same:

(80) I don’t realize that he is a genius (that means still that he is a genius, only I don’t realize it).

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With such verbs as realize, forget, mention, regret, discover, show, notice, be amazed/concerned, say,report, etc. the rule of the sequence of tenses Present --- Past is optional:

(81) a. Bill reported that coconuts grew high upon trees.(Bill a anunţat că nucile de cocos stau foarte sus în copac.)

b. Bill reported that coconuts grow high upon trees.(Bill a anunţat că nucile de cocos stau foarte sus în copac.)

On the other hand, there is a whole range on verbs that require that the rule should be observed:know, be aware, think, believe, dream, wish, hope, insist, whisper, etc.

(82) It seemed/was likely/possible/unfortunate that the new leader of the group was/*is anundercover agent.(Părea / era probabil / posibil / neplăcut că noul conducător al grupului era agent secret.)

If we consider this rule outside the domain of that complements, we notice that general truths,expressed by the Generic Present are normally preserved in the present even if they can be found rightin the middle of a narration:

(83) It was and was not like the first day of the honeymoon when the newly maarried pair, in tender deference to each other, feign habits which are not their own. (Iris Murdoch, The Black Prince)(Era şi nu era ca în prima zi a lunii de miere când perechea proaspăt căsătorita, cu un respecttandru unul faţă de altul, simulează obiceiuri care nu le aparţin.)

The Past Tense imposes itself when the action expressed by it is relevant to some point in the past,with which the speaker does not wish to identify himself:

(84) a. She still believed that the earth was flat.(Ea tot mai credea că pământul este plat.)

b. She believed that the earth is round.(Ea tot mai credea că pământul este rotund.)

In (84) a Past is used to show that the speaker does not agree with what the character ‘she’considers to be a general truth.Consider also:

(85) a. She realized that all men are fools.(Şi-a dat seama că toţi bărbaţii sunt nişte proşti.)

b. He knew that she thought all men were fools.

(Ştia că ea crede că toţi bărbaţii sunt nişte proşti.)In (85b) ‘he’ disagrees with her opinion and that is why Past Tense is used.

2) The rule Past ----- Past Perfect is sometimes disregarded in certain complements which contain anon-durative, simple Past Tense (that) cannot be seen as simultaneous with the verb in the mainclause:

(86) a. She suspected that Bill had left before the police arrived.(Ea bănuia că Bill plecase înainte să sosească poliţia.)

b. She suspected that Bill left before the police arrived.

(Ea bănuia că Bill a plecat înainte să sosească poliţia.)

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Both sentences are grammatical and the presence of the adverbial clause before the police arrivedcontributes to the optional character of the rule, since it indicates that the event of Bill’s leaving isanterior to the arrival of the police.

Compare this example to

(87) She suspected that Bill had been there.(Bănuia că Bill fusese pe acolo.)

where the durative character of the verb be makes it impossible for the rule to be broken:

(88) She suspected the Bill was here.(Bănuia că Bill este acolo.)

in this case the meaning of the sentence is changed.

(87) shows the anteriority of Bill’s being there whereas (88) shows that the two events suspect and be

there are simultaneous.

3. Future – Future in the Past – this rule is rarely optional. There are however cases, such as

(89) a. Peter said that John would leave at 5.(Peter a spus că John o să plece la 5.)

b. Peter said that John will leave at 5.(Peter a spus că John o să plece la 5.)

In (89b) the sequence of the tenses is not observed because for us it isn’t yet 5 o’clock. Imagine,for instance, that you are uttering this sentence in front of your friend. The time is 3 o’clock. Of coursein this case you will use the future not the Future in the Past.

6.5 Key Concepts

That complements differ from that relatives in that they appear as required by a verb, adjectiveor a deverbal noun.

The most important syntactic properties they have are extraposition (by means of which theclause is placed at the end of the sentence and announced by the pronoun it), topicalization (thereverse of extraposition and means of emphasis) and clause shift (syntactic operation of placing theclause at the end of the sentence when the main clause contains, adverbial or prepositional phrasesrelated to the main clause verb). These syntactic operations are shared by that -clauses with other

complement clauses (such as TO-infinitives or wh-complements).That-complements can hold any sort of syntactical function, from the ordinary subject, objectones up to the attributive function, which they share with wh-complements.

On certain occasions that can be deleted, on other occasions it has to stay there, or else.That object clauses normally observe the rules of the sequence of the tenses with a few

(significant) exceptions.

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6 - That Complements

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