6 Subjects and Complements_2015
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Transcript of 6 Subjects and Complements_2015
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7/26/2019 6 Subjects and Complements_2015
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Grammar I Graciela Palacio
LV/UB 2012-(revised 2015)
LESSON 6:
SUBJECTS AND COMPLEMENTS
There is a universal principle called the Etended Pro!ection Principle "EPP#$ %hich
states that ever& ver' must have a sube!"$ eplicit or implicit( )o% i* ever& ver' must have a
su'!ect$ the su'!ect does not help us to distin+uish di**erent t&pes o* ver's( ,hat helps us to
distin+uish di**erent t&pes o* ver' are the elements that *ollo% the ver' and %hich are
leicall& reuired '& it( Those elements %e %ill call !#$%&e$e'"s( .u'!ect and complement
are s'"!"i! '#"i#'s(
*E+BCOMPLEMENTS
ver' such assneeze$ %hich taes onl& one ar+ument$ %ill have no complements(
ver' such as kill$ %hich taes t%o ar+uments$ %ill have one complement( Ver's such as giveand tell$ %hich tae three ar+uments$ %ill have t%o complements( ver' such as put$ %hich
taes three ar+uments$ %ill also have t%o complements( )otice that the num'er o*
complements that a ver' taes is +enerall& the num'er o* ar+uments minus one(
)otice that in the case o* the leical cate+or& ver'$ complement can 'e de*ined in t%o %a&s
1( the element that *ollo%s the predicator "in this case the ver'# and ,-i!- !re"es
sub!"e.#r ,i"-i' "-e !"e.#r$ in the sense that it allo%s us to distin+uish
di**erent t&pes o* ver'( In this sense the su'!ect is never a complement( I* ever&
ver' must have a su'!ect$ the su'!ect doesnt help us to distin+uish di**erent t&pes
o* ver'(
2( an element that is leicall& reuired '& the meanin+ o* the ver'(
,e %ill later discuss another t&pe o* cate+or&$ the /u'!"i#'&cate+ories$ in %hich case the
complement is the element that *ollo%s the cate+or& 'ut %hich is not an ar+ument o* that
cate+or&(
The complements that a ver' taes are represented '& means o* a *rame "c*( in .panish un
marco# %hich is called sub!"e.#ri"i#' /r$e "c*( in .panish marco de
su'cate+ori3aci4n#( The su'cate+ori3ation *rame includes in*ormation a'out
1( the 'u$bero* complements that a predicator taes and
2( the "%eo* complements "i(e( the cate+or& o* the complements# that a predicator
taes(
The su'!ect is an ar+ument 'ut it is never a complement so it is never part o* the
su'cate+ori3ation *rame "5ae+eman 1667 78#( The *ollo%in+ are eamples o*
su'cate+ori3ation *rames
9ohn snee3ed(
.u'cate+ori3ation *rame o*sneeze V : ;
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The V that is outside the suare 'racets states the cate+or& o* the predicator( Sneeze is a
ver'( ,ithin the 'racets$ the line indicates the position o* the ver'( Sneeze has no
complements so it not *ollo%ed '& an&thin+(
9ohn illed the 'ear(
.u'cate+ori3ation *rame o* kill V : =P1;
The ver' killhas t%o ar+uments 'ut onl& one complement$ the determiner phrase "=P# the
bear(
9ohn +ave the 'o& the 'oo(/ 9ohn +ave the 'oo to the 'o&(
.u'cate+ori3ation *rame o*give V : =P =P; or V : =P PP;
The ver'givehas t%o *rames( In 'oth *rames$ givetaes t%o complements 'ut in the *irst
*rame the t%o complements are determiner phrases "=P =P#( In the second *rame one o* thecomplements is a determiner phrase and the other complement is a prepositional phrase "=P
PP#
9ohn put the 'oo on the ta'le(
.u'cate+ori3ation *rame o*put V : =P PP;
The ver'puttaes t%o complements$ a determiner phrase and a prepositional phrase( Puthas
onl& one su'cate+ori3ation *rame(
The other leical cate+ories that %e have discussed so *ar "ad!ectives$ nouns and prepositions#
can also tae complements( The complement to these other cate+ories %ill still 'e de*ined as
an element that is leicall& reuired '& the meanin+ o* the %ord( The complements to
ad!ectives$ prepositions and nouns %ill also help us to create su'cate+ories %ith the cate+or&(
ADJECT*ECOMPLEMENTS
9ohn is tall(
.u'cate+ori3ation *rame o* tall : ;
The ad!ective talltaes onl& one ar+ument and no complements(
9ohn is *ond o* >ar&(
.u'cate+ori3ation *rame o*fond : PP;
The ad!ectivefond taes t%o ar+uments and onl& one complement$ the prepositional phrase
of Mary"PP#(
P+EPOSTONALCOMPLEMENTS
1=P stands *or determiner phrase$ a phrase %hose head is the determiner the( =eterminers and determinerphrases %ill 'e discussed presentl& %hen the *unctional cate+ories are introduced(
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9ohn is in the itchen(
.u'cate+ori3ation *rame o* in P : =P;
The preposition intaes t%o ar+uments 'ut onl& one complement$ a determiner phrase "=P#(
NOUNCOMPLEMENTS
In the *ollo%in+ sentence
The enem& destro&ed the cit&(
the ver' destroytaes t%o ar+uments "the enemyand the city# and one complement "the city#(
I* the sentence is trans*ormed into a phrase$ it can 'ecome part o* a lar+er sentence as in
The enemys destruction of the cityoccurred at da%n(
The noun destructioninherits the ar+uments o* the ver' destroy$ so that it %ill also have t%o
ar+uments "the enemy and the city# and one complement "the city#( )otice that the main
predicator o* the sentence is occurred( ,hat %e are doin+ is anal&sin+ the phrase the enemys
destruction of the city internall&( The su'cate+ori3ation *rame o* destruction%ould 'e as
*ollo%s
.u'cate+ori3ation *rame o* destruction ) : PP;
ADJUNCTS
?onsider the *ollo%in+ sentences
9ohn illed Bill in ?entral Par &esterda&(
The ver' killis a t%o-place ver'$ it taes t%o ar+uments "JohnandBill# and one complement
"Bill#(In entral Parkandyesterdayare not reuired '& the meanin+ o* kill(In entral Park
+ives us the location o* the %hole event o* illin+ andyesterdaythe time at %hich the event
occurred( It %ould also 'e possi'le to add to the previous sentence an ad!unct o* reason
"because he hated him#(
These elements that modi*& the %hole event are called dverbi& du'!"s( The la'eldu'!"is a s&ntactic la'el( Adu'!"s re i' #%%#si"i#' "# !#$%&e$e'"s( d!uncts %ill not
'e part o* su'cate+ori3ation *rames(
The *ollo%in+ is a list o* adver'ial ad!uncts( It is not an ehaustive list$ thou+h
!" dver'ial ad!unct o* "i$e I havent seen 9ohnsince Monday(
#" dver'ial ad!unct o* %&!e 9ohn illed Bill in entral Park"
$" dver'ial ad!unct o* $''eror s%eed .he 'uttered the 'readslo%ly(
&" dver'ial ad!unct o* res#'or cause .he %as late because she overslept"
'" dver'ial ad!unct o* !#$%' .he %ent to the cinema %ith her boyfriend"
(" dver'ial ad!unct o* %ur%#se The thie* %ore +loves so that he %ould leave nofingerprints"
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)" dver'ial ad!unct o* resu&" The thie* %ore +lovesso that he left no fingerprints(
*" dver'ial ad!unct o* !#'di"i#'If he comes$ tell him that Im out(
+" dver'ial ad!unct o* !#'!essi#' The match %as pla&ed in spite of the rain(
!," dver'ial ad!unct o* /reue'! .he reads the ne%spaper every day(
!!" dver'ial ad!unct o* i's"ru$e'"2 .he cut the 'read %ith a knife"
POSTMOD3E+S TO NOUNS
In the same %a& that %e have to mae a distinction 'et%een !#$%&e$e'"sand du'!"s$ %e
%ill also have to mae a distinction 'et%een !#$%&e$e'"s "# '#u'sand %#s"$#di/iers "#
'#u's4In the phrase
a studentof physics
of physicsis a complement to the noun student'ecause a student o* ph&sics is some'od& %ho
studies ph&sics( But in
a student%ith long hair
%ith long hairis a %#s"$#di/ier( student %ith lon+ hair is not some'od& %ho studies lon+
hair$ it is some'od& %ho studies somethin+ and %ho happens to have lon+ hair( )otice that
complements to nouns and postmodi*iers to nouns ma& coeist as in
a student o* ph&sics %ith lon+ hair
I* 'oth appear the complement must come *irst 'ecause it has a closer relationship %ith the
noun(
.ome authors use the la'el d'#$i'& du'!" *or postmodi*iers to nouns( +ain the
important thin+ is that postmodi*iers to nouns or adnominal ad!uncts are in opposition to
complements(
Less#' 6 A!"ivi" 1:
Be read& to ans%er the *ollo%in+ uestions in class
1( ,hat does the Etended Pro!ection Principle stateA
2( 5o% can %e de*ine a complementA
@( ,h& isnt the su'!ect a complementA7( ,hat ind o* in*ormation does a su'cate+ori3ation *rame includeA
8( ,hat is an ad!unctA
Less#' 6 A!"ivi" 2: "to 'e discussed in class#
.tate the su'cate+ori3ation *rame o* the *ollo%in+ predicators
1( Laura toldthe children a ver& stran+e stor&(
2( >& mother keepsthe su+ar in the *rid+e(
@( The students no%led+e o* Latin %as uitegood(
7( The student %asgoodat Latin(
8( The mo'ile casta shado% on the %all(
2It is de'ata'le %hether the instrument is reall& an ad!unct or a complement(
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Less#' 6 A!"ivi" : "to 'e discussed in class#
=o the *ollo%in+ sentences contain an& adver'ial ad!unctsA I* so$ %hat t&pe are the&A
1( Luc& eeps the mone& in a 'o(
2( 5e did it 'ecause o* her insistence(
@( .he issed her mother on the plat*orm(
7( I have o*ten told them to rela(8( lthou+h he is poor$ he is happ&(